RESUMO
Malpighia emarginata has a high amount of vitamin C with pharmacological or food preservation potential. However, despite its wide use and application possibilities its toxicity in repeated doses and for a long time (6 months) has not yet been studied. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the acute toxicity and repeated doses from fruits of this plant. The extract was produced with the pulp (EMe) of the lyophilized fruit and submitted to chromatographic and spectroscopic analysis (HPLC and ESI-IT-MSn). In the acute test, the EMe was administered orally and parenterally to rodents (mice and rats) for 14 days, at a dose of 2000 mg/kg. Subsequently, the repeated dose toxicity test was administered orally for 180 days at doses of 50, 300 or 1000 mg/kg. The HPLC assay revealed a high concentration of vitamin C (16.3%), and spectroscopic analyses pointed to the presence of five other polyphenolic compounds. In the acute test, the plant extract showed no apparent toxicity or lethality in rodents. The LD50 was estimated to be greater than 2000 mg/kg and falls into category 5 (low toxicity). In the repeated dose assay, there was no evidence of toxicity, and no differences were observed in water intake, food, weight development, or behavior of the animals in relation to the vehicle group (water). However, hematological and biochemical evaluations pointed out some nonconformities in the levels of cholesterol, leukocytes, and neutrophils of the male rats, but overall, these results did not reveal significant toxicity. Therefore, the Level of Unobserved Adverse Effects (NOAEL) was 1000 mg/kg. Together, the results suggest that the extract obtained from the fruits of M. emarginata does not present representative toxicity in rodents.
Assuntos
Frutas , Roedores , Ratos , Camundongos , Animais , Frutas/toxicidade , Frutas/química , Ácido Ascórbico , Rutina , Extratos Vegetais , Água , Testes de Toxicidade AgudaRESUMO
Repeated presence of strawberries amongst produce with pesticide residues results in questionings related to the risks involved by its consumption. Deterministic and probabilistic risk assessment methods might be used depending on the available data. In the present study, both methods were used to estimate risks of pesticide intake by strawberry consumption. Strawberry samples along two years were analyzed via the multiresidue method. Results of active ingredients (a.i.) concentrations were organized and used for calculations for intake estimates. On the deterministic method, intake was calculated based on the data of a.i. concentration and consumption data coming from an online questionnaire and body weight between 5 and 70 kg. On the probabilistic method, the concentrations of a.i. and body weight of 60 kg were evaluated in two scenarios: a) consumption data from an online questionnaire or b) consumption data retrieved from Family Budget Survey of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. In the 62 strawberry samples, 38 a.i. were quantified and in 25 samples the residue analyses were considered satisfactory and 37 had an unsatisfactory outcome. In the deterministic approach, 23% of the a.i. had a calculated intake higher than the acceptable daily intake (ADI) and risk concentrated in body weights between 5 and 30 kg. The risk is low when considering a body weight of 60 kg. All a.i. tested in the first scenario of the probabilistic method pointed towards some possibility of intake being higher than the ADI. In the second scenario, only the a.i. procymidone exceeded the ADI.
A frequente presença do morango entre os alimentos com resíduos de agrotóxicos acima do limite máximo ou não autorizados gera uma série de questionamentos em relação aos riscos envolvidos no seu consumo. Nos processos de avaliação do riscopodemserutilizadosmétodosdeterminísticos e probabilísticosdependendo dos dados disponíveis. O objetivodestetrabalhofoiconduzirumaavaliaçãodeterminística e probabilística do risco de ingestão de agrotóxicosatravés do consumo de morangos. Para tanto, 62 amostras de morangosforamanalisadasatravés do método de multiresíduos entre osanos de 2018 e 2019. Osresultados de concentração dos ingredientesativosforamorganizados e utilizados para oscálculos de estimativa da ingestão. No métododeterminísticoaingestãofoicalculada com base nos dados de concentração dos ingredientesativos das amostras de morangos, dados de consumoprovenientes de um questionário online e pesos corporais entre 5 e 70 kg. No métodoprobabilísticoforamutilizadosos dados de concentração dos ingredientesativos das amostras e peso corporal de 60 kg noscenários um e dois, onde, no primeiro, os dados de consumoutilizadosforamos dados do questionário e no segundoos dados de consumo de morangoprovenientes da Pesquisa de OrçamentosFamiliares. Nas 62 amostras de morangoanalisadasforamdetectados 38 ingredientesativos, sendo 25 amostrasconsideradassatisfatórias, e 37 insatisfatórias. Entre osingredientesativosdetectados, 40% nãotêmseuusoautorizado para a cultura. Na avaliaçãodeterminística, 23% dos ingredientesativosapresentaramingestãocalculada superior a ingestãodiáriaaceitávelempelomenos um cenário, estando o riscoconcentradonos pesos corporais entre 5 e 30 kg, sendo o riscobaixoquandoconsiderado o peso corporal de 60 kg. Todososingredientesativostestados no primeirocenário da avaliaçãoprobabilísticaapresentaramalgumapossibilidade de aingestãoser superior a ingestãodiáriaaceitável, enquanto que para o segundocenárioapenas o ingredienteativoprocimidonasuperou a ingestãodiáriaaceitável. Entre osmodelosestudados, o primeirocenário da avaliaçãoprobabilísticafoi o que apresentou a maiorprobabilidade de provocarintoxicação e procimidonafoi o ingredienteativomaisfrequentementedetectadonasamostras, e que apresentou as maiores chances de oferecerrisco à saúde.
Assuntos
Agroquímicos , Fragaria/toxicidade , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos , Frutas/toxicidadeRESUMO
Pterodon pubescens Benth. is widely used in folk medicine for the treatment of inflammatory conditions, with the activity attributed to the compounds with a vouacapan moiety, however, few studies report the toxicological evaluation of the extract and safety issues related to the species. Herein the non-clinical toxicity, in in vivo and in vitro tests, of dichloromethane crude extract of Pterodon pubescens fruits (PPE) and vouacapan diterpene furan isomer´s mixture (1:1) 6α-hydroxy-7ß-acetoxy-vouacapan-17ß-oate methyl ester and 6α-acetoxy-7ß-hydroxy-vouacapan-17ß-oate methyl ester isomers (VDFI mixture) is reported. Toxicological evaluation of 110-day repeated dose oral toxicity study, as hematological, biochemical, and histopathological parameters demonstrated that animals (male and female Wistar rats) treated with PPE presented no signs of toxicity, nevertheless daily high dose administration (500 mg/Kg) altered the metabolic homeostasis of animals that manifested microgoticular hepatic steatosis. Biochemical and histopathological results of animals (female Swiss mice) treated daily with VDFI mixture, at the highest dose (300 mg/Kg), indicated liver toxicity in one animal causing acute hepatotoxicity. Alkaline Comet assay demonstrated that PPE and VDFI mixture increased the percentage of DNA fragmentation without interfering with the tail moment parameter, but only VDFI mixture (30 µg/mL) presented statistical difference. In the micronucleus induction test, PPE and VDFI mixture did not demonstrate mutagenic potential. Our data provide evidence for the safety use of PPE and VDFI mixture in lower doses enabling further clinical studies and the development of herbal medicine.
Assuntos
Fabaceae , Frutas , Animais , Ésteres , Fabaceae/química , Fabaceae/toxicidade , Feminino , Frutas/toxicidade , Masculino , Camundongos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Testes de Toxicidade AgudaRESUMO
In accidental intoxicated animals and humans, Karwinskia humboldtiana (Kh) causes lesions in the central and peripheral nervous system and organs like the kidney, liver, and lung. The objective was to evaluate the histology of myocardium and skeletal muscle after experimental chronic intoxication with mature fruit of Kh in Wistar rat. Twenty-five rats were used and divided into five groups (n = 5): four intoxicated and one control. Kh fruit was ground, dried, sieved, and administered by an orogastric tube. Intoxicated rats received 3.5 g/kg body weight fractionated in 5 doses. Control rats received only water. Animals were euthanized at 24, 48, 58, and 112 days, respectively. Samples of the myocardium and skeletal muscle were obtained and processed for light microscopy evaluation. Morphological analyses were performed, including a microdensitometric analysis. Results showed areas of necrosis in the muscle fibers, fibers with vacuolated cytoplasm, and disorganization of myofilaments, as well as staining variations in both myocardium and skeletal muscle time-depending. Zones with loss of continuity of the external lamina were identified with PAS with the diastase histochemical method. Immunolabeling with specific antibodies demonstrated diminution of actin and desmin myofilaments. The microdensitometric analysis showed a statistically significant difference between the intoxicated vs control group. These findings demonstrate that chronic intoxication of Kh fruit also causes damage in myocardial and skeletal muscle, these alterations will be useful to understand that the toxic effects of Kh fruit in accidently intoxicated humans are systemic, and not only over the nervous system.
Assuntos
Coração/efeitos dos fármacos , Karwinskia , Músculo Esquelético/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Frutas/toxicidade , Karwinskia/toxicidade , Músculo Esquelético/patologia , Miocárdio/patologia , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Plant extracts can provide a viable alternative to controlling many crop pests. This study sought to assess the efficacy of vegetable extracts of the unripe fruits of Ilex paraguariensis (yerba maté) for chemical control of the channeled apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) and of non-target species as the South American catfish (Rhamdia quelen) under laboratory conditions. In P. canaliculata, the LC50 of the decoction extract was 31.39 mg.L-1 and the LT50 was over 26 h. The LC50 of the butanol extract was 24.75 mg.L-1 and the LT50 was in the range of 28 to 32 h. In juvenile R. quelen, the LC50 of the decoction was 17.98 mg.L-1 and the LT50 was in the range of 10-12 h. These extracts are particularly attractive considering the source of compounds and their effectiveness as molluscicides.
Assuntos
Agentes de Controle Biológico/toxicidade , Frutas/toxicidade , Ilex paraguariensis/química , Extratos Vegetais/toxicidade , Caramujos/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Agentes de Controle Biológico/química , Agentes de Controle Biológico/isolamento & purificação , Peixes-Gato , Frutas/química , Dose Letal Mediana , Extratos Vegetais/química , SolventesRESUMO
Crataegus oxyacantha L. (Rosaceae) is a medicinal plant with a long history of use in European, Chinese, and American. The majority of pharmacological activities associated with fruit extracts of C. oxyacantha L. are related to cardio-stimulant properties utilized in the treatment of atherosclerosis, hypertension with myocardic insufficiency, angina pectoris, cardiac rhythm alterations, and heart failure. Some other therapeutic uses for renal calculi, dyspnea, as well as a diuretic, sedative, and anxiolytic were also reported. Due to the beneficial potential of C. oxyacantha fruits extract but evidence in vitro of genetic toxicity, the aim of the present study was to examine the genotoxic potential of plant extract in vivo in mice. The extract was administered orally, daily by gavage at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight for seven days. Data demonstrated that C. oxyacantha extract did not markedly induce DNA damage in leukocytes and bone marrow cells by the comet assay; however, the extract produced a significant rise in micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) at all tested doses in a non-dose dependent manner as evidenced by the micronucleus test. The PCE/normochromatic erythrocytes (NCE) ratio indicated no significant cytotoxicity. Under our experimental conditions, C. oxyacantha fruits extract exhibited weak clastogenic and/or aneugenic effects in bone marrow cells of male mice, confirming our previous in vitro findings that this plant extract induced genotoxicity suggesting that prolonged or high dose use needs to be undertaken with caution.
Assuntos
Crataegus/toxicidade , Frutas/toxicidade , Extratos Vegetais/toxicidade , Animais , Células da Medula Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Ensaio Cometa , Dano ao DNA , Leucócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Camundongos , Testes para Micronúcleos , Testes de MutagenicidadeRESUMO
PURPOSE: Evaluate toxicity of acai fruit (Euterpe oleracea) dye concentrations in a rabbit model. METHODS: Rabbits were injected intravitreously with 10%, 25%, and 35% acai dye concentrations. Control eyes received balanced salt solution (BSS). Electroretinogram (ERG), fundus imaging, fluorescein angiography (FA), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and light and transmission electron microscopy (LM/TEM) were performed. RESULTS: Fundus imaging showed increased vitreous opacity with increased dye concentrations. FA and OCT showed normality with all concentrations. Comparisons between BSS and dye concentrations were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mood's median test (p < 0.05). At 24 h, ERGs showed reduced amplitudes from baseline in all eyes. Median b-wave amplitudes nonsignificantly decreased and latency increased with 10% and 25%; findings were significant (p < 0.05) for 35%. LM and TEM showed no abnormalities for 10% and 25%. With 35%, TEM showed ganglion cell edema at 24 h that resolved after 7 days. Vacuolization, multilamellar bodies, and nerve bundle damage occurred at 24 h/7 days in the inner nuclear layer. Mitochondrial cristae disruption occurred in the inner photoreceptor segment at 24 h that decreased by 7 days. CONCLUSION: Ten and twenty-five percent concentrations were safe and may improve identification of the posterior hyaloid and internal limiting membrane during chromovitrectomy in humans.
Assuntos
Euterpe/toxicidade , Angiofluoresceinografia/métodos , Extratos Vegetais/toxicidade , Retina/efeitos dos fármacos , Doenças Retinianas/cirurgia , Tomografia de Coerência Óptica/métodos , Vitrectomia/métodos , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Eletrorretinografia/efeitos dos fármacos , Euterpe/metabolismo , Frutas/metabolismo , Frutas/toxicidade , Fundo de Olho , Humanos , Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão , Extratos Vegetais/farmacocinética , Coelhos , Retina/metabolismo , Retina/ultraestrutura , Doenças Retinianas/induzido quimicamente , Doenças Retinianas/diagnósticoRESUMO
Uma cadela sem raça definida, de cinco anos de idade, deu entrada para atendimento apresentando sintomatologia neurológica aguda caracterizada por ataxia, rigidez muscular de membros torácicos, marcante depressão, letargia, fraqueza, incoordenação, midríase e diminuição bilateral de reflexo pupilar. A paciente foi internada, sendo observada uma evolução do quadro para tetraparesia com sialorreia e prostração após 12 horas. Houve dois episódios de vômito 24 horas após o internamento, evidenciando-se grande quantidade de sementes de Talisia esculenta inteiras e trituradas. A literatura cita casos de intoxicação por ingestão de folhas e frutos da T. esculenta em bovinos e ovinos com sintomatologia semelhante. O objetivo do presente relato é registrar o referido caso, uma vez que não foram encontradas referências abordando tal tema em animais de companhia na literatura consultada.(AU)
A five-year-old mongrel bitch was admitted for acute care presenting neurological symptoms such as ataxia, muscular stiffness on forelimbs, pronounced depression, lethargy, weakness, incoordination, mydriasis and bilaterally decreased pupillary reflex. Twelve hours post-admittance, the patient developed tetraparesis, salivation and prostration; 24 hours post-admittance, the patient vomited both crushed and intact seeds of Talisia esculenta. Literature reports cases of sheep and cattle poisoning with similar symptoms by ingestion of fruits and leaves of T. esculenta. The aim of this article is to report this case, since no such records in companion animals are available.(AU)
Una perra mestiza de cinco años fue atendida presentando sintomatología neurológica aguda caracterizada por ataxia, rigidez muscular en miembros anteriores, marcada depresión, letargia, debilidad, incoordinación, midriasis y disminución bilateral del reflejo pupilar. La paciente fue internada y se pudo observar una evolución del cuadro a una tetraparesia com sialorrea y postración después de 12 horas. Veinticuatro horas después de internada, la paciente vomitó, momento en el cual se hizo evidente la presencia de una gran cantidad de semillas enteras y trituradas de Talisia esculenta. La literatura cita casos de intoxicación por ingesta de hojas y frutos de T. esculenta en bovinos y ovinos, que presentan una sintomatología similar. El objetivo del presente relato es registrar el caso referido, ya que no se encontraron trabajos en la literatura consultada, relacionados con este tema en animales de compañía.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Cães , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/diagnóstico , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/veterinária , Sementes/toxicidade , Plantas Tóxicas , Frutas/toxicidade , Lectinas de Plantas/toxicidadeRESUMO
Uma cadela sem raça definida, de cinco anos de idade, deu entrada para atendimento apresentando sintomatologia neurológica aguda caracterizada por ataxia, rigidez muscular de membros torácicos, marcante depressão, letargia, fraqueza, incoordenação, midríase e diminuição bilateral de reflexo pupilar. A paciente foi internada, sendo observada uma evolução do quadro para tetraparesia com sialorreia e prostração após 12 horas. Houve dois episódios de vômito 24 horas após o internamento, evidenciando-se grande quantidade de sementes de Talisia esculenta inteiras e trituradas. A literatura cita casos de intoxicação por ingestão de folhas e frutos da T. esculenta em bovinos e ovinos com sintomatologia semelhante. O objetivo do presente relato é registrar o referido caso, uma vez que não foram encontradas referências abordando tal tema em animais de companhia na literatura consultada.
A five-year-old mongrel bitch was admitted for acute care presenting neurological symptoms such as ataxia, muscular stiffness on forelimbs, pronounced depression, lethargy, weakness, incoordination, mydriasis and bilaterally decreased pupillary reflex. Twelve hours post-admittance, the patient developed tetraparesis, salivation and prostration; 24 hours post-admittance, the patient vomited both crushed and intact seeds of Talisia esculenta. Literature reports cases of sheep and cattle poisoning with similar symptoms by ingestion of fruits and leaves of T. esculenta. The aim of this article is to report this case, since no such records in companion animals are available.
Una perra mestiza de cinco años fue atendida presentando sintomatología neurológica aguda caracterizada por ataxia, rigidez muscular en miembros anteriores, marcada depresión, letargia, debilidad, incoordinación, midriasis y disminución bilateral del reflejo pupilar. La paciente fue internada y se pudo observar una evolución del cuadro a una tetraparesia com sialorrea y postración después de 12 horas. Veinticuatro horas después de internada, la paciente vomitó, momento en el cual se hizo evidente la presencia de una gran cantidad de semillas enteras y trituradas de Talisia esculenta. La literatura cita casos de intoxicación por ingesta de hojas y frutos de T. esculenta en bovinos y ovinos, que presentan una sintomatología similar. El objetivo del presente relato es registrar el caso referido, ya que no se encontraron trabajos en la literatura consultada, relacionados con este tema en animales de compañía.
Assuntos
Feminino , Animais , Cães , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/diagnóstico , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/veterinária , Plantas Tóxicas , Sementes/toxicidade , Frutas/toxicidade , Lectinas de Plantas/toxicidadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Karwinskia humboldtiana (Kh) is a poisonous plant of the rhamnacea family. To elucidate some of the subcellular effects of Kh toxicity, membrane fluidity and ATPase activities as hydrolytic and as proton-pumping activity were assessed in rat liver submitochondrial particles. Rats were randomly assigned into control non-treated group and groups that received 1, 1.5 and 2 g/Kg body weight of dry powder of Kh fruit, respectively. Rats were euthanized at day 1 and 7 after treatment. RESULTS: Rats under Kh treatment at all dose levels tested, does not developed any neurologic symptoms. However, we detected alterations in membrane fluidity and ATPase activity. Lower dose of Kh on day 1 after treatment induced higher mitochondrial membrane fluidity than control group. This change was strongly correlated with increased ATPase activity and pH gradient driven by ATP hydrolysis. On the other hand, membrane fluidity was hardly affected on day 7 after treatment with Kh. Surprisingly, the pH gradient driven by ATPase activity was significantly higher than controls despite an diminution of the hydrolytic activity of ATPase. CONCLUSIONS: The changes in ATPase activity and pH gradient driven by ATPase activity suggest an adaptive condition whereby the fluidity of the membrane is altered.
Assuntos
Adenosina Trifosfatases/metabolismo , Karwinskia/toxicidade , Fluidez de Membrana/efeitos dos fármacos , Mitocôndrias Hepáticas/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Frutas/toxicidade , Masculino , Mitocôndrias Hepáticas/enzimologia , Força Próton-Motriz/efeitos dos fármacos , Distribuição Aleatória , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Frações Subcelulares/efeitos dos fármacos , Partículas Submitocôndricas/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Karwinskia humboldtiana (Kh) is a poisonous plant of the rhamnacea family. To elucidate some of the subcellular effects of Kh toxicity, membrane fluidity and ATPase activities as hydrolytic and as proton-pumping activity were assessed in rat liver submitochondrial particles. Rats were randomly assigned into control non-treated group and groups that received 1,1.5 and 2 g/Kg body weight of dry powder of Kh fruit, respectively. Rats were euthanized at day 1 and 7 after treatment. RESULTS: Rats under Kh treatment at all dose levels tested, does not developed any neurologic symptoms. However, we detected alterations in membrane fluidity and ATPase activity. Lower dose of Kh on day 1 after treatment induced higher mitochondrial membrane fluidity than control group. This change was strongly correlated with increased ATPase activity and pH gradient driven by ATP hydrolysis. On the other hand, membrane fluidity was hardly affected on day 7 after treatment with Kh. Surprisingly, the pH gradient driven by ATPase activity was significantly higher than controls despite an diminution of the hydrolytic activity of ATPase. CONCLUSIONS: The changes in ATPase activity and pH gradient driven by ATPase activity suggest an adaptive condition whereby the fluidity of the membrane is altered.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Ratos , Mitocôndrias Hepáticas/efeitos dos fármacos , Adenosina Trifosfatases/metabolismo , Karwinskia/toxicidade , Fluidez de Membrana/efeitos dos fármacos , Frações Subcelulares/efeitos dos fármacos , Partículas Submitocôndricas/efeitos dos fármacos , Mitocôndrias Hepáticas/enzimologia , Distribuição Aleatória , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Força Próton-Motriz/efeitos dos fármacos , Frutas/toxicidadeRESUMO
Solanum paniculatum L. is a plant species widespread throughout tropical America, especially in the Brazilian Savanna region. It is used in Brazil for culinary purposes and in folk medicine to treat liver and gastric dysfunctions, as well as hangovers. Because of the wide use of this plant as a therapeutic resource and food, the present study aimed at evaluating the mutagenic and cytotoxic effects of S. paniculatum ethanolic leaf and fruit extracts using the mouse bone marrow micronucleus test. Our results indicate that neither S. paniculatum ethanolic leaf extract nor its ethanolic fruit extract exhibited mutagenic effect in mice bone marrow; however, at higher doses, both extracts presented cytotoxic activity.
Assuntos
Células da Medula Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/toxicidade , Solanum/toxicidade , Animais , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Frutas/toxicidade , Masculino , Camundongos , Testes para Micronúcleos , Folhas de Planta/toxicidadeRESUMO
Solanum paniculatum L. is a plant species widespread throughout tropical America, especially in the Brazilian Savanna region. It is used in Brazil for culinary purposes and in folk medicine to treat liver and gastric dysfunctions, as well as hangovers. Because of the wide use of this plant as a therapeutic resource and food, the present study aimed at evaluating the mutagenic and cytotoxic effects of S. paniculatum ethanolic leaf and fruit extracts using the mouse bone marrow micronucleus test. Our results indicate that neither S. paniculatum ethanolic leaf extract nor its ethanolic fruit extract exhibited mutagenic effect in mice bone marrow; however, at higher doses, both extracts presented cytotoxic activity.
Solanum paniculatum L., popularmente conhecida como jurubeba, ocorre em toda a América tropical, especialmente no Cerrado. No Brasil, é utilizada para fins culinários e na medicina popular para o tratamento de distúrbios gástricos e hepáticos, além de ressacas. Devido à grande utilização desta planta pela população como recurso terapêutico e alimentício, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as atividades mutagênica e citotóxica dos extratos etanólico das folhas e frutos de S. paniculatum utilizando o teste do micronúcleo em medula óssea de camundongos. Os resultados indicam que os extratos etanólicos tanto das folhas quanto dos frutos de S. paniculatum não apresentaram ação mutagênica em medula óssea de camundongos, porém, em doses mais elevadas, ambos os extratos exibiram atividade citotóxica.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Camundongos , Células da Medula Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/toxicidade , Solanum/toxicidade , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Frutas/toxicidade , Testes para Micronúcleos , Folhas de Planta/toxicidadeRESUMO
Solanum lycocarpum St. Hill (Solanaceae) is a native shrub very common in the Brazilian savanna. The fruit of this plant contains steroidal glycoalkaloids that may disrupt the endocrine system. Because this plant is employed in folk medicine for the management of diabetes, obesity and decreasing cholesterol levels, the present study determined the possible toxic effects of exposure to S. lycocarpum fruit from weaning (21 days old) until adult age (8 weeks of treatment) in male and female rats. In male rats, the plant reduced weight gain, while few significant differences were observed in female animals. Slight significant differences were observed in food and water consumption and in hematological parameters in treated rats. Reductions in adrenal gland, spleen, heart, kidneys and thymus weights of treated males were observed, while increased relative weights were detected in the heart, epididymises, lungs, seminal vesicles, and testicles. In females, no differences were observed in organ weights and few differences were observed in relative weights of some organs. The histopathologic study showed no alteration between groups. Serum biochemical parameters showed triglyceride reductions in treated animals of both sexes; in females, an increase in albumin and alanine aminotransferase levels and a reduction in total protein levels were noted. The present data therefore demonstrate sex-related differences in S. lycocarpum toxicity.
Assuntos
Frutas/toxicidade , Solanum lycopersicum/toxicidade , Animais , Dieta , Ingestão de Alimentos/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Masculino , Tamanho do Órgão/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Caracteres Sexuais , Aumento de Peso/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
STUDY OBJECTIVE: To describe sleep characteristics and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder in patients with Guadeloupean atypical parkinsonism (Gd-PSP), a tauopathy resembling progressive supranuclear palsy that mainly affects the midbrain. It is possibly caused by the ingestion of sour sop (corossol), a tropical fruit containing acetogenins, which are mitochondrial poisons. DESIGN: Sleep interview, motor and cognitive tests, and overnight videopolysomnography. PATIENTS: Thirty-six age-, sex-, disease-duration- and disability-matched patients with Gd-PSP (n = 9), progressive supranuclear palsy (a tauopathy, n = 9), Parkinson disease (a synucleinopathy, n = 9) and controls (n = 9). SETTINGS: Tertiary-care academic hospital. RESULTS: REM sleep behavior disorder was found in 78% patients with Gd-PSP (43% of patients reported having this disorder several years before the onset of parkinsonism), 44% of patients with idiopathic Parkinson disease, 33% of patients with progressive supranuclear palsy, and no controls. The percentage of muscle activity during REM sleep was greater in patients with Gd-PSP than in controls (limb muscle activity, 8.3%+/-8.7% vs 0.1%+/- 0.2%; chin muscle activity, 24.3%+/- 23.7% vs 0.7%+/-2.0%) but similar to that of other patient groups. The latency and percentage of REM sleep were similar in patients with Gd-PSP, patients with Parkinson disease, and controls, whereas patients with progressive supranuclear palsy had delayed and shortened REM sleep. CONCLUSION: Although Gd-PSP is a tauopathy, most patients experience REM sleep behavior disorder. This suggests that the location of neuronal loss or dysfunction in the midbrain, rather than the protein comprising the histologic lesions (synuclein versus tau aggregation), is responsible for suppressing muscle atonia during REM sleep. Subjects with idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder should avoid eating sour sop.
Assuntos
Álcoois Graxos/toxicidade , Frutas/toxicidade , Lactonas/toxicidade , Transtornos Parkinsonianos/induzido quimicamente , Transtorno do Comportamento do Sono REM/induzido quimicamente , Tauopatias/induzido quimicamente , Acetogeninas , Idoso , Demência/induzido quimicamente , Demência/diagnóstico , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Avaliação da Deficiência , Sonhos/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Guadalupe , Humanos , Masculino , Mesencéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Exame Neurológico/efeitos dos fármacos , Doença de Parkinson/diagnóstico , Transtornos Parkinsonianos/diagnóstico , Polissonografia/efeitos dos fármacos , Estudos Prospectivos , Transtorno do Comportamento do Sono REM/diagnóstico , Transtornos da Transição Sono-Vigília/induzido quimicamente , Transtornos da Transição Sono-Vigília/diagnóstico , Paralisia Supranuclear Progressiva/induzido quimicamente , Paralisia Supranuclear Progressiva/diagnóstico , Tauopatias/diagnósticoRESUMO
Intoxication by Karwinskia humboldtiana (buckthorn) fruit presents a neurological picture similar to that of Guillain-Barré syndrome. In this report, we describe an experimental animal model of peripheral neuropathy induced by buckthorn fruit. Four groups of Wistar rats received one oral dose of 1.5 g/kg followed by oral doses of 0.5 g/kg at days 3, 7, 10, and 14 of dried and ground buckthorn fruit in aqueous suspension. Rats were sacrificed at 24, 48, 58, and 112 days after initial dose. Treated animals developed progressive paralysis through 58 days, then completely recovered by 112 days. Sciatic nerves showed segmental demyelination and cellular infiltrates until 58 days after exposure and then remyelinating changes at 112 days. This experimental model for peripheral neuropathy is reproducible and easy to handle. Its manipulation is relatively innocuous and allows us to study reversible peripheral nerve damage. This model can be developed in other animal species and may be useful to test new therapies for peripheral neuropathy.
Assuntos
Modelos Animais de Doenças , Frutas/toxicidade , Karwinskia/toxicidade , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso Periférico/induzido quimicamente , Animais , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Masculino , Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão/métodos , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso Periférico/patologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Nervo Isquiático/efeitos dos fármacos , Nervo Isquiático/patologia , Nervo Isquiático/ultraestrutura , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Phytophotodermatitis (PPD) is defined as a phototoxic reaction of the skin after contact with substances derived from plants and subsequent exposure to sunlight. It is a frequent disease in our outpatient clinics during summer because of contact with Tahitian lemon. Our objectives were to experimentally reproduce PPD in rats, to identify whether PPD is induced by minimal exposure periods to sunlight, to find what kinds of lemons and which parts of the lemon (the fruit juice or the peel juice) may trigger the disease; to know whether the use of sunblock prevents the reaction; and to perform light microscopy of the lesions to describe their histology. METHODS: Adult rats (Rattus norwegicus), three in each experiment, were used. After painting the rats with the fruit juice or the peel juice they were exposed to sunlight for 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 min. Tahitian and Sicilian lemons were used in the experiments. Biopsies with 3-mm punches of different times of exposure were performed. RESULTS: The peel juice of both lemons reproduced PPD, which was clinically evident after 48 h. When the peel juice was alone applied there was no reaction; moreover, exposure to sunlight alone triggered no reaction. Two and a half minutes of exposure time was sufficient to induce phototoxic reaction, which was time dependent (the longer the exposure the more intense the reaction). Histopathological studies showed epithelial time-dependent vacuolar degeneration. The use of sunblock diminished the intensity of the reaction but did not prevent it. CONCLUSION: PPD can be reproduced in an animal model. It may be caused by the peel juice of Tahitian and Sicilian lemon. Because of an extremely short time of exposure (2.5 min) is sufficient to induce PPD it is necessary to alert the population, of the need for caution when handling lemons, especially outdoors despite using sunblock.