RESUMO
Characterizing the effects of saturated fat intake on metabolic health and its changes remains a major challenge. Lipid diets, from different sources, vary widely in their physiological effects on health; therefore, it is important to consider the specific lipid source consumed. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of the imposition of isocaloric diets with different lipid sources in zebrafish (fish oil/pork lard). Depicting how metabolic, morphological and behavioral parameters might express themselves in these fishes. Forty adult female fishes were used for the experiment. The animals were divided into a control group (C), fed with unsaturated fatty acid diet, and a saturated fatty acid group (Sat). They received food three times a day, during the 11-week period. The results showed that animals in the Sat group had increased body weight, with a difference relative to the C group, from the third week of diet until the end of the experiment. At the end of the last week, the Sat group had a body weight 32% higher (P=0.0182) than the body weight of the control group. The consumption of a diet rich in saturated fatty acids did not generate signs related to stress and anxiety in zebrafish. There was an increase in glycemia at T60 and T120, with a statistically significant difference between the two moments. Animals in the Sat group showed an increase (P=0.0086) in hepatic steatosis compared to animals in the control group. The results obtained on the relationship between diet and metabolic changes are fundamental to ensure the understanding and appropriate treatment of these problems.
Assuntos
Peixe-Zebra , Animais , Peixe-Zebra/fisiologia , Feminino , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Ácidos Graxos/análise , GlicemiaRESUMO
Introduction: Non-communicable diseases (cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, diabetes, etc.) are the leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for 71 % of global deaths. The risk factors for all of them are closely linked to lifestyle and in particular to diet. For this reason, public health policies in European Union countries, in line with World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations, include in their priority measures actions aimed at promoting healthier food environments. One of these measures are policies for the reformulation of processed foods to reduce critical nutrients: salt, saturated fats, trans fats and added sugars. In Spain, as part of the NAOS Strategy, food reformulation measures have been implemented since 2008. Of all of them, the Plan de Colaboración para la Mejora de la Composición de Alimentos y Bebidas y otras Medidas 2020 stands out, which has led to a reduction in the content of salt, sugar, saturated and total fat in foods belonging to 57 subcategories marketed by the main food manufacturing and marketing companies from 2016 to 2021. Despite this, to date no population-based study has been conducted to test the impact of the measure on the diet of the Spanish population. The present article, by way of example, shows results of the theoretical estimation of total sugar intake in the pre-reformulation period (2016) and post-reformulation period (2024) based on the consumption of beverages in Spain. Data highlight that reformulation policies could have positive effects that need to be evaluated in representative studies of the Spanish population assessing the overall diet, in order to solidly confirm their positive effects on the population's diet.
Introducción: Las enfermedades no transmisibles (cardiovasculares, el cáncer, respiratorias crónicas, diabetes, etc.) son la principal causa de muerte a nivel mundial y representan el 71 % de las muertes globales. Los factores de riesgo de todas ellas están estrechamente ligados al estilo de vida y, en concreto, a la alimentación. Por ello, las políticas de salud pública de los países de la Unión Europea, alineados con las recomendaciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), incluyen en sus medidas prioritarias acciones encaminadas a promover entornos alimentarios más saludables. Algunas de estas medidas son las políticas de reformulación de alimentos procesados para reducir nutrientes críticos: sal, grasas saturadas, grasas trans o azúcares añadidos. En España, dentro de la Estrategia NAOS (Nutrición, Actividad Física y Prevención de la Obesidad), se han implementado medidas en torno a la reformulación de alimentos desde 2008. De todas ellas, destaca el Plan de Colaboración para la Mejora de la Composición de Alimentos y Bebidas y otras Medidas 2020, que ha supuesto una reducción del contenido de sal, azúcar y de grasas saturadas y totales en los alimentos pertenecientes a 57 subcategorías comercializadas por las principales empresas fabricantes y comercializadoras de alimentos desde 2016 a 2021. A pesar de ello, hasta la fecha no se ha realizado ningún estudio poblacional que compruebe el impacto de la medida en la dieta de la población española. El presente trabajo, a modo de ejemplo, muestra resultados de la estimación teórica de la ingesta de azúcares totales en el periodo pre-reformulación (2016) y post-reformulación (2024) a partir de la ingesta de alimentos del grupo de bebidas en España. Estos datos ponen de manifiesto que las políticas de reformulación podrían tener efectos positivos, que deben evaluarse en estudios representativos de la población española que valoren la dieta total para poder constatar sólidamente sus efectos positivos en la dieta.
Assuntos
Bebidas , Cloreto de Sódio na Dieta , Espanha/epidemiologia , Humanos , Açúcares da Dieta/análise , Açúcares da Dieta/efeitos adversos , Gorduras na Dieta/análise , Alimentos , Dieta , Política Nutricional , Nutrientes/análiseRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To describe the level and trend of energy consumption and percentage energy from macronutrients of three meals in Chinese adults from 1997 to 2011. METHODS: The China Health and Nutrition Survey database(1997-2011) was used to analyze the trends of energy consumption of three meals and percentage energy from macronutrients of adult men and women aged 18-80 years. The dietary survey was conducted using the 3-day 24-hour dietary review survey method, and the energy consumption of three meals was calculated through self-reported. RESULTS: From 1997 to 2011, there were significant differences in age, gender, smoking rate, alcohol consumption rate, physical activity amount, body mass index and urbanization index among the Chinese Health and Nutrition Survey populations, and the total energy intake of the whole day showed a decreasing trend year by year, the percentage energy from carbohydrates showed a decreasing trend year by year, and the percentage energy from fat and protein showed an increasing trend year by year. Stratified by gender, age and BMI, the percentage energy from macronutrients of three meals was consistent with the change trend of total daily intake. In addition, the energy and percentage energy from macronutrients of lunch and dinner were significantly higher than those of breakfast. CONCLUSION: From 1997 to 2011, the percentage energy from macronutrients for lunch and dinner of Chinese adults was significantly higher than that of breakfast, energy consumption and percentage energy from carbohydrate of three meals decreased year by year, and the percentage energy from fat and protein of three meals increased year by year.
Assuntos
Ingestão de Energia , Nutrientes , Inquéritos Nutricionais , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , China , Idoso , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Nutrientes/administração & dosagem , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Inquéritos sobre Dietas , Carboidratos da Dieta/administração & dosagem , Refeições , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Proteínas Alimentares/administração & dosagem , Dieta/estatística & dados numéricos , Dieta/tendênciasRESUMO
Postprandial dyslipidemia is commonly present in people with type 2 diabetes and obesity and is characterized by overproduction of apolipoprotein B48-containing chylomicron particles from the intestine. Peripheral serotonin is emerging as a regulator of energy homeostasis with profound implications for obesity; however, its role in dietary fat absorption and chylomicron production is unknown. Chylomicron production was assessed in Syrian golden hamsters by administering an olive oil gavage and IP poloxamer to inhibit lipoprotein clearance. Administration of serotonin or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, fluoxetine, increased postprandial plasma triglyceride (TG) and TG-rich lipoproteins. Conversely, inhibiting serotonin synthesis pharmacologically by p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) led to a reduction in both the size and number of TG-rich lipoprotein particles, resulting in lower plasma TG and apolipoprotein B48 levels. The effects of PCPA occurred independently of gastric emptying and vagal afferent signaling. Inhibiting serotonin synthesis by PCPA led to increased TG within the intestinal lumen and elevated levels of TG and cholesterol in the stool when exposed to a high-fat/high-cholesterol diet. These findings imply compromised fat absorption, as evidenced by reduced lipase activity in the duodenum and lower levels of serum bile acids, which are indicative of intestinal bile acids. During the postprandial state, mRNA levels for serotonin receptors (5-HTRs) were upregulated in the proximal intestine. Administration of cisapride, a 5-HT4 receptor agonist, alleviated reductions in postprandial lipemia caused by serotonin synthesis inhibition, indicating that serotonin controls dietary fat absorption and chylomicron secretion via 5-HT4 receptor.
Assuntos
Quilomícrons , Gorduras na Dieta , Mesocricetus , Receptores 5-HT4 de Serotonina , Serotonina , Triglicerídeos , Animais , Masculino , Quilomícrons/metabolismo , Serotonina/metabolismo , Receptores 5-HT4 de Serotonina/metabolismo , Gorduras na Dieta/farmacologia , Triglicerídeos/metabolismo , Triglicerídeos/sangue , Cricetinae , Fenclonina/farmacologia , Absorção Intestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Fluoxetina/farmacologia , Período Pós-Prandial/efeitos dos fármacos , Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Inibidores Seletivos de Recaptação de Serotonina/farmacologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: We have previously demonstrated that dietary saturated fatty acids (SFA), when compared to polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), are preferentially partitioned into oxidation pathways. However, it remains unclear if this preferential handling is maintained when hepatocellular metabolism is shifted toward fatty acid (FA) esterification and away from oxidation, such as when hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL) is upregulated. AIM: To investigate whether an acute upregulation of hepatic DNL influences dietary FA partitioning into oxidation pathways. METHODS: 20 healthy volunteers (11 females) underwent a fasting baseline visit followed by two study days, 2-weeks apart. Prior to each study day, participants consumed an isocaloric high-carbohydrate diet (to upregulate hepatic DNL) for 3-days. On the two study days, participants consumed an identical standardised test meal that contained either [U13C]palmitate or [U13C]linoleate, in random order, to trace the fate of dietary FA. Blood and breath samples were collected over a 6h postprandial period and 13C enrichment in breath CO2 and plasma lipid fractions were measured using gas-chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Compared to the baseline visit, fasting plasma triglyceride concentrations and markers of hepatic DNL, the lipogenic and stearyl-CoA desaturase indices, were significantly (p < 0.05) increased after consumption of the high-carbohydrate diet. Appearance of 13C in expired CO2 and tracer recovery were significantly (p < 0.05) higher after consumption of the meal containing [U13C]linoleate compared to [U13C]palmitate (5.1 ± 0.5% vs. 3.7 ± 0.4%), respectively. Incorporation of 13C into the plasma triglyceride and non-esterified fatty acid pool was significantly (p < 0.001) greater for [U13C]palmitate compared to [U13C]linoleate. CONCLUSION: Dietary PUFA compared to SFA appear to be preferentially partitioned into oxidation pathways during an acute upregulation of hepatic DNL, thus consumption of a PUFA-enriched diet may help mitigate intrahepatic triglyceride accumulation in individuals at risk of cardiometabolic disease.
Assuntos
Oxirredução , Palmitatos , Humanos , Feminino , Masculino , Adulto , Adulto Jovem , Palmitatos/metabolismo , Ácido Linoleico/administração & dosagem , Período Pós-Prandial , Fígado/metabolismo , Triglicerídeos/sangue , Carboidratos da Dieta/administração & dosagem , Carboidratos da Dieta/metabolismo , Lipogênese , Dieta da Carga de Carboidratos , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Gorduras na Dieta/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: In 2016, Chile implemented a multiphase set of policies that mandated warning labels, restricted food marketing to children, and banned school sales of foods and beverages high in nutrients of concern ("high-in" foods). Chile's law, particularly the warning label component, set the precedent for a rapid global proliferation of similar policies. While our initial evaluation showed policy-linked decreases in purchases of high-in, a longer-term evaluation is needed, particularly as later phases of Chile's law included stricter nutrient thresholds and introduced a daytime ban on advertising of high-in foods for all audiences. The objective is to evaluate changes in purchases of energy, sugar, sodium, and saturated fat purchased after Phase 2 implementation of the Chilean policies. METHODS AND FINDINGS: This interrupted time series study used longitudinal data on monthly food and beverage purchases from 2,844 Chilean households (138,391 household-months) from July 1, 2013 until June 25, 2019. Nutrition facts panel data from food and beverage packages were linked at the product level and reviewed by nutritionists. Products were considered "high-in" if they contained added sugar, sodium, or saturated fat and exceeded nutrient or calorie thresholds. Using correlated random-effects models and an interrupted time series design, we estimated the nutrient content of food and beverage purchases associated with Phase 1 and Phase 2 compared to a counterfactual scenario based on trends during a 36-month pre-policy timeframe. Compared to the counterfactual, we observed significant decreases in high-in purchases of foods and beverages during Phase 2, including a relative 36.8% reduction in sugar (-30.4 calories/capita/day, 95% CI -34.5, -26.3), a 23.0% relative reduction in energy (-51.6 calories/capita/day, 95% CI -60.7, -42.6), a 21.9% relative reduction in sodium (-85.8 mg/capita/day, 95% CI -105.0, -66.7), and a 15.7% relative reduction in saturated fat (-6.4 calories/capita/day, 95% CI -8.4, -4.3), while purchases of not-high-in foods and drinks increased. Reductions in sugar and energy purchases were driven by beverage purchases, whereas reductions in sodium and saturated fat were driven by foods. Compared to the counterfactual, changes in both high-in purchases and not high-in purchases observed in Phase 2 tended to be larger than changes observed in Phase 1. The pattern of changes in purchases was similar for households of lower versus higher socioeconomic status. A limitation of this study is that some results were sensitive to the use of shorter pre-policy time frames. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to a counterfactual based on a 36-month pre-policy timeframe, Chilean policies on food labeling, marketing, and school food sales led to declines in nutrients of concern during Phase 2 of implementation, particularly from foods and drinks high in nutrients of concern. These declines were sustained or even increased over phases of policy implementation.
Assuntos
Comportamento do Consumidor , Rotulagem de Alimentos , Análise de Séries Temporais Interrompida , Sódio na Dieta , Rotulagem de Alimentos/legislação & jurisprudência , Humanos , Chile , Sódio na Dieta/análise , Ingestão de Energia , Marketing/legislação & jurisprudência , Política Nutricional/legislação & jurisprudência , Valor Nutritivo , Gorduras na Dieta , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Açúcares da Dieta , Bebidas/economiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND & AIMS: High-fat, low-carbohydrate enteral nutrition has gained attention, with expectations of an improved respiratory condition, fewer complications, and lower mortality. The present study performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to examine the effects of high-fat, low-carbohydrate enteral nutrition in critically ill adult patients. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE via Pubmed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and ICHUSHI for randomized controlled trials comparing high-fat, low-carbohydrate enteral nutrition to standard enteral nutrition in critically ill adult patients who received enteral nutrition. The primary outcome was mortality. Secondary outcomes included intensive care unit (ICU) mortality, length of ICU stay, length of mechanical ventilation, and adverse events of diarrhea and gastric residual volume. We examined the risk of bias using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials version 2. We assessed the overall certainty of evidence based on the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation methodology. Synthesis results were calculated with risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals using a Mantel-Haenszel random-effects model. RESULTS: Eight trials with 607 patients were included. The effects of high-fat, low-carbohydrate enteral nutrition on mortality did not significantly differ from those of standard enteral nutrition (62/280 [22.1%] vs. 39/207 [18.8%], risk ratios = 1.14, 95% confidence intervals 0.80 to 1.62, P = 0.47). No significant differences were observed in ICU mortality, ICU length of stay, diarrhea, or gastric residual volume between the two groups. However, high-fat, low-carbohydrate enteral nutrition was associated with a significantly shorter duration of mechanical ventilation (mean difference -1.72 days, 95% confidence intervals -2.93 to -0.50, P = 0.005). CONCLUSION: High-fat, low-carbohydrate enteral nutrition may not affect mortality, but may decrease the duration of mechanical ventilation in critically ill adult patients. Limitations include the small number of studies and potential for bias. Further research is needed to confirm these results and investigate effects on other outcomes and in a subgroup of patients requiring mechanical ventilation.
Assuntos
Estado Terminal , Nutrição Enteral , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Humanos , Nutrição Enteral/métodos , Estado Terminal/terapia , Estado Terminal/mortalidade , Tempo de Internação/estatística & dados numéricos , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Dieta com Restrição de Carboidratos/métodos , Respiração Artificial , Carboidratos da Dieta/administração & dosagemRESUMO
Unhealthy diets high in fat and sugar content may have an impact on psychological health and increase the risk of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and stress levels. On the other hand, MDD and stress might be related to food choices and intake. However, it is not clear whether diet, and specifically fat and sugar intake, is causally related to stress and MDD, and whether this relationship may be bi-directional. This study utilised Mendelian Randomisation (MR) to investigate the causal nature of the relationship of fat and sugar intake with MDD and cortisol (as a proxy of stress), and to shed light on the direction of this relationship. Summary-level data for all exposure and outcome variables were obtained from large-scale, non-overlapping GWASs in individuals of European ancestry. Bidirectional analyses were performed: one with macronutrients as exposures and one with MDD/cortisol as exposures. Random-effects inverse-variance weighted regression was used as the primary analytic method for genetic instruments with at least two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) available (and individual Wald ratio was used when only one SNP was available). Higher levels of genetically predicted relative sugar intake were causally associated with lower MDD risk, for both genome-wide significant p-value threshold of p < 1 × 10-8, (OR = 0.553, 95% CI: 0.395-0.775) and relaxed p-value threshold of p < 1 × 10-6 (OR = 0.786, 95% CI: 0.630-0.981). No reverse causality was detected in the opposite direction as MDD was not associated with sugar consumption. The associations observed for all the other pairs of variables were weak and imprecise. A number of limitations was present in the study, such as low-SNP based heritability for some exposures, inability to prove whether variants were correlated with unmeasured confounders and self-reporting of MDD data. Lifestyle and/or pharmacological interventions targeting sugar-related physiological mechanisms may help to reduce depressive symptoms. However, more research is necessary on short- and long-term effects of sugar on the risk of MDD. Additionally, future studies should investigate whether the amount and type of sugar consumed may underlie the impact of sugar on mood and stress levels.
Assuntos
Transtorno Depressivo Maior , Gorduras na Dieta , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Hidrocortisona , Análise da Randomização Mendeliana , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/metabolismo , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/genética , Açúcares da Dieta , Feminino , Estresse Psicológico/genética , MasculinoRESUMO
In this chapter, intestinal lipid transport, which plays a central role in fat homeostasis and the development of obesity in addition to the mechanisms of fatty acids and monoacylglycerol absorption in the intestinal lumen and reassembly of these within the enterocyte was described. A part of the resynthesized triglycerides (triacylglycerols; TAG) is repackaged in the intestine to form the hydrophobic core of chylomicrons (CMs). These are delivered as metabolic fuels, essential fatty acids, and other lipid-soluble nutrients, from enterocytes to the peripheral tissues following detachment from the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Moreover, the attitudes of multiple receptor functions in dietary lipid uptake, synthesis, and transport are highlighted. Additionally, intestinal fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs), which increase the cytosolic flux of fatty acids via intermembrane transfer in enterocytes, and the functions of checkpoints for receptor-mediated fatty acid signaling are debated. The importance of the balance between storage and secretion of dietary fat by enterocytes in determining the physiological fate of dietary fat, including regulation of blood lipid concentrations and energy balance, is mentioned. Consequently, promising checkpoints regarding how intestinal fat processing affects lipid homeostatic mechanisms and lipid stores in the body and the prevention of obesity-lipotoxicity due to excessive intestinal lipid absorption are evaluated. In this context, dietary TAG digestion, pharmacological inhibition of TAG hydrolysis, the regulation of long-chain fatty acid uptake traffic into adipocytes, intracellular TAG resynthesis, the enlargement of cytoplasmic lipid droplets in enterocytes and constitutional alteration of their proteome, CD36-mediated conversion of diet-derived fatty acid into cellular lipid messengers and their functions are discussed.
Assuntos
Absorção Intestinal , Obesidade , Humanos , Obesidade/metabolismo , Animais , Gorduras na Dieta/metabolismo , Gorduras na Dieta/efeitos adversos , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos , Enterócitos/metabolismo , Triglicerídeos/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a Ácido Graxo/metabolismoRESUMO
The composition of gut microbiota is determined not only by genetic factors but also by environmental factors, such as diet, exercise, and disease conditions. Among these factors, diet is crucial in changing the gut microbial composition. Dietary lipids composed of different fatty acids not only alter host metabolism but also have a significant impact on the composition of gut microbiota. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the relationship between these host effects and their impact on gut microbiota remain unclear. Here, we demonstrated that intake of different dietary lipids improved glucose tolerance by modulating gut microbiota. The results of our analysis show that the taxa of bacteria that increase in number as a result of dietary lipid intake play an important role in glucose metabolism. Thus, we have identified a new mechanism underlying the function of dietary lipids in regulating glucose homeostasis. Our findings contribute to possible new methods to prevent and treat metabolic disorders by modifying the composition of gut microbiota.
Assuntos
Gorduras na Dieta , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/fisiologia , Animais , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Glicemia/metabolismo , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Glucose/metabolismo , Camundongos , Dieta/métodos , Intolerância à Glucose , Bactérias/classificação , Teste de Tolerância a GlucoseRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The role of dietary fat quality in promotion of cardiovascular diseases is studies before. However, the results are inconsistent. Recently, cholesterol to saturated fatty acid index (CSI) is suggested as a novel indicator of the atherogenicity and thrombogenicity potential of a diet. However, due to limited number of studies, in the current cross-sectional study, we aimed to evaluate the role of CSI in metabolic and inflammatory response among obese individuals. METHODS: In the current cross-sectional study 488 obese individuals aged 18-50 years old were involved in volunteer based invitation from outpatient obesity clinics. Subjects underwent anthropometric assays including weight, height, waist circumference (WC) and body composition and their fasting blood sample were obtained for biochemical assessments including blood sugar, serum lipids, hs-CRP and IL-6 concentrations by commercial kits. Physical activity was also assessed by short form of international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ). RESULTS: According to our results, being at the top tetile of CSI was associated with higher anthropometric indices including weight, height, WC, FFM, and basal metabolic rate (BMR) compared with those at the lowest tertile (P < 0.05). Similarly, those at the highest category of CSI had significantly higher levels of serum glucose and hs-CRP both in crude and adjusted models in ANCOVA and in multinomial logistic regression models (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: In the current study, for the first time, we identified the possible triggering role of dietary cholesterol to saturated fat index in increasing serum glucose and hs-CRP levels. due to cross-sectional design of the current study, causal inference is impossible. Further studies will help for better scientific justification.
Assuntos
Colesterol , Ácidos Graxos , Obesidade , Humanos , Masculino , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade/sangue , Obesidade/complicações , Obesidade/metabolismo , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Ácidos Graxos/sangue , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Colesterol/sangue , Inflamação/sangue , Biomarcadores/sangue , Gorduras na Dieta , Proteína C-Reativa/análise , Proteína C-Reativa/metabolismoRESUMO
Preventing lifestyle-related diseases requires understanding and managing the intake of total fats and specific types of fatty acids, especially trans fatty acids. There are several methods for measuring fat intake, each with its own strengths and limitations. Guidelines for nutritional epidemiology studies recommend employing objective biomarkers. This study aimed to estimate fatty acid intake based on serum fatty acid levels using multiple regression analysis and a machine learning technique, and to compare their accuracy. The subjects were healthy women aged 18 to 64 living in Toyama, Japan. A dietary survey to determine fatty acid intake was conducted using a 3-day dietary record completed by the participant. Blood samples were collected after an overnight fast, and serum was obtained through centrifugation. A total of 300 women participated in the study. The fatty acid levels in serum were determined using gas chromatography with a capillary column. Using multiple regression analysis and neural networks, the intakes of saturated, monounsaturated, n-6 polyunsaturated, n-3 polyunsaturated, and trans fatty acids from serum fatty acid levels were predicted. Significant correlations were observed between the intakes of the five classified fatty acids and the predicted intakes obtained from the multiple regression analysis (r = 0.39 - 0.49, p < 0.01). Significant correlations were also observed between the five classified fatty acid intakes and the intakes predicted by the neural network (r = 0.52 - 0.79, p < 0.01), and the correlation coefficient showed a significantly higher value than that predicted by the multiple regression analysis. These results suggest that serum fatty acid levels may be used as biomarkers to estimate the intake of fatty acids, including that of trans fatty acids, and that machine learning may be able to predict fatty acid intake with higher accuracy than multiple regression analysis.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores , Ácidos Graxos , Aprendizado de Máquina , Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Japão , Ácidos Graxos/sangue , Adulto Jovem , Adolescente , Análise de Regressão , Biomarcadores/sangue , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Inquéritos sobre Dietas , Ácidos Graxos trans/sangue , Ácidos Graxos trans/administração & dosagem , Cromatografia Gasosa/métodos , Registros de DietaRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Population-based studies suggest an inverse relationship between the dietary share of ultra-processed foods (UPF), as defined by NOVA classification, and the overall dietary nutritional quality. However, few studies have evaluated the impact of ultra-processed foods on the fatty acid profile of the diet. The aim of this study was to assess the association between consumption of UPF and the fatty acids profile of the diet in Portugal. METHODS AND RESULTS: Cross-sectional data from IAN-AF 2015-2016 were used for this study. Food consumption data were collected through two 24-h food recalls, and food items were classified according to the NOVA system. For both adults and elderly, the contents of total fatty acids (TFA), saturated fatty acids (SFA) and trans fatty (TRFA) were higher in the fraction of UPF, compared to the other three NOVA groups, while [monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA)+, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)/SFA] ratio was lower. The UPF population attributable fraction (PAF) demonstrated that if the dietary contribution of UPF was reduced to levels observed in the first quintile, statistically significant reductions in the prevalence of inadequate intakes of fatty acids would be observed for adults [TRFA (PAF 98.37%, 95% CI 87.27-99.79) and SFA (PAF 37.26%, 95% CI 25.46-47.19)] and for elderly [TRFA (PAF 94.61%, 95% CI 77.59-98.71) and PUFA (PAF 98.28, 95% CI 48.22-99.94)]. CONCLUSIONS: In this study the consumption of UPF was associated with a worse fatty acids profile in the Portuguese diet, adding evidence regarding the negative impact of UPF on diet quality.
Assuntos
Gorduras na Dieta , Fast Foods , Ácidos Graxos , Valor Nutritivo , Humanos , Portugal/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Fast Foods/efeitos adversos , Adulto , Ácidos Graxos/administração & dosagem , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Manipulação de Alimentos , Comportamento Alimentar , Adulto Jovem , Fatores Etários , Recomendações Nutricionais , Inquéritos sobre Dietas , Dieta Saudável , Alimento ProcessadoRESUMO
Medium chain fatty acids are commonly consumed as part of diets for endurance sports and as medical treatment in ketogenic diets where these diets regulate energy metabolism and increase adenosine levels. However, the role of the equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1), which is responsible for adenosine transport across membranes in this process, is not well understood. Here, we investigate ENT1 activity in controlling the effects of two dietary medium chain fatty acids (decanoic and octanoic acid), employing the tractable model system Dictyostelium. We show that genetic ablation of three ENT1 orthologues unexpectedly improves cell proliferation specifically following decanoic acid treatment. This effect is not caused by increased adenosine levels triggered by both fatty acids in the presence of ENT1 activity. Instead, we show that decanoic acid increases expression of energy-related genes relevant for fatty acid ß-oxidation, and that pharmacological inhibition of ENT1 activity leads to an enhanced effect of decanoic acid to increase expression of tricarboxylicacid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation components. Importantly, similar transcriptional changes have been shown in the rat hippocampus during ketogenic diet treatment. We validated these changes by showing enhanced mitochondria load and reduced lipid droplets. Thus, our data show that ENT1 regulates the medium chain fatty acid-induced increase in cellular adenosine levels and the decanoic acid-induced expression of important metabolic enzymes in energy provision, identifying a key role for ENT1 proteins in metabolic effects of medium chain fatty acids.
Assuntos
Metabolismo Energético , Transportador Equilibrativo 1 de Nucleosídeo , Adenosina/metabolismo , Adenosina/farmacologia , Caprilatos/farmacologia , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Dictyostelium/metabolismo , Dictyostelium/genética , Dictyostelium/efeitos dos fármacos , Dieta Cetogênica , Gorduras na Dieta/farmacologia , Gorduras na Dieta/metabolismo , Metabolismo Energético/efeitos dos fármacos , Transportador Equilibrativo 1 de Nucleosídeo/metabolismo , Transportador Equilibrativo 1 de Nucleosídeo/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Mitocôndrias/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Acid oils and fatty acid distillates are fat by-products of the refining process of edible oils and are characterized by their high proportion of free fatty acids (FFA). While lipids are essential in poultry diets, their chemical structure may interfere with calcium absorption. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of dietary FFA content and the degree of fat saturation on bone metabolism in commercial layers. For 15-wk, a total of 144 laying hens (19-wk-old) were randomly assigned to 8 treatments (6 replicates with 3 birds each), which were obtained by gradually replacing crude soybean oil (rich in unsaturated fatty acids [UFA]) with soybean acid oil (rich in UFA and FFA), or crude palm oil (rich in saturated fatty acids [SFA]) with palm fatty acid distillate (rich in SFA and FFA). Following a 2 × 4 factorial design, 4 UFA-rich and 4 SFA-rich diets were created with varying FFA content: 10, 20, 30, and 45%. Tibiae (6 birds/treatment) were collected at the end of the trial for the assessment of mineral composition, morphological properties, and mechanical characteristics. The data were analyzed using a 2-way ANOVA with the GLM procedure. Orthogonal polynomial contrasts were employed to determine the linear effect of increasing %FFA, with statistical significance set at P < 0.05. The degree of saturation was found to negatively impact on calcium and phosphorus bone content, with higher levels found in soybean-based diets (P < 0.001). A significant interaction was observed for medullary bone mineral content, showing a linear decrease as the dietary %FFA increased (P < 0.05) in palm diets. In contrast, morphological and mechanical bone traits, total ash content, and cortical bone mineral composition remained unaffected (P > 0.05). These results suggest that the degree of fat saturation exerts a greater impact than FFA content on bone mineral metabolism, supporting the commercial use of fat by-products rich in FFA in laying hen diets, at least during the early stages of the laying cycle.
Assuntos
Ração Animal , Galinhas , Dieta , Ácidos Graxos não Esterificados , Distribuição Aleatória , Tíbia , Animais , Galinhas/fisiologia , Ração Animal/análise , Feminino , Tíbia/química , Tíbia/efeitos dos fármacos , Dieta/veterinária , Ácidos Graxos não Esterificados/metabolismo , Gorduras na Dieta/análise , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Gorduras na Dieta/metabolismo , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Densidade Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Óleo de Palmeira/químicaRESUMO
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the dietary inclusion of microencapsulated sodium butyrate (Na-butyrate; 0, 150, and 300 mg Na-butyrate/kg diet) and dietary fat reduction (7.7% vs. 6.7% in the grower diet; 8.9% vs. 7.7% in the finisher diet) in 792 (half male and half female) broiler chickens on growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality and the occurrence of wooden breast (WB), white striping (WS), and spaghetti meat (SM). Dietary supplementation with Na-butyrate did not affect the growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality traits, or myopathy rates. Dietary fat reduction did not influence feed intake (FI) but decreased average daily gain (ADG); increased feed conversion ratio (FCR) (P < 0.001); and decreased the occurrence of WS (-38%; P < 0.01), WB (-48%; P < 0.05), and SM (-90%; P < 0.01). Dietary fat reduction also increased cold carcass weight (P < 0.01), carcass yield (P < 0.05), and pectoralis major yield (P < 0.05), whereas meat quality was not affected. Compared to females, males had high body weight, ADG, and FI and low FCR (P < 0.001) at the end of the trial. Moreover, cold carcass weight and hind leg yield were higher in males than in females (P < 0.001), whereas females had higher carcass, breast, and p. major yields (P < 0.001). Males showed a higher rate of WB (P < 0.001) and a lower rate of SM (P < 0.01) than females, whereas WS occurrence did not differ between sexes. In conclusion, Na-butyrate supplementation did not affect growth performance, carcass traits, or meat quality. Conversely, the reduction in dietary fat greatly decreased myopathy occurrence, whereas moderately impaired growth performance.
Assuntos
Ração Animal , Ácido Butírico , Galinhas , Dieta , Suplementos Nutricionais , Carne , Doenças Musculares , Doenças das Aves Domésticas , Animais , Galinhas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Masculino , Ração Animal/análise , Carne/análise , Feminino , Dieta/veterinária , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Doenças Musculares/veterinária , Ácido Butírico/administração & dosagem , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/prevenção & controle , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Distribuição Aleatória , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a DrogaRESUMO
Various types of dietary fats undergo distinct fermentation processes by gut microbes, potentially leading to the production of neurotransmitters that can influence the gut. Serotonin and dopamine are recognized neurotransmitters with positive effects on gut function. A broiler chicken trial was conducted to evaluate the influence of dietary fat types on protein expression of 2 neurotransmitter transporters, dopamine (DAT) and serotonin (5-HTT). A total of 560 day-old (Ross 708) male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 7 dietary treatments. The experimental treatments included a basal diet of corn-soybean meal (SBM), supplemented with 3% of various fats: poultry fat (CON), olive oil (OLIV), fish oil (FISH), canola oil (CANO), lard (LARD), coconut oil (COCO), or flaxseed oil (FLAX). Bodyweight (BW) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were recorded. Ileal tissues were aseptically collected to determine the expression levels of DAT and 5-HTT through western blot analysis. In addition, plasma samples were analyzed for reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROM) tests on d 55. Results showed that dietary fat type inclusion did not have any detrimental effect on growth performance parameters. The expression levels of DAT were higher (P < 0.05) in FLAX treatments compared to CON treatments on d 20 and d 55, respectively. Similarly, with 5-HTT levels, FLAX, CANO, and LARD treatments were higher (P < 0.05) than CON treatments on d 20 and d 55. However, higher levels of oxidative stress (d-ROM values) were recorded in COCO (32.75 Carr U), CANO (29 Carr U), and CON treatments (25.5 Carr U) compared to FLAX (18.5 Carr U; P < 0.05) treatment. These findings suggest that incorporating dietary flaxseed oil at a 3% level in the diet has significant potential to elevate the expression levels of intestinal DAT and 5-HTT without inducing oxidative stress.
Assuntos
Ração Animal , Galinhas , Dieta , Gorduras na Dieta , Proteínas da Membrana Plasmática de Transporte de Dopamina , Íleo , Proteínas da Membrana Plasmática de Transporte de Serotonina , Animais , Galinhas/fisiologia , Galinhas/metabolismo , Galinhas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Masculino , Ração Animal/análise , Dieta/veterinária , Proteínas da Membrana Plasmática de Transporte de Serotonina/metabolismo , Proteínas da Membrana Plasmática de Transporte de Serotonina/genética , Íleo/metabolismo , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Gorduras na Dieta/metabolismo , Proteínas da Membrana Plasmática de Transporte de Dopamina/metabolismo , Proteínas da Membrana Plasmática de Transporte de Dopamina/genética , Distribuição Aleatória , Proteínas Aviárias/metabolismo , Proteínas Aviárias/genéticaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To understand the current status of protein, fat, carbohydrates, energy, vitamins, minerals and other contents in common dishes of large, small, and medium-sized restaurants in Shandong Province. METHODS: From July to October 2021, 90 Shandong cuisine dishes were collected from 9 large, medium, and small restaurants in Shandong Province. One dish was collected from each restaurant, and samples from different types of restaurants were mixed as one sample. The content of nutrients and their carbohydrate and energy levels were detected and calculated. RESULTS: The median fat and protein content detected in the 90 dishes collected were 7.7 and 6.8 g/100 g, respectively. The calculated median values of energy and carbohydrates were 528 kJ/100 g and 5.4 g/100 g, respectively. The energy supply ratio of carbohydrates per 100 g of dishes was 17.2%, fat was 55.3%, and protein was 21.4%. The content of vitamin A, vitamin B_1, vitamin B_2, vitamin C and vitamin E was trace(tr)-26 700 µg/100 g, tr-0.12 mg/100 g, tr-0.40 mg/100 g, tr-56.5 mg/100 g and tr-5.31 mg α-TE/100 g. The medium number of dishes and potassium content was 375 and 219 mg/100 g. The detection rate of trans fat acid was 81.1%, and the median content was 0.06 g/100 g. CONCLUSION: The energy supply ratio of protein and fat in dishes is relatively high, while the energy supply ratio of total carbohydrates is relatively low. The sodium content is high, showing the characteristics of high sodium and low potassium. Vitamin, especially vitamin B_1 and vitamin B_2, has a low content.
Assuntos
Valor Nutritivo , Restaurantes , Vitaminas , China , Vitaminas/análise , Cidades , Carboidratos da Dieta/análise , Gorduras na Dieta/análise , Proteínas Alimentares/análise , Minerais/análise , Análise de Alimentos , Vitamina A/análise , Ingestão de Energia , Vitamina E/análise , Ácido Ascórbico/análise , Nutrientes/análise , Oligoelementos/análiseRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown that KIR+CD8+ T cells play a role in suppressing autoimmunity by eliminating pathogenic CD4+ T cells. However, their specific role in type 1 diabetes (T1D) remains unclear. METHODS: In this study, we enrolled 108 patients diagnosed with T1D and 86 healthy individuals. We conducted flow cytometric analysis to examine the various subtypes of KIR+CD8+ T cells derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Additionally, CD8+ T cells were isolated from the peripheral blood of T1D patients to assess the functions of different KIR+CD8+ T cell subtypes. To investigate the influence of lipids on the characteristics and activities of these T cell subtypes, the isolated CD8+ T cells were cultured with varying concentrations of palmitic acid (PA). Furthermore, we utilized an NSG (NOD scid gamma) mouse adoptive transfer model to assess the impact of dietary lipid intake on the functionality of KIR2DL5+CD8+ T cells in vivo. RESULTS: We observed variations in circulating KIR+CD8+ T cell subtypes between patients with T1D and healthy controls. Notably, we observed a significant negative correlation between the frequencies of circulating KIR+CD8+ T cells and the titers of ZnT8 autoantibodies in individuals with T1D. Among these subtypes, KIR2DL5+CD8+ T cells demonstrated a positive association with dietary fat intake, characterized by increased perforin expression and reduced PD-1 expression. Importantly, KIR2DL5+CD8+ T cells exhibited enhanced proliferative capacity compared to other KIR+CD8+ T cell subsets. Palmitic acid (PA) was found to enhance the activation of KIR2DL5+CD8+ T cells and strengthened their ability to suppress CD4+ T cell proliferation in T1D patients. Moreover, dietary lipid intake significantly enhanced the functionality of KIR2DL5+CD8+ T cells in an NSG mouse adoptive transfer model. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that lipid intake enhances the functionality of human KIR2DL5+CD8+ T cells and may offer implications for immunotherapy in T1D.