RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Although men and women have similar risk factors for cardiovascular disease, many social behaviors in developing countries differ by sex. Rural-to-urban migrants have different cardiovascular risk profiles than rural or urban dwellers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sex differences with specific cardiovascular risk factors in rural-to-urban migrants. METHODS AND RESULTS: We used the rural-to-urban migrant group of the PERU MIGRANT cross-sectional study to investigate the sex differences in specific cardiovascular risk factors: obesity, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, as well as exposures of socioeconomic status, acculturation surrogates and behavioral characteristics. Logistic regression analysis was used to characterize strength of association between sex and our outcomes adjusting for potential confounders. The sample of migrants was 589 (mean age 46.5 years) and 52.4% were female. In the adjusted models, women were more likely to be obese (OR=5.97; 95%CI: 3.21-11) and have metabolic syndrome (OR=2.22; 95%CI: 1.39-3.55) than men, explaining the greatest variability for obesity and metabolic syndrome but not for hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that interventions for CVD in Peru should be sex-specific and address the unique health needs of migrant populations living in urban shantytowns since the risk factors for obesity and metabolic syndrome differ between males and females.
Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Dinâmica Populacional/estatística & dados numéricos , Aculturação , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Hiperventilação/epidemiologia , Masculino , Síndrome Metabólica/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Peru/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Sexuais , Classe SocialRESUMO
In this study 117 panic disorder patients were divided into a respiratory subtype group and a non-respiratory subtype group. The respiratory subtype patients were observed to be more sensitive to the 35% CO(2) inhalation challenge test and the hyperventilation test than the non-respiratory subtype patients.
Assuntos
Dióxido de Carbono/efeitos adversos , Hiperventilação/induzido quimicamente , Hiperventilação/epidemiologia , Transtorno de Pânico/epidemiologia , Transtorno de Pânico/etiologia , Administração por Inalação , Adulto , Dióxido de Carbono/administração & dosagem , Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais , Feminino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
The aim of our study was to observe the induction of panic attacks by hyperventilation in a group of panic disorder and social phobia patients (DSM-IV). We randomly selected 26 panic disorder patients, 22 social phobics and 25 normal volunteers. They were drug-free for 1 week. Hyperventilation (30 breaths/min) was induced for 3 min. Anxiety scales were taken before and after the test. 61.5% (n = 16) of panic disorder patients, 22.7% (n = 5) of social phobics and 4.0% (n = 1) of control subjects had a panic attack after hyperventilating (p < 0.01, panic disorder vs. control; p < 0.05, panic disorder vs. social phobia; p = n.s., social phobia vs. control). Both anxiety disorder groups were more sensitive to hyperventilation than normal volunteers. The induction of panic attacks by voluntary hyperventilation may be an easy and useful test for validating the diagnosis in some specific panic disorder patients.
Assuntos
Hiperventilação/epidemiologia , Hiperventilação/etiologia , Transtorno de Pânico/psicologia , Transtornos Fóbicos/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Hiperventilação/diagnóstico , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Transtorno de Pânico/diagnóstico , Transtornos Fóbicos/diagnóstico , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
We calculated reference values for arterial blood gases at different altitudes in Mexico assuming that sea level PaCO2 is 40 Torr, and in Mexico City (2.24 km. above the sea level) is 31.13 Torr, average of reported reference values. With the previous two points, it is possible to calculate a linear regression: PaCO2 = 40-3.96(altitude in km.). The equation is very similar to that calculated from reports in alveolar gas in North-Americans (Fitzgerald < 5 km): PACO2 = 39.3-3.11(altitude in km), and from subjects acclimatized to acute altitude exposure (< 5 km): PACO2 = 38.3-2.5 (altitude in km). It is also similar to a alinear equation that can be calculated assuming that hyperventilation in permanent habitants of moderate altitudes is inversely proportional to inspired molar concentration of O2: PaCO2 = PIO2/3.74. On the other hand, the equation is very different than that obtained from Andean natives (Hurtado): PaCO2 = 40.4-1.35(altitude in km). The proposed linear equation for Mexico gives very similar results (< 2 Torr difference) than a complex curvilinear equation by Morris et al. appropriate only up to 2.3 km. Evidence from acute exposure to altitude (acclimatized) and in North-Americans (alveolar gas) supports a reasonably accurate linear relationship up to 4 km. and also that the increase in ventilation in response to moderate altitudes in adult permanent residents is inversely proportional to molar concentration of O2. PAO2 was calculated with alveolar gas equation and resting the P(A-a)O2 we obtained PaO2. In conclusion, according to reference values in Mexico City, PaCO2 decreases about 4 Torr per km of altitude above the sea level. The decrease is similar to that reported in North-Americans and in acute exposure to altitude (acclimatized), but much less than that reported in native Peruvians. Ventilation is inversely proportional to the molar concentration of O2 at least up to an altitude where SaO2 is at or above 90%.