RESUMO
Abstract Background: Though gout is more prevalent in men than women, it remains unclear whether gender influences risk factors for incident gout. We aimed to systematically review all cohort studies examining risk factors for the development of gout by gender. Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library were searched from inception to March 2019. Risk factors for gout examined were: age, ethnicity, consumption of alcohol, meat, seafood, dairy products, purine-rich vegetables, coffee and fructose, vitamin C intake, the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, metabolic syndrome, BMI, waist and chest circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, weight change, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemias, renal disease, psoriasis, hypertension, diuretic use and anti-diabetic medication. Cohort studies were included if examining (at least) one of these risk factors for gout in either gender in the general population or primary care. Sample characteristics from included articles and their reported risk estimates were described using narrative synthesis. Results: Thirty-three articles were included, 20 (60.6%)directly compared risk factors by gender, 10 (30.3%) used men-only samples, 3 (9.1%) used women-only samples. Articles comparing risk across genders found similar increases in most risk factors. However, in men, metabolic syndrome (Hazard Ratio (95% CI) 1.37(1.20-1.58)) presented a risk of incident gout compared to none in women (> 50 years 1.15(0.85-1.54); ≤50 years 1.29(0.76-2.17)). Compared to men, women showed greater associated risk with higher consumption of fish and shellfish (HR (95% CI) Men: 1.02 (0.86-1.22); Women 1.36 (1.12-1.65)). Conclusions: Risk factors for developing gout did not typically differ between genders and therefore similar preventative advice can be provided. Exceptions were metabolic syndrome in men and excessive seafood consumption in women, but these singular articles need further examination and in general more research into the risk factors for gout which includes women is required.
Assuntos
Humanos , Estudos de Gênero , Gota/fisiopatologia , Frutos do Mar/efeitos adversos , Fatores de Risco , Estudos de Coortes , Síndrome MetabólicaRESUMO
Detecting marine biotoxins such as paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) is essential to ensuring the safety of seafood. The mouse bioassay is the internationally accepted method for monitoring PSTs, but technical and ethical issues have led to a search for new detection methods. The mouse neuroblastoma cell-based assay (Neuro-2a CBA) using ouabain and veratridine (O/V) has proven useful for the detection of PSTs. However, CBAs are sensitive to shellfish-associated matrix interferences. As the extraction method highly influences matrix interferences, this study compared three extraction protocols: Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) 2005.06, AOAC 2011.02 and an alternative liquid-liquid method. These methods were used to assess the matrix effect of extracts from four commercially important bivalve species (Chilean mussel, Magellan mussel, clam and Pacific oyster) in Neuro-2a CBA. Extracts from all three protocols caused a toxic effect in Neuro-2a cells (without O/V) when tested at a concentration of 25 mg of tissue-equivalent (TE) ml(-1). The greatest toxicity was obtained through the AOAC 2011.02 protocol, especially for the Chilean mussel and Pacific oyster extracts. Similar toxicity levels (less than 15%) were observed in all extracts at 3.1 mg TE ml(-1). When assessed in Neuro-2a CBA, AOAC 2005.06 extracts presented the lowest matrix interferences, while the highest interferences were observed for AOAC 2011.02 in Magellan mussel and clam extracts. Finally, the AOAC 2005.06 and alternative protocols were compared using Chilean mussel samples fortified with 40 and 80 µg STX per 100 g meat. The AOAC 2005.06 method demonstrated better results. In conclusion, the AOAC 2005.06 extracts exhibited the fewest interferences in the Neuro-2a CBA. Therefore, this extraction method should be considered for the implementation of Neuro-2a CBA as a high-throughput screening methodology for PST detection.
Assuntos
Bivalves/química , Matriz Extracelular/química , Contaminação de Alimentos , Inspeção de Alimentos/métodos , Toxinas Marinhas/análise , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Frutos do Mar/análise , Alternativas aos Testes com Animais , Animais , Bivalves/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Chile , Matriz Extracelular/metabolismo , Contaminação de Alimentos/prevenção & controle , Ensaios de Triagem em Larga Escala , Extração Líquido-Líquido , Toxinas Marinhas/biossíntese , Toxinas Marinhas/toxicidade , Camundongos , Neurônios/patologia , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Saxitoxina/análise , Saxitoxina/biossíntese , Saxitoxina/toxicidade , Frutos do Mar/efeitos adversos , Intoxicação por Frutos do Mar/etiologia , Intoxicação por Frutos do Mar/patologia , Intoxicação por Frutos do Mar/prevenção & controle , Especificidade da Espécie , Extratos de Tecidos/análise , Extratos de Tecidos/isolamento & purificação , Extratos de Tecidos/toxicidadeRESUMO
The aim of this study was to analyse and determine the composition of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins and lipophilic toxins in the Region of Aysén, Chile, in wild endemic mussels (Mytilus chilensis, Venus antiqua, Aulacomya ater, Choromytilus chorus, Tagelus dombeii and Gari solida) and in two endemic carnivorous molluscs species (Concholepas concholepas and Argobuccinum ranelliforme). PSP-toxin contents were determined by using HPLC with fluorescence detection, while lipophilic toxins were determined by using LC-MS/MS. Mean concentrations for the total of PSP toxins were in the range 55-2505 µg saxitoxin-equivalent/100 g. The two most contaminated samples for PSP toxicity were bivalve Gari solida and carnivorous Argobuccinum ranelliforme with 2505 ± 101 and 1850 ± 137 µg saxitoxin-equivalent/100 g, respectively (p < 0.05). The lipophilic toxins identified were okadaic acid, dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1), azaspiracid-1 (AZA-1), pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2) and yessotoxins (YTX). All analysed molluscs contained lipophilic toxins at levels ranging from 56 ± 4.8 to 156.1 ± 8.2 µg of okadaic acid-equivalent/kg shellfish together with YTX at levels ranging from 1.0 ± 0.1 to 18 ± 0.9 µg of YTX-equivalent/kg shellfish and AZA at levels ranging from 3.6 ± 0.2 to 31 ± 2.1 µg of AZA-equivalent/kg shellfish. Furthermore, different bivalves and gastropods differ in their capacity of retention of lipophilic toxins, as shown by the determination of their respective lipophilic toxins levels. In all the evaluated species, the presence of lipophilic toxins associated with biotransformation in molluscs and carnivorous gastropods was not identified, in contrast to the identification of PSP toxins, where the profiles identified in the different species are directly related to biotransformation processes. Thus, this study provides evidence that the concentration of toxins in the food intake of the evaluated species (Bivalvia and Gastropoda class) determines the degree of bioaccumulation and biotransformation they will thereafter exhibit.
Assuntos
Bivalves/química , Dinoflagellida/metabolismo , Contaminação de Alimentos , Inspeção de Alimentos , Gastrópodes/química , Toxinas Marinhas/metabolismo , Frutos do Mar/análise , Animais , Biotransformação , Bivalves/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Bivalves/metabolismo , Chile , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Dinoflagellida/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Dinoflagellida/isolamento & purificação , Gastrópodes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Gastrópodes/metabolismo , Interações Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Toxinas Marinhas/química , Toxinas Marinhas/toxicidade , Estrutura Molecular , Ilhas do Pacífico , Oceano Pacífico , Água do Mar/parasitologia , Frutos do Mar/efeitos adversos , Intoxicação por Frutos do Mar/etiologia , Espectrometria de Fluorescência , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Distribuição TecidualRESUMO
In this paper, the transfer of IgE-mediated food allergy by means of autologous stem cell transplantation in a 24-years old male patient is reported.
Assuntos
Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/etiologia , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/imunologia , Doença de Hodgkin/terapia , Imunoglobulina E/imunologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/etiologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/imunologia , Transplante de Células-Tronco/efeitos adversos , Adulto , Animais , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/diagnóstico , Doença de Hodgkin/cirurgia , Humanos , Imunoglobulina E/sangue , Masculino , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Palaemonidae , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/diagnóstico , Indução de Remissão , Frutos do Mar/efeitos adversos , Testes Cutâneos , Transplante Autólogo/efeitos adversosRESUMO
A benthic toxic dinoflagellate identified as Prorocentrum lima (Syn. Exuviaella lima), and designated as strain PRL-1, was isolated from the coast of El Pardito (Coyote) Island in Baja California Sur, Mexico, after a fisherman poisoning incident involving consumption of liver from Lutjanus colorado, and Mycteroperca prionura fish. Purification and culturing was done in ES-Si medium, under 12:12 light/dark cycle (4 x 20 W cool-white fluorescent lamps), at 22 degrees C and constant stirring during 28 days. Whole cells were toxic to Artemia franciscana and its methanolic extract to mouse and to the marine yeast Debaryomyces hansenii. Chromatographic analysis (TLC and HPLC-MS) of such extract indicated an unusual proportion (1:2) okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1). Estimated total toxin content by mouse bioassay (based on OA toxicity) was 19 pg/cell, a value significantly higher than that found by HPLC-MS (about 5.2 pg/cell, taking into account OA and DTX-1 only), suggesting that additional toxic components of unidentified nature are detected with the bioassay. This is the first report of a successful isolation and culturing of a toxic dinoflagellate from the Gulf of California, Mexico.
Assuntos
Diarreia/induzido quimicamente , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Dinoflagellida/química , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/epidemiologia , Frutos do Mar/efeitos adversos , Frutos do Mar/análise , Animais , Cromatografia em Camada Fina , Ciguatera , Ciguatoxinas/análise , México , Camundongos , Ácido Okadáico/análise , Piranos/análise , Medição de RiscoRESUMO
Seis pacientes que consultaron por síntomas respiratorios alérgicos (RSP y ASMA) diagnosticados por Skin prick test (SPT), fueron tratados con inmunoterapia específica (SIT) para ácaros por un lapso promedio de 23,3 meses. Tres (N2, N4 y N5) referían a su ingreso, síntomas leves a la ingesta de mariscos y se hizo SPT e IgE específica por Radio Allergo Sorbent Test (RAST) para "pool" de mariscos antes de la SIT. Ante la aparición y/o intensificación de síntomas en estos 6 pacientes por ingesta de frutos de mar luego de SIT prolongada, se realizó RAST clase 1 y 2 para N4 y N2; y N1 entre clase 0 y 1 (0,35 PRU/ml). El SPT de N2 se mantuvo positivo y el de N5 negativo, tal como antes de SIT. Sólo N4 cambió a SPT positivo al "pool" de marisco. Doce controles asintomáticos con SIT similares fueron negativos a la provocación oral, al SPT y al RAST. La presencia de un antígeno común a ambos alergenos (tropomiosina) al ser administrado en SIT para ácaros, provocaría una sensibilización nueva o aumentada en estos pacientes aunque no se pudo descartar sensibilización por ingesta habitual de mariscos
Assuntos
Humanos , Ácaros/imunologia , Reações Cruzadas/imunologia , Dessensibilização Imunológica , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/etiologia , Frutos do Mar/efeitos adversos , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/imunologia , Tropomiosina/efeitos adversos , Tropomiosina/imunologiaRESUMO
Seis pacientes que consultaron por síntomas respiratorios alérgicos (RSP y ASMA) diagnosticados por Skin prick test (SPT), fueron tratados con inmunoterapia específica (SIT) para ácaros por un lapso promedio de 23,3 meses. Tres (N2, N4 y N5) referían a su ingreso, síntomas leves a la ingesta de mariscos y se hizo SPT e IgE específica por Radio Allergo Sorbent Test (RAST) para "pool" de mariscos antes de la SIT. Ante la aparición y/o intensificación de síntomas en estos 6 pacientes por ingesta de frutos de mar luego de SIT prolongada, se realizó RAST clase 1 y 2 para N4 y N2; y N1 entre clase 0 y 1 (0,35 PRU/ml). El SPT de N2 se mantuvo positivo y el de N5 negativo, tal como antes de SIT. Sólo N4 cambió a SPT positivo al "pool" de marisco. Doce controles asintomáticos con SIT similares fueron negativos a la provocación oral, al SPT y al RAST. La presencia de un antígeno común a ambos alergenos (tropomiosina) al ser administrado en SIT para ácaros, provocaría una sensibilización nueva o aumentada en estos pacientes aunque no se pudo descartar sensibilización por ingesta habitual de mariscos (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Frutos do Mar/efeitos adversos , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/etiologia , Ácaros/imunologia , Dessensibilização Imunológica , Reações Cruzadas/imunologia , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/imunologia , Tropomiosina/efeitos adversos , Tropomiosina/imunologiaRESUMO
With the purpose to make a review on the red tides occurence at mexican coasts, previous studies were analyzed. Dinoflagellates seem to be the main cause of toxic events mainly Gonyaulax polygramma, Gymnodinium catenatum, Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum and Ptychodiscus brevis. There are other species which cause red tides but are not toxic. They are: Mesodinium rubrum, Gonyaulax triacantha, Noctiluca scintillans, Prorocentrum dentatum, Gymnodinium splendens, G. sanguineum, Ceratium tripos var. ponticum, C. furca, Scrippsiella trocoidea and Oscillatoria erythraea. The first of these is the most common cilliate of the Pacific coastlines and the last one is the most common cyanophyceae during the strong events of "El Niño". The magnitude is quite variable, from small stains of a hundred square meters to several square kilometers and its density ranges from 0.5 to 36 million cells/l. Their residence time goes from 1 or 2 days to as long as 5 months. The great densities are due to Prorocentrum dentatum and P. minimum, the latter is only observed in estuarine ponds for shrimp cultivation, they have not been related to poisoning episodes. New areas of the red tide occurrence have been recorded during the last decades, such as Acapulco Bay, Huatulco, Salinacruz and Puerto Madero. These localities and also Mazatlán, are the only regions in which paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) have registered fatal cases and in the Gulf of Mexico a great mortality of fishes has been noted due to ictiotoxin produced by Ptychodiscus brevis. On the other hand, at Yucatan and west coast of the Peninsula of California red tide events are little known.
Assuntos
Dinoflagellida , Surtos de Doenças , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/epidemiologia , Animais , Clima , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Diarreia/etiologia , Dinoflagellida/classificação , Dinoflagellida/isolamento & purificação , Dinoflagellida/metabolismo , Surtos de Doenças/veterinária , Doenças dos Peixes/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Peixes/etiologia , Pesqueiros , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/mortalidade , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/veterinária , Humanos , Toxinas Marinhas/análise , Toxinas Marinhas/intoxicação , México/epidemiologia , Oceano Pacífico , Paralisia/epidemiologia , Paralisia/etiologia , Frutos do Mar/efeitos adversos , Frutos do Mar/parasitologiaRESUMO
A fines de 1991, se inició en el Perú una epidemia de cólera de gran inagnitud, en cuanto a morbi-mortalidad y extensión geográfica, que invadió a 19 países produciendo 600,000 casos y más de 6000 muertes. Esta enfermedad ha sido relacionada con el consumo de numerosos productos de pesca, entre ellos los mariscos como vehículos de transmisión del vibrio cholerae. El método utilizado fue el reconocimiento por el ICMSF modificado. Se analizó 104 muestras de mariscos, obteniéndose 0.96 por ciento de positividad correspondiente a la muestra de marisco tipo almeja, comprobándose mediantes pruebas serológicas, pertenecia al serotipo inaba. Asimismo, se comprobó la localización del microorganismo en las valvas del marisco y no en el músculo. También se puso de manifiesto la efectividad del método mediante un segundo enriquecimiento en APA pH=8,6 que proporcionó una mayor selectividad.