RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical and laboratory features of obesity associated proteinuria and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. STUDY DESIGN: The patients were seen over a 12-year period at two large children's hospitals. Renal biopsies, performed for the diagnosis of unexplained heavy proteinuria and prepared for light, immunofluorescent, and electron microscopy, were read independently by two pediatric pathologists. Blood pressure, body mass index, serum levels of creatinine, albumin, and cholesterol, and 24-hour urinary protein were measured. RESULTS: Seven African American adolescents were identified with obesity-associated proteinuria, which was characterized by severe obesity (120 +/- 30 kg), markedly elevated body mass index (46 +/- 11), mild hypertension (134/74 +/- 10/18 mm Hg), slightly low to normal serum albumin levels (3.6 +/- 0.2 g/dL), moderately elevated serum cholesterol levels (196 +/- 60 mg/dL), and elevated 24-hour protein excretion (3.1 +/- 1.3 g/dL). Calculated creatinine clearance was normal in 6 patients and decreased in one. Typical renal histologic features included glomerular hypertrophy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, increased mesangial matrix and cellularity, relative preservation of foot process morphology, and absence of evidence of inflammatory or immune-mediated pathogenesis. One patient showed a dramatic reduction in proteinuria in response to weight reduction. Three patients who were given angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors had reduced urinary protein losses from 2.9 g to 0.7 g per day. One patient developed end-stage renal disease. CONCLUSION: Obese adolescents should be monitored for proteinuria, which has distinct clinical and pathologic features and may be associated with significant renal sequelae. Such proteinuria may respond to weight reduction and/or treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.
Assuntos
Glomerulosclerose Segmentar e Focal/etiologia , Obesidade Mórbida/complicações , Proteinúria/etiologia , Adolescente , População Negra , Índice de Massa Corporal , Peso Corporal , Criança , Feminino , Glomerulosclerose Segmentar e Focal/etnologia , Glomerulosclerose Segmentar e Focal/patologia , Humanos , Rim/patologia , Masculino , Obesidade Mórbida/etnologia , Obesidade Mórbida/patologia , Prognóstico , Proteinúria/etnologia , Proteinúria/patologia , Índice de Gravidade de DoençaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between race and type of glomerulonephritis, taking into account age, gender and the presence of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni. METHODS: Patients from the Renal Service of the Federal University of Bahia, Brazil, 80 with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSG) and 50 with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) were compared regarding the distribution of the racial types (black, mulatto, white). Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus or any kind of autoimmune disease were not included in the present analysis. Adjusted comparisons were performed using the Mantel-Haenszel method and a multivariate logistic regression model. RESULTS: Race was significantly associated with histologic type; the odds of being classified as black or mulatto were approximately 2.4 times higher (odds ratio = 2.43; IC 95% = 1.09-5.45) in patients with FSG than in those with MPGN. The association between race and histologic type was not influenced by the potential effects of age, gender and hepatosplenic schistosomiasis. In the multivariate logistic regression model, race was significantly associated (p = 0.037) with type of glomerulonephritis (odds ratio = 2.54; IC 95% = 1.06-6.06). CONCLUSION: A higher frequency of negroes and mulattoes in the FSG group (compared with MPGN) in this sample from the State of Bahia is consistent with findings of previous studies from the United States. The data support the possibility of a greater susceptibility to FSG among negroes and mulattoes, independently of age, gender and schistosomiasis. The identification of the mechanisms that determine this racial difference represents an important question for future investigations.
Assuntos
População Negra , Glomerulonefrite Membranoproliferativa/etnologia , Glomerulosclerose Segmentar e Focal/etnologia , População Branca , Adolescente , Distribuição por Idade , Idoso , Brasil/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
Objetivo. Avaliar a relaçao entre raça e tipo histológico de glomerulomefrite, levando em consideraçao idade, sexo e presença da forma hepatoesplênica da esquistossomose mansônica. Material e Métodos. Pacientes do Serviço de Nefrologia da Universidade Federal da Bahia, 80 com esclerose glomerular focal (EGF) e 50 com glomerulonefrite membranoproliferativa (GNMP) foram comparados quanto à distribuiçao dos tipos raciais (negro, mulato, branco). Pacientes com lupus eritematoso sistêmico ou qualquer outro tipo de doença auto-imune nao foram incluídos na presente análise. Comparaçoes ajustadas foram feitas através do método de Mantel-Haenszel e de um modelo de regressao logística múltipla. Resultados. Raça foi significantemente associada com o tipo histológico; a relaçao entre o número de negros ou mulatos e o número de brancos foi aproximadamente 2,4 vezes maior (odds ratio=2,43; IC 95 por cento=1,09-5,45) em pacientes com EGF do que em pacientes com GNMP. Esta associaçao entre raça e tipo histológico foi independente da idade, do sexo e da presença da forma hepatoesplênica da esquistossomose. No modelo de regressao logística múltipla, raça foi significativamente (p=0,037) associada com o tipo histológico (odds ratio=2,54; IC 95 por cento=1,06-6,06). Conclusao. A maior freqüência de negros e mulatos no grupo EGF nesta amostra de pacientes da Bahia é consistente com os achados de estudos realizados nos Estados Unidos. Os dados apoiam a posibilidade de uma relaçao entre descendência africana e susceptibilidade aumentada para EGF, independente da idade, do sexo e do diagnóstico de esquistossomose. A identificaçao dos mecanismos que determinam esta diferença racial representa uma importante questao para futuras investigaçoes.
Assuntos
Humanos , Idoso , Feminino , Adolescente , Glomerulosclerose Segmentar e Focal/etnologia , Glomerulonefrite Membranoproliferativa/etnologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Distribuição por Idade , População Negra , População BrancaRESUMO
Records of 102 patients with biopsy-proven HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) admitted to 18 hospitals in the Paris area from 1984 through 1996 were retrospectively reviewed. Demographics and clinical and laboratory features of the cohort were determined, and prognostic factors of renal and patient survival were analyzed. Renal and patient survival curves were estimated with the actuarial method. Prognostic factors were assessed by uni- and multidimensional analyses based on Cox regression models. Values were expressed as median with interquartile. The total population (median age 34) included 97% blacks and 71.5% males. Median patient follow-up was 165 d (range, 43 to 493). At the time of renal biopsy, median values of serum creatinine, proteinuria, and CD4+ cell count were 496 micromol/L, 6.5 g/24 h, and 48.5 cells/mm3, respectively. Fifteen patients were given steroids after the onset of HIVAN. Overall patient survival at 0.5, 1, and 3 yr was 73 +/- 5, 55 +/- 6, and 38 +/- 7%, respectively. The proportion of patients free of dialysis at 0.5, 1, and 3 yr was 73 +/- 5, 60 +/- 7, and 18 +/- 10%, respectively. Predictors of poor patient prognosis were a low CD4+ cell count (relative risk [RR; per 50 cells/mm3 decrease] 1.35; confidence interval [CI], 1.13 to 1.6) and antiretroviral therapy before the onset of HIVAN (RR 1.9; CI, 1.05 to 3.6). Main independent factors associated with better renal outcome were: steroid therapy (RR 0.29; CI, 0.1 to 0.9); low proteinuria level (RR [per 50% decrease] 0.7; CI, 0.5 to 0.98); low serum creatinine (RR [per 1.1 mg/dl decrease] 0.78; CI, 0.7 to 0.87); and hemoglobin level (RR [per g/dl increase] 0.76; CI, 0.58 to 1.00). HIVAN is not a rare nephropathy in Paris and its suburbs. Renal prognosis and patient survival are better than what was reported previously. Steroids may delay the downward course of HIVAN. It is not certain that in the new era of HIV therapy, the possible renal benefits of corticosteroids outweigh their potential risks. The only reliable predictor of patient survival is the intensity of immunodeficiency.