RESUMO
This study analyzes Brazil's tobacco control policy from 1986 to 2016, seeking to describe the policy's history and discuss its achievements, limits, and challenges. The study adopted a political economics approach and contributions from public policy analysis. Data were based on a search of the literature, documents, and secondary sources and semi-structured interviews with stakeholders involved in the policy. Factors related to the domestic and international contexts, the political process, and the policy's content influenced the institutional characteristics of tobacco control in the country. The study emphasizes the consolidation of Brazil's social rejection of smoking, government structuring of the policy, action by civil society, and Brazil's prestige in the international scenario. Inter-sector tobacco control measures like price and tax increases on cigarettes, the promotion of smoke-free environments, and the enforcement of health warnings contributed to the important reduction in prevalence of smoking. Implementation of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in Brazil, beginning in 2006, contributed to the expansion and consolidation of the national policy. However, tobacco-related economic interests limited the implementation of some strategic measures. The challenges feature the medium- and long-term sustainability of tobacco control and the solution to barriers involving crop diversification on current tobacco-growing areas, the fight against the illegal cigarette trade, and interference in the policy by the tobacco industry.
O estudo analisa a política brasileira de controle do tabaco entre 1986 e 2016, buscando caracterizar a trajetória da política e discutir os seus avanços, limites e desafios. Adotaram-se a perspectiva da economia política e contribuições do referencial de análise de políticas públicas. Realizou-se análise bibliográfica, documental, de dados secundários e de entrevistas semiestruturadas com atores envolvidos na política. Fatores relacionados ao contexto nacional e internacional, ao processo político e ao conteúdo da política influenciaram a institucionalidade do controle do tabaco no país. Ressaltam-se a consolidação da rejeição social ao tabagismo, a estruturação governamental da política, a atuação da sociedade civil e o prestígio do Brasil no cenário internacional. Medidas intersetoriais de controle do tabaco, como o aumento de preços e impostos de cigarros, a promoção de ambientes livres do fumo e a adoção de advertências sobre os malefícios do tabagismo contribuíram para a expressiva redução da prevalência de fumantes no período. A implementação da Convenção-Quadro para Controle do Tabaco da Organização Mundial da Saúde no Brasil, a partir de 2006, contribuiu para a expansão e consolidação da política nacional. No entanto, interesses econômicos relacionados ao tabaco limitaram a implementação de algumas ações estratégicas. Entre os desafios, destacam-se a sustentabilidade do controle do tabaco a médio e longo prazos e a superação das barreiras relacionadas à diversificação em áreas plantadas de fumo, ao combate ao comércio ilícito de cigarros e à interferência da indústria do fumo na política.
El estudio analiza la política brasileña de control al tabaco entre 1986 y 2016, procurando determinar la trayectoria de la política en este sentido, además de discutir sus avances, límites y desafíos. Se adoptaron la perspectiva de la economía política y contribuciones dentro del marco referencial del análisis a las políticas públicas. Se realizó un análisis bibliográfico, documental, de datos secundarios y de entrevistas semiestructuradas con actores involucrados en la política. Los factores relacionados con el contexto nacional e internacional, proceso político y contenido de la política influenciaron la institucionalidad del control al tabaco en el país. Se resaltan la consolidación del rechazo social al tabaquismo, la estructuración gubernamental de la política, la actuación de la sociedad civil y el prestigio de Brasil en el escenario internacional. Las medidas intersectoriales de control al tabaco, como el aumento de precios e impuestos de cigarrillos, la promoción de ambientes libres de tabaco y la adopción de advertencias sobre los perjuicios del tabaquismo contribuyeron a una expresiva reducción de la prevalencia de fumadores durante el período. La implementación de la Convención-Marco para el Control del Tabaco de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, en Brasil, a partir de 2006, contribuyó a la expansión y consolidación de la política nacional. No obstante, los intereses económicos, relacionados con el tabaco, limitaron la implementación de algunas acciones estratégicas. Entre los desafíos, se destacan la sostenibilidad del control al tabaco a medio y largo plazo y la superación de las barreras relacionadas con la diversificación en áreas plantadas con tabaco, el combate al comercio ilícito de cigarrillos y la interferencia de la industria del tabaco en la política.
Assuntos
Política de Saúde/história , Política Pública/legislação & jurisprudência , Prevenção do Hábito de Fumar/legislação & jurisprudência , Fumar/história , Indústria do Tabaco/história , Brasil , Política de Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Fumar/legislação & jurisprudência , Prevenção do Hábito de Fumar/história , Indústria do Tabaco/legislação & jurisprudênciaRESUMO
In this narrative review, we explore the history of tobacco smoking, its associations and portrayal of its use with luxury and glamour in the past, and intriguingly, its subsequent transformation into a mass consumption industrialized product encouraged by advertising and film. Then, we describe the next phase where tobacco in parts of the world has become an unwanted product. However, the number of smokers is still increasing, especially in new markets, and increasingly younger individuals are being attracted to it, despite the well-known health consequences of tobacco use. We also explore current smoking behaviors, looking at trends in the prevalence of consumption throughout the world, discrimination against smokers, light and/or intermittent smokers, and the electronic cigarette (e-cigarette). We place these changes in the context of neuroscience, which may help explain why the cognitive effects of smoking can be important reinforcers for its consumption despite strong anti-smoking pressure in Western countries.
Assuntos
Fumar/epidemiologia , Fumar/psicologia , Estigma Social , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Cognição/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistemas Eletrônicos de Liberação de Nicotina/psicologia , Sistemas Eletrônicos de Liberação de Nicotina/estatística & dados numéricos , História do Século XVI , História do Século XVII , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , História Antiga , Humanos , Nicotina/farmacologia , Fumar/história , Fumar/tendênciasRESUMO
Resumen: Se relata la admirable trayectoria del tabaco desde su primer encuentro con el hombre europeo el 15 de octubre de 1492 hasta la época nuestra. Dicha planta se conoció en Europa gracias a publicaciones del médico sevillano Nicolás Monardes (1574), a las relaciones de fray Andrés Thevet (1575) y al célebre tratado botánico de Charles de l' Écluse (1605). El botánico sueco Karl von Linneo incluyó la planta del tabaco en la familia de las solanáceas y se eliminaron de este grupo otras plantas que quedaban entremezcladas con esta. Su nombre botánico (Nicotiana tabacum) deriva del apellido del embajador francés en Portugal, Jean Nicot de Villemain, quien en 1560 la hizo llegar a la reina madre de Francia Catalina de Médicis. El uso del tabaco se difundió rápidamente por toda Europa, en donde se volvió común en el siglo XVII. Hacia fines del siglo XVIII en la Nueva España, además de los puros, ya se confeccionaban los cigarrillos que se vendían en cajetillas de diferente contenido y precio. La confección de las variadas formas de presentación del tabaco, realizadas en las fábricas tabacaleras de la capital novohispana y de varias ciudades de provincia, originó en 1796 la creación de las primeras guarderías infantiles para los hijos de quienes trabajaban en ellas. Esto gracias a la feliz iniciativa del entonces virrey Marqués de Branciforte. Pero contrariamente a las previsiones del padre Clavijero S.J. y de la señora Calderón de la Barca, esposa del primer representante diplomático español ante el gobierno de la República Mexicana, el uso del tabaco, con el pasar del tiempo, lejos de menguar ha ido aumentando en todas las clase sociales. Y ahora, más que los hombres, fuman las mujeres.
Abstract: Super trajectory is reported of tobacco from his first meeting with the European man October 15, 1492. This plant was known in Europe by the publications of the Sevillan physician Nicolas Monardes (1574), the relations of friar Andrés Thevet (1575) and the famous botanical treatise of Charles de l'Écluse (1605). The Swedish botanist Karl Linnaeus inclused tobacco plant in the family Solanaceae and deleted from this group other plants that were intermixed with it. Its botanical name (Nicotiana tabacum) derived from the surname of the French ambassador to Portugal, Jean Nicot of Villemain, who in 1560 sent it to the Queen Mother of France Cathérine de Medicis. The use of snuff quickly spread throughout Europe, were it became common in the seventeenth century. By the late eighteenth century in New Spain, in addition to cigars, cigarettes and due in packs of different content the tobacco is concocted and price. The preparation of the different presentations of snuff, tobacco made in factories in the capital and several provincial cities, originated in 1796 the creation of the first kindergartens for the children of those working in them. This thanks to the successful initiative of then viceroy Marquis of Branciforte. But contrary to the forecasts of Father F. J. Clavijero and Mrs. F. Calderón de la Barca, wife of the first Spanish diplomatic representative to the government of Mexico, the use of tobacco, with the passage of time, far from waning has been increasing in every social class. And now, more than men, women are smokers.
Assuntos
História do Século XVI , História do Século XVII , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , Fumar/história , Nicotiana , Produtos do Tabaco/história , Europa (Continente) , América Latina , Medicina , MéxicoRESUMO
Super trajectory is reported of tobacco from his first meeting with the European man October 15, 1492. This plant was known in Europe by the publications of the Sevillan physician Nicolas Monardes (1574), the relations of friar Andrés Thevet (1575) and the famous botanical treatise of Charles de l'Écluse (1605). The Swedish botanist Karl Linnaeus inclused tobacco plant in the family Solanaceae and deleted from this group other plants that were intermixed with it. Its botanical name (Nicotiana tabacum) derived from the surname of the French ambassador to Portugal, Jean Nicot of Villemain, who in 1560 sent it to the Queen Mother of France Cathérine de Medicis. The use of snuff quickly spread throughout Europe, were it became common in the seventeenth century. By the late eighteenth century in New Spain, in addition to cigars, cigarettes and due in packs of different content the tobacco is concocted and price. The preparation of the different presentations of snuff, tobacco made in factories in the capital and several provincial cities, originated in 1796 the creation of the first kindergartens for the children of those working in them. This thanks to the successful initiative of then viceroy Marquis of Branciforte. But contrary to the forecasts of Father F. J. Clavijero and Mrs. F. Calderón de la Barca, wife of the first Spanish diplomatic representative to the government of Mexico, the use of tobacco, with the passage of time, far from waning has been increasing in every social class. And now, more than men, women are smokers.
Assuntos
Nicotiana , Fumar/história , Produtos do Tabaco/história , Europa (Continente) , História do Século XVI , História do Século XVII , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , América Latina , Medicina , MéxicoRESUMO
For much of the twentieth century both the civilian and military governments did not consider smoking a priority concern. It was only in the last decade of the twentieth century that the international movement against cigarettes, led by the World Health Organization, US organizations and academics, began to have some impact on Argentina's political scene. It was in this context that a new professional group managed to foment the creation of a broad anti-smoking political bloc. In this process, voluntarism focused on individual programs to quit smoking that had marked much of the initiatives of the twentieth century, ended up being replaced by public policies designed to ensure smoke free environments and combat passive smoking.
Assuntos
Medicalização/história , Fumar/história , Argentina , District of Columbia , Política de Saúde , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Fumar/legislação & jurisprudência , SuíçaAssuntos
Proteção da Criança , Família/história , Filmes Cinematográficos/classificação , Filatelia , Fumar/história , Violência , Adolescente , Criança , Cirurgia Geral/história , História do Século XIX , História do Século XXI , Férias e Feriados , Humanos , México , Medicina Militar/história , Federação Russa , Prevenção do Hábito de Fumar , Estados UnidosRESUMO
AIMS AND DESIGN: The historical and economic involvement of Brazil with tobacco, as a major producer and exporter, was considered an insurmountable obstacle to controlling the consumption of this product. Nevertheless, the country was able to achieve significant progress in implementing public policies and to take an international leadership position, meeting its constitutional commitment to protect public health. In this paper we provide a brief historical overview of tobacco control (TC) in Brazil, and analyse the factors that contributed to the major decline in tobacco consumption in the country over the last 20 years, as well as identify the challenges that had to be overcome and those still at play. FINDINGS: The Brazilian case demonstrates how cross-sectorial collaborations among health-related groups that capitalize on their respective strengths and capacities can help to influence public policy and overcome industry and population resistance to change. Although Brazil still lags behind some leading TC nations, the country has an extensive collaborative TC network that was built over time and continues to focus upon this issue. CONCLUSIONS: The tobacco experience can serve as an example for other fields, such as alcoholic beverages, of how networks can be formed to influence the legislative process and the development of public policies. Brazilian statistics show that problems related to non-communicable diseases are a pressing public health issue, and advocacy groups, policy-makers and government departments can benefit from tobacco control history to fashion their own strategies.
Assuntos
Prevenção do Hábito de Fumar , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/prevenção & controle , Brasil , Programas Governamentais/história , Programas Governamentais/tendências , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Política de Saúde/história , Política de Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , Política de Saúde/tendências , Promoção da Saúde , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Relações Interprofissionais , Liderança , Fumar/história , Fumar/tendências , Indústria do TabacoAssuntos
Composição de Medicamentos/história , Filatelia , United States Food and Drug Administration/história , Canadá , Química/história , Regulamentação Governamental/história , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Moldávia , Peru , República da Macedônia do Norte , Fumar/história , Estados Unidos , United States Food and Drug Administration/legislação & jurisprudênciaRESUMO
In Profesor Alessandri's days lung cancer cases in Chile and all over the world were very few. In German medical papers in the third decade of XXth century some relationship between lung cancer and smoking habits was reported but only in the middle of the century medical literature reported evidences about this relationship. Smoking habit become universal in the XXth century. Medical community and public opinion were formally informed about the danger of smoking, for the first time in USA, in 1964 in the first Report of General Surgeon. Nowadays lung cancer is the cause of death of2,500 Chileans a year and over one million all over the world. Thoracic X rays and rigid bronchoscopy were for long time the only diagnostic methods in lung cancer. Today we have a lot of sophisticated tools that are mentioned in this paper. Surgery was and continues being the principal therapeutic weapon against the disease. The first surgical intervention performed was a pneumonectomy whose history is related in this review. Several other therapies are available in our days for the disease. A section of this paper is reserved to analyse patients and the disease. A very touching testimony of a poet written when he suffered from the disease is quoted in the text. The paper finishes with a light of hope based on the new immunological and molecular methods for treatment and the radiological approaches for early diagnosis that are available today.
En los tiempos del Prof. Alessandri los casos de cáncer pulmonar eran muy pocos en Chile y en el resto del mundo. La literatura médica alemana de la tercera década del siglo XX, observó cierta relación entre el hábito tabáquico y el cáncer pulmonar, pero sólo 20 años después la literatura médica evidenció esta relación. El hábito tabáquico se hizo universal en el siglo XX. La comunidad médica y el público general fueron advertidos por primera vez del peligro del tabaquismo en 1964 en el primer informe para el Cirujano General de EE.UU. Hoy día mueren al año 2.500 chilenos y 1 millón de personas en el mundo por la enfermedad. La radiografía de tórax y la broncoscopía rígida fueron por largo tiempo los únicos métodos diagnósticos en cáncer pulmonar. Hoy tenemos muchos métodos diagnósticos sofisticados que se revisan en este artículo. La cirugía era y continúa siendo la principal arma terapéutica contra la enfermedad. La primera intervención quirúrgica fue la neumonectomía cuya historia es relatada en esta publicación. Hoy día tenemos muchas otras armas terapéuticas disponibles. En el artículo se reserva una sección para analizar los pacientes y la enfermedad. Se cita un conmovedor testimonio de un poeta que lo escribió mientras sufría de la enfermedad. El artículo termina con una luz de esperanza en relación a nuevos métodos inmunológicos y moleculares de diagnóstico y radiológicos de diagnóstico precoz, disponibles hoy en día.
Assuntos
Humanos , Fumar/epidemiologia , Fumar/história , Neoplasias Pulmonares/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/história , Broncoscopia/história , Chile/epidemiologia , Saúde Global , Fumar/efeitos adversos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/etiologia , Pneumonectomia/históriaRESUMO
In the half century since the 1959 Cuban Revolution, El Habano remains the premium cigar the world over; but both before and since 1959, the seed, agricultural and industrial know-how, and human capital have been transplanted to replicate that cigar in a process accentuated by upheavals and out-migration. The focus here is on a little-known facet of the interconnected island and offshore Havana cigar history, linking Cuba with Connecticut and Indonesia: from when tobacco was taken from the Americas to Indonesia and gave rise to the famed Sumatra cigar wrapper leaf; through the rise and demise of its sister shade wrapper in Connecticut, with Cuban and Sumatra seed, ultimately overshadowed by Indonesia; and the resulting challenges facing Cuba today. The article highlights the role of Dutch, U.S., British, and Swedish capital to explain why in 2009 the two major global cigar corporations, British Imperial Tobacco and Swedish Match, were lobbying Washington, respectively, for and against the embargo on Cuba. As the antismoking, antitobacco lobby gains ground internationally, the intriguing final question is whether the future lies with El Habano or smokeless Swedish snus.
Assuntos
Comércio , Nicotiana , Saúde Pública , Fumar , Indústria do Tabaco , Comércio/economia , Comércio/educação , Comércio/história , Connecticut/etnologia , Produtos Agrícolas/economia , Produtos Agrícolas/história , Cuba/etnologia , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Indonésia/etnologia , Folhas de Planta , Saúde Pública/economia , Saúde Pública/educação , Saúde Pública/história , Saúde Pública/legislação & jurisprudência , Opinião Pública/história , Fumar/economia , Fumar/etnologia , Fumar/história , Indústria do Tabaco/economia , Indústria do Tabaco/educação , Indústria do Tabaco/históriaRESUMO
Blowing smoke was a sacred habit among the American Indian people in Brazil at the arrival of the first Europeans. That remains a practice of prevention and recovery among the remote people of Amazon and Rio Negro. Addiction to smoking was propagated by Nicot in Europe for the pleasure it procures but it became such real plague of the modern society that every country has to struggle against its given attractive image of a way of life.
Assuntos
Indígenas Sul-Americanos/história , Fumar/história , Tabagismo/história , Brasil , História do Século XVI , História do Século XVII , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , HumanosAssuntos
Fumar , América , Europa (Continente) , Feminino , História do Século XV , História do Século XVI , História do Século XVII , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , História Antiga , Humanos , Japão , Masculino , Neoplasias/etiologia , Fumar/efeitos adversos , Fumar/história , Fumar/legislação & jurisprudência , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar , Prevenção do Hábito de Fumar , Espanha , Poluição por Fumaça de Tabaco/efeitos adversos , Poluição por Fumaça de Tabaco/prevenção & controleRESUMO
Tobacco was brought to Europe by Christopher Columbus, who discovered it in Cuba in October, 1492. Spread of tobacco consumption was initiated by the French diplomat Jean Nicot de Villemain, who in 1560 recommended it in the form of powdered tobacco leaves to the French Queen Catherine de Medice to combat her migraine headaches, and introduced the term Nicotiana tobaccum. Tobacco consumption greatly rose after the I World War, and after the II World War it became very common, especially among man. In the first half of the 20th century the sale of tobacco products rose by 61%, and cigarettes dominated the market of tobacco products. At the beginning of the 20th century cigarettes constituted only 2% of the total sale of tobacco products, while in the middle of the 20th century--more than 80%. Although the first epidemiological papers indicating that "smoking is connected with the shortening of life span" were published in the first half of the 20th century, not until 1950 did Hill and Doll in Great Britain, and Wynder and Graham in USA in 1951 show a statistically significant correlation between cigarettes smoking and lung cancer occurrence. Many controversies according the use of tobacco accompanied it from the beginning of its presence in Europe. The conflicting opinions according to its influence to health coexisted in the 16th to 19th centuries. In this period, especially in the 19th century dominated moral and religious arguments against tobacco. In the 20th century however, and particularly in its second part, development in medical research was enhanced by civil voluntary actions against advertisement and passive smoking. This lead to the significant limitation of tobacco expansion in Europe, USA and Canada in the end of the 20th century.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Pulmonares/prevenção & controle , Fumar/história , Poluição por Fumaça de Tabaco/história , Tabagismo/história , Publicidade/legislação & jurisprudência , Publicidade/estatística & dados numéricos , Canadá , Comércio/economia , Comércio/estatística & dados numéricos , Cuba , Demografia , Europa (Continente) , História do Século XV , História do Século XVI , História do Século XVII , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/história , Sistemas de Informação Administrativa/história , Sistemas de Informação Administrativa/estatística & dados numéricos , Fumar/economia , Fumar/legislação & jurisprudência , Prevenção do Hábito de Fumar , Indústria do Tabaco/história , Indústria do Tabaco/estatística & dados numéricos , Poluição por Fumaça de Tabaco/prevenção & controle , Tabagismo/epidemiologia , Tabagismo/prevenção & controle , Reino Unido , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Tobacco was brought to Europe by Christopher Columbus, who discovered it in Cuba in October, 1492. Spread of tobacco consumption was initiated by the French diplomat Jean Nicot de Villemain, who in 1560 recommended it in the form of powdered tobacco leaves to the French Queen Catherine de Medice to combat her migraine headaches, and introduced the term Nicotiana tobaccum. Tobacco consumption greatly rose after the I World War, and after the II World War it became very common, especially among man. In the first half of the 20th century the sale of tobacco products rose by 61%, and cigarettes dominated the market of tobacco products. At the beginning of the 20th century cigarettes constituted only 2% of the total sale of tobacco products, while in the middle of the 20th century--more than 80%. Although the first epidemiological papers indicating that "smoking is connected with the shortening of life span" were published in the first half of the 20th century, not until 1950 did Hill and Doll in Great Britain, and Wynder and Graham in USA in 1951 show a statistically significant correlation between cigarettes smoking and lung cancer occurrence. Many controversies according the use of tobacco accompanied it from the beginning of its presence in Europe. The conflicting opinions according to its influence to health coexisted in the 16th to 19th centuries. In this period, especially in the 19th century dominated moral and religious arguments against tobacco. In the 20th century however, and particularly in its second part, development in medical research was enhanced by civil voluntary actions against advertisement and passive smoking. This lead to the significant limitation of tobacco expansion in Europe, USA and Canada in the end of the 20th century.
Assuntos
Abandono do Hábito de Fumar/história , Prevenção do Hábito de Fumar , Fumar/história , Poluição por Fumaça de Tabaco/história , Poluição por Fumaça de Tabaco/prevenção & controle , Tabagismo/prevenção & controle , Canadá , Cuba , Europa (Continente) , Feminino , História do Século XV , História do Século XVI , História do Século XVII , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/história , Neoplasias Pulmonares/prevenção & controle , Masculino , Anamnese/métodos , Anamnese/estatística & dados numéricos , Fumar/epidemiologia , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar/legislação & jurisprudência , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar/estatística & dados numéricos , Poluição por Fumaça de Tabaco/legislação & jurisprudência , Tabagismo/história , Tabagismo/mortalidade , Reino Unido , Estados UnidosRESUMO
The tobacco used for a long time by American and Caribbean natives was introduced into Europe at the end of XV century, and essentially during the XVI century, by travelers returning to their Fatherlands. After the tobacco industry was organized, several concerns arose regarding medical and social care for the workers in the tobacco factories. Medical and hygienic aspects were reflected in a whole chapter (the XVII) of the Ramazzini's Treatise on Medicine of Work, published in 1700. Concerning social care for the workers' families, the creation, April 1796, of nursery schools for the children of working women in tobacco factories of the New Spain must be recalled. In opposition to the predictions of some natives and visitors during the last centuries, with the passage of time, the tobacco habit instead of decreasing, became progressively more accentuated in all social classes. To aggravate conditions, at present, the noxious effects of the tobacco smoke are combined with those of environmental contamination. Recent epidemiological reports on the number and health conditions of smokers, as well as the National Antitobacco Program in Mexico, are mentioned.
Assuntos
Nicotiana , Fumar/história , Tabagismo/história , Adulto , Criança , Cultura , Europa (Continente)/epidemiologia , Europa (Continente)/etnologia , Feminino , História do Século XV , História do Século XVI , História do Século XVII , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História Antiga , Humanos , Indígenas Norte-Americanos , Masculino , México , Doenças Profissionais/etiologia , Doenças Profissionais/história , Fumar/efeitos adversos , Fumar/epidemiologia , Indústria do Tabaco/históriaAssuntos
Humanos , História do Século XXI , Saúde Pública/história , Fumar/história , Tabagismo/história , Cooperação Internacional/história , Cooperação Internacional/legislação & jurisprudência , Saúde Pública/legislação & jurisprudência , Saúde Pública/normas , Fatores de Risco , Fumar/efeitos adversos , Fumar/prevenção & controle , Poluição por Fumaça de Tabaco/história , Poluição por Fumaça de Tabaco/legislação & jurisprudência , Poluição por Fumaça de Tabaco/prevenção & controle , Tabagismo/prevenção & controle , Nicotiana/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Some characteristics of the tobacco plant and its use by native peoples of the Caribbean islands and New Spain are described. The importance of the tobacco habit in Newspanish and Europe regions, that became one of the main revenues of the respective governments, is emphasized. The incipient preoccupations concerning medical and social aid for the workers in tobacco factories are also exposed. The first aspect is reflected in an entire chapter of Ramazzini's treatise, which was the basis of the medicine of work, published in 1700. The second aspect is manifested in the creation, in 1796, of nursery schools for the children of working women in the tobacco factories of New Spain. Impressions of European travelers who visited New Spain and Independent Mexico are reported also. In opposition to the predictions of some visitors during the last century, with the passage of time, the tobacco habit instead of decreasing, became progressively more accentuated in all social classes. As a conditional aggravation, in the present day the noxious effects of tobacco smoke are combined with those of environmental contamination.