RESUMO
DDT and Lindane (gamma-HCH) which were used until 1999 in Mexico, have provided great benefits in the combat of vectors that spread infection-borne diseases and in agriculture for crop protection. The persistence in the environment and their accumulative properties results in bioconcentration in lipid rich tissues of the human body that reflect the extent of environmental pollution. Human adipose tissue samples were taken during 2009 from abdominal cavities of 69 pregnant women by cesarean surgery and from 34 samples of control donors by autopsy in Veracruz State. The samples were analyzed by gas chromatography with ECD. The results of mean levels (mg/kg on fat basis) were higher in controls compared to pregnant women beta-HCH 0.064 vs 0.027; pp'DDE 1.187 vs. 0.745; op'DDT 0.016 vs. 0.011; pp'DDT 0.117 vs. 0.099 and Sigma-DDT 1.337 vs. 0.854. The pregnant women group was divided according to age: up to 20, 20-30, and more than 30 years, and presented an increase for the more persistent pesticides with age in terms of mean concentrations and a more pronounced higher correlation in medians levels. Pairing Body Mass Index to organochlorine pesticide mean levels revealed no correlation between these factors in pregnant women.
Assuntos
Gordura Abdominal/metabolismo , Poluentes Ambientais/análise , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/análise , Exposição Materna , Praguicidas/análise , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Cesárea , Cidades , DDT/análise , DDT/farmacocinética , Monitoramento Ambiental , Poluentes Ambientais/farmacocinética , Feminino , Hexaclorocicloexano/análise , Hexaclorocicloexano/farmacocinética , Humanos , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/farmacocinética , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Praguicidas/farmacocinética , Gravidez , Adulto JovemRESUMO
This paper describes, for the first time, how topical application in rats of a commercial preparation of lindane widely used in public health, at similar doses and routes of administration as in humans, leads to rapid absorption and accumulation of lindane in the testes. An early peak of absorption was detected in plasma 6 h after topical treatment of male Wistar rats with a commercial preparation of 1% lindane (Plomurol). Higher plasma levels were observed after repetitive doses of 60 mg/kg b.w., the amount recommended for the treatment of scabies and pediculosis in humans in several countries. A residue level of 7.4 +/- 0.67 microg/g was found in testicular tissue 6 h after a single daily topical application for 4 consecutive days. The ultrastructural study of testicular interstitial cells exposed to dermal application of lindane (Plomurol) revealed widespread damage of a great number of Leydig cells, some of which were completely disintegrated.
Assuntos
Hexaclorocicloexano/farmacocinética , Hexaclorocicloexano/toxicidade , Células Intersticiais do Testículo/efeitos dos fármacos , Administração Tópica , Animais , Hexaclorocicloexano/administração & dosagem , Células Intersticiais do Testículo/ultraestrutura , Masculino , Microscopia Eletrônica , Resíduos de Praguicidas/análise , Ratos , Ratos WistarAssuntos
Tecido Adiposo/química , Inseticidas/análise , Leite Humano/química , Resíduos de Praguicidas/análise , Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , DDT/análise , DDT/farmacocinética , DDT/toxicidade , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno/análise , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno/farmacocinética , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno/toxicidade , Diclorodifenildicloroetano/análise , Diclorodifenildicloroetano/farmacocinética , Diclorodifenildicloroetano/toxicidade , Feminino , Fungicidas Industriais/análise , Fungicidas Industriais/farmacocinética , Fungicidas Industriais/toxicidade , Hexaclorobenzeno/análise , Hexaclorobenzeno/farmacocinética , Hexaclorobenzeno/toxicidade , Hexaclorocicloexano/análise , Hexaclorocicloexano/farmacocinética , Hexaclorocicloexano/toxicidade , Humanos , Inseticidas/farmacocinética , Inseticidas/toxicidade , México , Resíduos de Praguicidas/farmacocinética , Resíduos de Praguicidas/toxicidadeRESUMO
Changes in rat liver oxidative stress-related parameters, morphological alterations, as well as circulating and tissue levels of lindane were studied 1-7 days after the administration of a single dose of 60 mg of lindane/kg. One day after lindane treatment, a significant enhancement in the oxidative stress status of the liver was observed, characterized by an increase in thiobarbituric acid reactants production and in the microsomal generation of superoxide radical (O.-2) coupled to cytochrome P450 induction, and a decrement in the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase. Consequently, the O.-2 production/SOD activity ratio was enhanced two-fold. In this condition, light microscopy studies revealed the incidence of liver lesions in periportal areas, together with significant changes at the mitochondrial level observed by electron microscopy, which coincide with the maximal levels of lindane in the liver, adipose tissue, plasma and whole blood. Changes in oxidative stress-related parameters observed after 1 day of lindane treatment regressed to normal from the third day and thereafter, together with the decrement in circulating and tissue levels of the insecticide. It is concluded that morphological and oxidative stress-related changes induced in the liver by acute lindane intoxication are readily reversible, depend on the hepatic content of the insecticide, and seem to be conditioned by the changes in O.-2 generation.
Assuntos
Hexaclorocicloexano/toxicidade , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Tecido Adiposo/química , Animais , Catalase/efeitos dos fármacos , Catalase/metabolismo , Hexaclorocicloexano/sangue , Hexaclorocicloexano/farmacocinética , Técnicas In Vitro , Fígado/metabolismo , Fígado/patologia , Masculino , Microscopia Eletrônica , Mitocôndrias/ultraestrutura , Organelas/ultraestrutura , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Superóxido Dismutase/efeitos dos fármacos , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismo , Substâncias Reativas com Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/metabolismo , Distribuição TecidualRESUMO
Treatment of rats with daily doses of 20 mg of lindane/kg for 3 consecutive days led to the accumulation of the insecticide in several tissues, including erythrocytes and liver. Lindane did not alter the hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration but reduced methemoglobin levels by 17%. Red blood cells from controls and lindane-treated rats, exposed to t-butyl hydroperoxide, exhibited comparable rates of oxygen uptake and visible chemiluminescence, whereas the induction period that precedes oxygen uptake was significantly enhanced in the latter group. Lindane treatment did not modify the activity of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, catalase, and methemoglobin reductase, being the total content of glutathione and superoxide dismutase activity significantly increased. The liver from lindane-treated rats showed an enhanced microsomal pro-oxidant activity, evidenced by higher cytochrome P450 content and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and NADPH oxidase activities. The higher enzyme activities led to an increased superoxide anion generation (adrenochrome formation) and lipid peroxidation (measured either by the production of thiobarbituric acid reactants and spontaneous visible chemiluminescence). Concomitantly, liver glutathione content and the activity of glutathione peroxidase-glutathione reductase couple were augmented by lindane treatment, without any change in superoxide dismutase activity, together with a reduction in that of catalase. Results suggest that lindane does not alter the prooxidant/antioxidant status of the erythrocyte in conditions of a significant cellular accumulation of the insecticide, which might exert direct action on enzymatic systems leading to enhanced superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione content.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)