RESUMO
Based on the fact that drinking-water is of great significance in the transmission of infectious diseases, the incidence of diarrheal disorders was examined in two cities similar in their demographic composition and in their use of health services, but not in the quality of the drinking-water supply. In Navojoa, a city with high incidence of diarrheal diseases (116/1000 pop. in 1985), high rates of drinking-water contamination with fecal coliforms were found (43% of water samples); on the contrary, in Ciudad Obregón, a city with lower rates of diarrheal diseases (49/1000 pop. in 1985), drinking-water contamination with fecal coliforms was also comparatively lower (only 6% of water samples). These data illustrate the need to promote the implementation of drinking-water treatment in those places with signs of fecal contamination and high incidence of diarrheal diseases. To this regard, the General Direction for Research and Technological Development of the Ministry of Health has promoted the development of a chlorination equipment, useful mainly in rural areas, where biological contamination is usually high. These and similar procedures for water treatment should be considered as effective means to decrease the incidence of diarrheal diseases.
Assuntos
Gastroenterite/epidemiologia , Microbiologia da Água , Poluição da Água , Abastecimento de Água/análise , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Estudos de Coortes , Gastroenterite/transmissão , Humanos , MéxicoRESUMO
Se hace un estudio de los principales agentes virales asociados a cuadros diarreicos en niños venezolanos, a fin de caracterizarlos y establecer sus patrones epidemiológicos
Assuntos
Lactente , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Gastroenterite/epidemiologia , Gastroenterite/imunologia , Gastroenterite/transmissão , Rotavirus/isolamento & purificação , Adenovírus Humanos/isolamento & purificação , Eletroforese , Gastroenterite/mortalidadeRESUMO
After the Puerto Rico Department of Health received a report of salmonellosis in an infant who had contact with a pet turtle, we conducted a case-control study in two urban areas in Puerto Rico to measure the extent of pet turtle-associated salmonellosis there. Ten (17%) of 60 infants with salmonellosis but none of their matched controls had a history of exposure to a pet turtle in the two weeks before onset of illness. Two other case patients were also exposed to a pet turtle--an 8-year-old child and an adult with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and Salmonella bacteremia. A variety of Salmonella serogroups were represented in the turtle-associated cases. All turtle lots collected from pet shops in Puerto Rico were culture-positive for Salmonella; 89% yielded Salmonella pomona. Contamination of the turtles probably occurred at the farm before distribution, since S pomona was also isolated from turtles exported from the same farm to Guam and to Yugoslavia. The estimated 3 to 4 million turtles exported annually from the United States are an important potential route for global dissemination of human salmonellosis.
Assuntos
Comércio , Gastroenterite/microbiologia , Infecções por Salmonella/transmissão , Tartarugas/microbiologia , Adulto , Animais , Animais Domésticos/microbiologia , Criança , Métodos Epidemiológicos , Gastroenterite/transmissão , Hospitalização , Humanos , Lactente , Entrevistas como Assunto , Porto Rico , Salmonella/classificação , Salmonella/isolamento & purificação , SorotipagemRESUMO
In May 1980 an extensive outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred in a private school in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Examination of faeces and paired sera showed that this outbreak was caused by both rotavirus and a virulent strain of Shigella sonnei. In the first 19 stool samples collected seven (37%) had rotavirus only, six (32%) had Sh. sonnei only, while four (21%) had both agents. Examination of the second and third stool collections revealed only the presence of Sh. sonnei. The 18 paired sera showed seroconversion for rotavirus in four cases (22%) and in seven cases (39%) for Sh. sonnei. The overall attack rate of the disease was approximately 75%, the nursery and kindergarten having higher attack rates. Students in all grades became sick at the same time, and the unimodal curve of the onset dates of symptoms indicates a common source outbreak. Evidence suggested a contaminated water supply.
Assuntos
Surtos de Doenças , Disenteria Bacilar/epidemiologia , Gastroenterite/microbiologia , Infecções por Reoviridae/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Brasil , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Fezes/microbiologia , Gastroenterite/transmissão , Humanos , Rotavirus/isolamento & purificação , Instituições Acadêmicas , Shigella sonnei/isolamento & purificação , Microbiologia da ÁguaRESUMO
A nursery outbreak of gastroenteritis casued by Escherichia coli 0142/K86/H6 is described. Over a period of nine months, 59 epidemiologically linked cases of diarrhea occurred, including 21 intractable cases with four deaths. The epidemic strain, which was not agglutinated by commerical diagnostic antisera, was isolated from the hands of personnel in five instances directly incriminated hand carriage as the mode of spread. Acquisition of illness, which was especially high among low-birth-weight infants less than 17 days old, did not correlate with any treatment modality investigated and appeared to be related to a host factor. Noninvasive small intestinal colonization, production of enterotoxin, and multiple antibiotic resistance of the epidemic strain were demonstrated and helped to explain the intractability of clinical illness in many infants, despite intensive parenteral antibiotic therapy. Surveys of fecal coliforms on the hands of nursery personnel revealed no change in prevalence after introduction of a policy of "triple" handwashing with 3 percent hexachlorophene soap, but a significant decrease occurred during the use of disposable gloves. The frequent occurrence of E. coli 0142 in throat swabs of affected infants suggested that pharyngeal colonization may serve as an important diagnostic clue in E. coli diarrhea.