RESUMO

This study aimed to investigate Mycoplasma species in the lungs of 500 geese with pneumonia from the Kars region (Turkey) via cultural and molecular methods. The samples were cultured on Freys Broth and Agar media. To identify Mycoplasma species a Growth Inhibition Test was used. The identification was continued with species-specific PCR and sequence analysis which provide amplification of the genes dnaX, pcrA, rpoB, and the sequence of the 16S rRNA gene, respectively. In addition, Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae from pneumonic lung samples were directly analyzed via Multiplex Real-time PCR. As a result, 51 Mycoplasma strains were isolated and 32 were identified as Mycoplasma anatis, 9 as Mycoplasma anseris, 5 as Mycoplasma cloacale and 3 as Mycoplasma anserisalpingitis. Two Mycoplasma isolates that could not be identified were grouped in the same branch as a result of 16S RNA sequencing and their nearest neighbour was found to be Mycoplasma sp. 2045 (GenBankNo.MK615061.1). M. gallisepticum DNA was detected in 3 pneumonic lung samples and M. gallisepticum/M. synoviae DNAs were found simultaneously in 1 sample. While some Mycoplasma species identified in this study consolidated their place as pneumonic agents, some increased their potential to become a pneumonic agent when compared with cases caused by well-recognized Mycoplasma strains. Two isolates were identified as -Mycoplasma spp. as their 16S rRNA gene sequence identity levels scored below the threshold of 98.7% for species demarcation and still need to be defined whether they are possible representatives of a novel Mycoplasma species.(AU)

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RESUMO

This study aimed to investigate Mycoplasma species in the lungs of 500 geese with pneumonia from the Kars region (Turkey) via cultural and molecular methods. The samples were cultured on Frey’s Broth and Agar media. To identify Mycoplasma species a Growth Inhibition Test was used. The identification was continued with species-specific PCR and sequence analysis which provide amplification of the genes dnaX, pcrA, rpoB, and the sequence of the 16S rRNA gene, respectively. In addition, Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae from pneumonic lung samples were directly analyzed via Multiplex Real-time PCR. As a result, 51 Mycoplasma strains were isolated and 32 were identified as Mycoplasma anatis, 9 as Mycoplasma anseris, 5 as Mycoplasma cloacale and 3 as Mycoplasma anserisalpingitis. Two Mycoplasma isolates that could not be identified were grouped in the same branch as a result of 16S RNA sequencing and their nearest neighbour was found to be Mycoplasma sp. 2045 (GenBankNo.MK615061.1). M. gallisepticum DNA was detected in 3 pneumonic lung samples and M. gallisepticum/M. synoviae DNAs were found simultaneously in 1 sample. While some Mycoplasma species identified in this study consolidated their place as pneumonic agents, some increased their potential to become a pneumonic agent when compared with cases caused by well-recognized Mycoplasma strains. Two isolates were identified as -Mycoplasma spp. as their 16S rRNA gene sequence identity levels scored below the threshold of 98.7% for species demarcation and still need to be defined whether they are possible representatives of a novel Mycoplasma species.

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RESUMO

Little is known about Salmonella serovars circulating in backyard poultry and swine populations worldwide. Backyard production systems (BPS) that raise swine and/or poultry are distributed across Chile, but are more heavily concentrated in central Chile, where industrialized systems are in close contact with BPS. This study aims to detect and identify circulating Salmonella serovars in poultry and swine raised in BPS. Bacteriological Salmonella isolation was carried out for 1744 samples collected from 329 BPS in central Chile. Faecal samples were taken from swine, poultry, geese, ducks, turkeys and peacocks, as well as environmental faecal samples. Confirmation of Salmonella spp. was performed using invA-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Identification of serovars was carried out using a molecular serotyping approach, where serogroups were confirmed by a multiplex PCR of Salmonella serogroup genes for five Salmonella O antigens (i.e., D, B, C1, C2-C3, and E1), along with two PCR amplifications, followed by sequencing of fliC and fljB genes. A total of 25 samples (1·4% of total samples) from 15 BPS (4·6 % of total sampled BPS) were found positive for Salmonella. Positive samples were found in poultry (chickens and ducks), swine and environmental sources. Molecular prediction of serovars on Salmonella isolated showed 52·0% of S. Typhimurium, 16·0% of S. Infantis, 16·0% S. Enteritidis, 8·0% S. Hadar, 4·0% S. Tennessee and 4·0% S. Kentucky. Poor biosecurity measures were found on sampled BPS, where a high percentage of mixed confinement systems (72·8%); and almost half of the sampled BPS with improper management of infected mortalities (e.g. selling the carcasses of infected animals for consumption). Number of birds other than chickens (P = 0·014; OR = 1·04; IC (95%) = 1·01-1·07), mixed productive objective (P = 0·030; OR = 5·35; IC (95%) = 1·24-27·59) and mixed animal replacement origin (P = 0017; OR = 5·19; IC (95%) = 1·35-20·47) were detected as risk factors for BPS positivity to Salmonella spp. This is the first evidence of serovars of Salmonella spp. circulating in BPS from central Chile. Detected serovars have been linked to human and animal clinical outbreaks worldwide and in Chile, highlighting the importance of BPS on the control and dissemination of Salmonella serovars potentially hazardous to public health.

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Anseriforme é uma ordem composta por inúmeras espécies de aves aquáticas. No Brasil as principais espécies criadas são patos e gansos em sua maioria criadas em sistemas de subsistência, poucos são os criatórios industriais. Mesmo com a produção informal o comércio de aves vivas, ovos e carne é pratica comum em todo território nacional, mas não se tem conhecimento da prevalência de enfermidades em aves aquáticas, podendo trazer risco a saúde pública. Anseriformes podem apresentar tanto doença clínica quanto inaparente, de etiologia viral, bacteriana, parasitária e micótica. Estudos sobre quadro clínico, aspectos epidemiológicos, achados anatomopatológicos são necessários para criar métodos diagnósticos eficazes para identificar aves doentes. Doenças virais são as mais relatadas e de maior impacto econômico em criações dessa ordem de aves, mais as enfermidades bacterianas, assim como micóticas e parasitárias também podem ocorrer. Por esse motivo, esse estudo tem como objetivo revisar as principais enfermidades presentes em aves aquáticas.

Anseriforme is an order composed of numerous species of waterfowl. In Brazil the mainspecies created are ducks and geese, mostly in sustenance systems, there are few industrial farms.Even with informal production trade in live poultry, eggs and meat is common practice throughoutthe country, but it isn’t aware of the prevalence of disease in waterfowl, may pose a risk to publichealth. Anseriformes can present both clinical disease and unapparent, viral diseases, bacterial,parasitic and fungal. Studies on clinical, epidemiological, pathological findings are needed to createeffective methods diagnostics to identify sick birds. Viral diseases are the most reported and greatereconomic impact in that order poultry farms, most bacterial diseases, as well as fungal and parasiticmay also occur. Therefore, this study aims to review the main diseases present in waterfowl.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Anseriforme é uma ordem composta por inúmeras espécies de aves aquáticas. No Brasil as principais espécies criadas são patos e gansos em sua maioria criadas em sistemas de subsistência, poucos são os criatórios industriais. Mesmo com a produção informal o comércio de aves vivas, ovos e carne é pratica comum em todo território nacional, mas não se tem conhecimento da prevalência de enfermidades em aves aquáticas, podendo trazer risco a saúde pública. Anseriformes podem apresentar tanto doença clínica quanto inaparente, de etiologia viral, bacteriana, parasitária e micótica. Estudos sobre quadro clínico, aspectos epidemiológicos, achados anatomopatológicos são necessários para criar métodos diagnósticos eficazes para identificar aves doentes. Doenças virais são as mais relatadas e de maior impacto econômico em criações dessa ordem de aves, mais as enfermidades bacterianas, assim como micóticas e parasitárias também podem ocorrer. Por esse motivo, esse estudo tem como objetivo revisar as principais enfermidades presentes em aves aquáticas.(AU)

Anseriforme is an order composed of numerous species of waterfowl. In Brazil the mainspecies created are ducks and geese, mostly in sustenance systems, there are few industrial farms.Even with informal production trade in live poultry, eggs and meat is common practice throughoutthe country, but it isnt aware of the prevalence of disease in waterfowl, may pose a risk to publichealth. Anseriformes can present both clinical disease and unapparent, viral diseases, bacterial,parasitic and fungal. Studies on clinical, epidemiological, pathological findings are needed to createeffective methods diagnostics to identify sick birds. Viral diseases are the most reported and greatereconomic impact in that order poultry farms, most bacterial diseases, as well as fungal and parasiticmay also occur. Therefore, this study aims to review the main diseases present in waterfowl.(AU)

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In recent years, emerging pathogens have received special attention due to their consequences for public health. Given that Arcobacter has been isolated in Costa Rica from commercial meat poultry samples, the aim of this research was to determine its isolation frequency from laying hens, broilers, ducks, and geese and to compare two types of samples, namely, cloacal swabs and stool collection. Arcobacter was isolated from 22 (11%) of the 200 samples examined. Fifteen (55%), eight (30%), and four (15%) of the isolated strains were identified as A. butzleri, A. cryareophilus, and Arcobacter spp., respectively. Also, there is a statistically significant difference among the isolation frequencies of Arcobacter for the types of samples evaluated, yielding more isolates from stool samples than from cloacal swab collection. This work describes the distribution of Arcobacter in farm animals as potential sources for its spread from animal-derived products.

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