RESUMO
This study presents the contents of α-methylenecyclopropylglycine, a potentially toxic amino acid, in the peel, pulp and seed fractions of two well-known litchi varieties, namely Shahi and China, over a span of three harvest-seasons. For analysing α-methylenecyclopropylglycine, an LC-MS/MS-based method was validated. The method-accuracies fell within 75-110 % (RSD, <15 %) at 0.1 mg/kg (LOQ) and higher levels. A comparative evaluation of the results in peel, pulp and seed at 30 days before harvest (DBH), 15-DBH, and edible-ripe stage revealed that α-methylenecyclopropylglycine content increased as the litchi seeds grew towards maturity, regardless of the cultivar. In arils, at maturity, the concentration of α-methylenecyclopropylglycine ranged from not-detected to 11.7 µg/g dry weight. The Shahi cultivar showed slightly higher α-methylenecyclopropylglycine content in comparison to China litchi. This paper presents the first known analysis of combined seasonal data on different fruit components at various growth stages for the two chosen litchi cultivars grown in India.
Assuntos
Frutas , Litchi , Sementes , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Litchi/química , Litchi/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Litchi/metabolismo , Frutas/química , Frutas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , China , Sementes/química , Sementes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Glicina/análogos & derivados , Glicina/análise , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Ciclopropanos/análiseRESUMO
Phoxim, extensively utilized in agriculture as an organothiophosphate insecticide, has the potential to cause neurotoxicity and pose human health hazards. In this study, an electrochemical enzyme biosensor based on Ti3C2 MXene/MoS2@AuNPs/AChE was constructed for the sensitive detection of phoxim. The two-dimensional multilayer structure of Ti3C2 MXene provides a robust framework for MoS2, leading to an expansion of the specific surface area and effectively preventing re-stacking of Ti3C2 MXene. Additionally, the synergistic effect of self-reduced grown AuNPs with MoS2 further improves the electrical conductivity of the composites, while the robust framework provides a favorable microenvironment for immobilization of enzyme molecules. Ti3C2 MXene/MoS2@AuNPs electrochemical enzyme sensor showed a significant response to phoxim in the range of 1 × 10-13 M to 1 × 10-7 M with a detection limit of 5.29 × 10-15 M. Moreover, the sensor demonstrated excellent repeatability, reproducibility, and stability, thereby showing its promising potential for real sample detection.
Assuntos
Técnicas Biossensoriais , Técnicas Eletroquímicas , Frutas , Ouro , Nanopartículas Metálicas , Nanocompostos , Compostos Organotiofosforados , Titânio , Ouro/química , Técnicas Eletroquímicas/instrumentação , Técnicas Eletroquímicas/métodos , Nanocompostos/química , Frutas/química , Nanopartículas Metálicas/química , Técnicas Biossensoriais/instrumentação , Compostos Organotiofosforados/análise , Titânio/química , Limite de Detecção , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Molibdênio/química , Inseticidas/análise , Inseticidas/química , Resíduos de Praguicidas/análise , Resíduos de Praguicidas/químicaRESUMO
Hydrogels based on natural polymers have aroused interest from the scientific community. The aim of this investigation was to obtain natural extracts from mango peels and to evaluate their addition (1, 3, and 5%) on the rheological behavior of mango starch hydrogels. The total phenolic content, antioxidant activities, and phenolic acid profile of the natural extracts were evaluated. The viscoelastic and thixotropic behavior of hydrogels with the addition of natural extracts was evaluated. The total phenol content and antioxidant activity of the extracts increased significantly (p<0.05) with the variation of the ethanol-water ratio; the phenolic acid profile showed the contain of p-coumaric, ellagic, ferulic, chlorogenic acids, epicatechein, catechin, querecetin, and mangiferin. The viscoelastic behavior of the hydrogels showed that the storage modulus G' is larger than the loss modulus G'' indicating a viscoelastic solid behavior. The addition of extract improved the thermal stability of the hydrogels. 1% of the extracts increase viscoelastic and thixotropic properties, while concentrations of 3 to 5% decreased. The recovery percentage (%Re) decreases at concentrations from 0% to 1% of natural extracts, however, at concentrations from 3% to 5% increased.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes , Hidrogéis , Mangifera , Extratos Vegetais , Reologia , Amido , Mangifera/química , Hidrogéis/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Amido/química , Antioxidantes/química , Viscosidade , Frutas/química , Fenóis/químicaRESUMO
Making health-enhancing tea from Forsythia suspensa leaves has been a tradition of Chinese folk culture for centuries. However, these leaves were not officially recognized as a new food source until 2017 by the Chinese government. In this study, ethyl acetate fractions from Forsythia suspensa fruit and leaves exhibited excellent antioxidant activity in vitro antioxidant assays and in vivo D-galactose-induced aging mice model. The antioxidant activity of the leaves was higher than that of fruit both in vitro and in vivo. The chemical constituents present in these ethyl acetate fractions were comprehensively analyzed using UHPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap/MS. A total of 20 compounds were identified, among which forsythoside E, (+)-epipinoresinol, dihydromyricetin, chlorogenic acid, and ursolic acid were exclusively detected in the ethyl acetate fraction of Forsythia suspensa leaves, but absent in the ethyl acetate fraction derived from its fruit. This study provides theoretical support for the utilization of Forsythia suspensa fruit and leaves.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento , Antioxidantes , Forsythia , Frutas , Galactose , Extratos Vegetais , Folhas de Planta , Animais , Forsythia/química , Folhas de Planta/química , Camundongos , Frutas/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Envelhecimento/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Humanos , Espectrometria de MassasRESUMO
The effects of preharvest methyl jasmonate (MeJA) spray application on the physicochemical quality, metabolism of phenolics, and cell wall components in raspberries were investigated during a 10-day cold storage period. MeJA spray reduced firmness loss, decay incidence, and weight loss, while maintained higher levels of soluble solids content, ascorbic acid, anthocyanins and flavonoids in raspberries. Furthermore, MeJA application resulted in increased total pectin and protopectin levels, as well as lowered water-soluble pectin, and activities of pectin methyl esterase, polygalacturonase and cellulase enzymes. Additionally, MeJA treatment upregulated the phenylpropanoid pathway, leading to higher endogenous phenolics and activities of phenylalanine-ammonia lyase and shikimate dehydrogenase. In conclusion, preharvest MeJA spray application could be adopted to enhance the storage potential of cold-stored raspberries for 10 days by maintaining higher firmness, assuring better physicochemical quality, and increasing phenolic metabolism, while reducing cell wall hydrolysis.
Assuntos
Acetatos , Antioxidantes , Parede Celular , Ciclopentanos , Armazenamento de Alimentos , Frutas , Oxilipinas , Fenóis , Rubus , Oxilipinas/farmacologia , Oxilipinas/metabolismo , Parede Celular/metabolismo , Parede Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Parede Celular/química , Ciclopentanos/farmacologia , Ciclopentanos/metabolismo , Fenóis/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Acetatos/farmacologia , Acetatos/metabolismo , Frutas/metabolismo , Frutas/química , Frutas/efeitos dos fármacos , Rubus/metabolismo , Rubus/química , Conservação de Alimentos/métodos , Temperatura Baixa , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismoRESUMO
Application of microbial-based biopreparations as a pre-harvest strategy offers a method to obtain sustainable agricultural practices and could be an important approach for advancing food science, promoting sustainability, and meeting global food market demands. The impact of a bacterial-fungal biopreparation mixture on soil-plant-microbe interactions, fruit chemical composition and yield of 7 raspberry clones was investigated by examining the structural and functional profiles of microbial communities within leaves, fruits, and soil. Biopreparation addition caused the enhancement of the microbiological utilization of specific compounds, such as d-mannitol, relevant in plant-pathogen interactions and overall plant health. The biopreparation treatment positively affected the nitrogen availability in soil (9-160%). The analysis of plant stress marker enzymes combined with the evaluation of fruit quality and chemical properties highlight changes inducted by the pre-harvest biopreparation application. Chemical analyses highlight biopreparations' role in soil and fruit quality improvement, promoting sustainable agriculture. This effect was dependent on tested clones, showing increase of soluble solid content in fruits, concentration of polyphenols or the sensory quality of the fruits. The results of the next-generation sequencing indicated increase in the effective number of bacterial species after biopreparation treatment. The network analysis showed stimulating effect of biopreparation on microbial communities by enhancing microbial interactions (increasing the number of network edges up to 260%) of and affecting the proportions of mutual relationships between both bacteria and fungi. These findings show the potential of microbial-based biopreparation in enhancing raspberry production whilst promoting sustainable practices and maintaining environmental homeostasis and giving inshght in holistic understanding of microbial-based approaches for advancing food science monitoring.
Assuntos
Bactérias , Frutas , Fungos , Rubus , Microbiologia do Solo , Solo , Frutas/química , Frutas/microbiologia , Frutas/metabolismo , Rubus/química , Rubus/microbiologia , Rubus/metabolismo , Rubus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Solo/química , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/metabolismo , Bactérias/genética , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Bactérias/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fungos/metabolismo , Fungos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Agricultura , MicrobiotaRESUMO
With the aim of expanding the potential application scope of mulberries, eleven pH-switchable deep eutectic solvents were screened for the ultrasonic-assisted extraction of mulberry polysaccharides, and a salt/salt aqueous two-phase system was constructed for the efficient separation of mulberry polysaccharides by regulating the system pH. DES-9 (tetraethylammonium chloride: octanoic acid molar ratio = 1: 2) with a critical response pH value of approximately 6.1 was concluded to be the best extraction solvent for extracting mulberry polysaccharides. A maximum polysaccharide extraction yield of 270.71 mg/g was obtained under the optimal conditions. The maximum polysaccharide extraction efficiency was 78.09 % for the pH-driven tetraethylammonium chloride/K2HPO4 aqueous two-phase system. An acidic ß-pyran mulberry polysaccharide with a low-molecular weight of 9.26 kDa and a confirmed monosaccharide composition were obtained. This efficient and environmentally friendly polysaccharide separation method offers a new approach for the efficient extraction and utilization of other plant polysaccharides.
Assuntos
Solventes Eutéticos Profundos , Morus , Extratos Vegetais , Polissacarídeos , Morus/química , Polissacarídeos/química , Polissacarídeos/isolamento & purificação , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Solventes Eutéticos Profundos/química , Fracionamento Químico/métodos , Peso Molecular , Frutas/química , Cloreto de Sódio/químicaRESUMO
Dried citrus peel (DCP), also called "Chen Pi", has edible and medicinal value. However, the specific differences among various sources remain unknown. Herein, we collected six DCP species, namely, one Citrus reticulata 'Chachi' (CZG) and five Citrus reticulata Blanco (CRB). Targeted high-performance liquid chromatography and untargeted ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry were employed to comprehensively compare the phenolic compounds and metabolites in DCP. Interestingly, 13 different phenolic compounds were noted in DCP. The total phenolic compound content in all CRB samples (58.86-127.65 mg/g) was higher than that of CZG (39.47 mg/g). Untargeted metabolomic revealed 1495 compounds, with 115 differentially expressed metabolites for CRBs and CZG, particularly flavonoids (38), terpenoids (15), and phenolic acids and derivatives (9). Lastly, antioxidant assays revealed that all CRB samples exhibited higher antioxidant activities compared with CZG. Therefore, our study results provide a theoretical basis for the high-value utilization of citrus peels and their metabolites.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes , Citrus , Frutas , Metabolômica , Extratos Vegetais , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Citrus/química , Citrus/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/análise , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Frutas/química , Frutas/metabolismo , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/metabolismo , Fenóis/metabolismo , Fenóis/química , Fenóis/análise , Flavonoides/metabolismo , Flavonoides/química , Flavonoides/análiseRESUMO
Noni fruit has an unpleasant flavour but is highly bioactive. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the effect of temperature regulation on quality of fermented noni fruit. In the present study, the formation of flavours, amino acid profiles, and iridoid glycosides during noni fruit fermentation at different temperatures were investigated. We initially found that different temperatures affected core microbial communities. The general evolutionary trends of Acetobacter and Gluconobacter were influenced by different temperatures. Furthermore, high temperature helped maintain low octanoic and hexanoic acids. Subsequently, we found that high temperature improved total amino acids and iridoid glycosides. The correlation network analysis revealed that bacterial communities impacted the quality (volatile flavours, amino acid profiles, and iridoid glycosides) of fermented noni fruit. Overall, altering the temperature induced variations in microbial communities and quality during the noni fruit fermentation process. These results are instrumental in the pursuit of quality control in natural fermentation processes.
Assuntos
Aminoácidos , Bactérias , Fermentação , Frutas , Glicosídeos Iridoides , Microbiota , Morinda , Temperatura , Frutas/química , Frutas/metabolismo , Frutas/microbiologia , Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Aminoácidos/análise , Bactérias/metabolismo , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/genética , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Morinda/química , Morinda/metabolismo , Glicosídeos Iridoides/metabolismo , Glicosídeos Iridoides/análise , Glicosídeos Iridoides/química , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/metabolismo , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/química , Aromatizantes/metabolismo , Aromatizantes/químicaRESUMO
The role of ClO- in the physiological functioning of organisms is significant. In this paper, the four fluorescent probes HONx (HON1, HON2, HON3 and HON4) were prepared based on oxyanthracene through the introduction of different substituents, and their photophysical properties were investigated, among which the AIE effect of HON1 was the most significant, and therefore the fluorescent "turn-off" ClO- probe HON1-CN was chosen to be prepared by constructing the ClO- recognition site hydrazone bond at HON1. The ClO- recognises the hydrazone group in the probe HON1-CN, and when the hydrazone bond is broken, the aldehyde group is released, generating HON1 with yellow fluorescence. The probe HON1-CN is highly selective and stable for the detection of ClO- with a detection limit of 0.48 µM and a more than 10-fold increase in fluorescence intensity when the fluorescence is 'switched on', and to a lesser extent, the probe is also very good for the detection of hypochlorite ClO- in the pericarp. Finally, HON1-CN has also been used to detect the presence of ClO- in HeLa cells and zebrafish.
Assuntos
Corantes Fluorescentes , Ácido Hipocloroso , Espectrometria de Fluorescência , Xantonas , Peixe-Zebra , Corantes Fluorescentes/química , Corantes Fluorescentes/síntese química , Xantonas/química , Animais , Ácido Hipocloroso/análise , Humanos , Células HeLa , Frutas/química , Limite de DetecçãoRESUMO
The current study was designed to investigate the effect of dried orange pulp inclusion (OP diet), natural zeolite addition (Z diet), or both (OPZ diet) compared to control (CON diet) on digestibility, growth performance, nitrogen utilization, blood biochemical, antioxidative status, and cecum microbiota of growing rabbits. Seventy-two V-line male rabbits (6 weeks old) were divided into 4 balanced experimental groups. Results showed that administration of dried orange pulp or zeolite especially the OPZ diet significantly improved nutrient digestibility and nutritive values. Rabbits fed the experimental diets (OP, Z, or OPZ) recorded significantly higher values of average daily gain, N-retention, and N-balance compared with those fed the CON diet. Data on blood biochemical, showed non-significant differences in globulin concentrations, and significant decreases in levels of cholesterol, LDL (low-density lipoproteins), triglycerides, and MDA (malondialdehyde) as an antioxidant biomarker with OP, Z, or OPZ diets. Moreover, the incorporation of orange pulp or zeolite in diets significantly decreased the cecal count of E. coli, with no significant difference in total bacterial count among the experimental groups. It could be concluded that a combination between dried orange pulp and natural zeolite in the diet can enhance the growth performance, antioxidant and health status of rabbits.
Assuntos
Ração Animal , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Antioxidantes , Ceco , Citrus sinensis , Dieta , Nitrogênio , Zeolitas , Animais , Coelhos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Masculino , Zeolitas/administração & dosagem , Zeolitas/farmacologia , Ração Animal/análise , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Dieta/veterinária , Nitrogênio/metabolismo , Citrus sinensis/química , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Ceco/microbiologia , Digestão/efeitos dos fármacos , Valor Nutritivo , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Frutas/químicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Lemons (Citrus limon ) contain various nutrients and are among the most popular citrus fruit. Besides their antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties, clinical studies have indicated their anti-allergic properties. METHODS: Using the differential-interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, we examined the effects of lemon juice and peel constituents, such as citric acid, ascorbic acid, hesperetin and eriodictyol, on the degranulation from rat peritoneal mast cells. Using fluorescence imaging with a water-soluble dye, Lucifer Yellow, we also examined their effects on the deformation of the plasma membrane. RESULTS: Lemon juice dose-dependently decreased the number of degranulated mast cells. At concentrations equal to or higher than 0.25 mM, citric acid, hesperetin, and eriodictyol significantly reduced the number of degranulating mast cells in a dose-dependent manner, while ascorbic acid required much higher doses to exert significant effects. At 1 mM, citric acid, hesperetin, and eriodictyol almost completely inhibited exocytosis and washed out the Lucifer Yellow trapped on the mast cell surface, while ascorbic acid did not. CONCLUSION: This study provides in vitro evidence for the first time that lemon constituents, such as citric acid, hesperetin, and eriodictyol, potently exert mast cell-stabilizing properties. These properties are attributable to their inhibitory effects on plasma membrane deformation in degranulating mast cells.
Assuntos
Ácido Ascórbico , Citrus , Flavanonas , Hesperidina , Mastócitos , Animais , Mastócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Mastócitos/metabolismo , Citrus/química , Ratos , Ácido Ascórbico/farmacologia , Masculino , Hesperidina/farmacologia , Hesperidina/química , Flavanonas/farmacologia , Flavanonas/química , Ácido Cítrico/farmacologia , Ácido Cítrico/química , Degranulação Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Sucos de Frutas e Vegetais/análise , Peritônio/citologia , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Exocitose/efeitos dos fármacos , Membrana Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Frutas/química , IsoquinolinasRESUMO
Spinetoram is one of the most extensively used insecticides globally and is a new spinosyn-based insecticide registered for direct treatment of Egyptian grapes. This work established and validated a developed method for determining spinetoram in grape berries and leaves using the QuEChERS coupled LC-MS/MS technique. The average recoveries ranged between 98.52-101.19% and 100.53-104.93%, with RSDs of 2.74-6.21% and 2.79-7.26% for grape berries and leaves, respectively. Spinetoram residues degraded in grape berries and leaves through a first-order kinetic, with an estimated half-life (t1/2) of 4.3 and 2.8 days in grape berries and leaves, respectively, and significant degradation (91.4-97.5%, respectively) after 14 days. Besides, the terminal residues of spinetoram detected in grape berries and leaves samples ranged between 0.017-0.077 mgâ§kg-1 and 0.79-0.023 mg·kg-1, respectively, when applied two to three times at a single recommended rate, while it was varied between 0.026-0.44mgâ§kg-1 and 0.79-0.023mgâ§kg-1 when applied two to three times at a double recommended rate, respectively. A dietary risk assessment was conducted using scientific data from field trials, acceptable daily intake (ADI), and food consumption. It was determined that no noteworthy health hazards were connected to eating grape berries and leaves that had been treated with spinetoram since the risk quotients (RQs) were ≤ 0.4.
Assuntos
Inseticidas , Vitis , Vitis/química , Egito , Medição de Risco , Inseticidas/análise , Humanos , Estrobilurinas/análise , Resíduos de Praguicidas/análise , Frutas/química , Exposição Dietética/estatística & dados numéricos , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Folhas de Planta/química , Monitoramento Ambiental , MacrolídeosRESUMO
The multivariate statistical analysis was performed to compare the therapeutic effects of Lycii Fructus from different origins on the retinal degenerative diseases(RDD) in mice. The mouse model of RDD was established by intraperitoneal injection of NaIO_3, and the visual function and retinal apoptosis were assessed by dark-light transition and TUNEL assay. Retinal thickness was measured by fundus optical coherence tomography(OCT), and the levels of antioxidant, inflammatory, and angiogenic markers in the serum and eyeball were determined. The therapeutic effects were compared by hierarchical cluster analysis, principal component analysis, and partial least squares-discriminant analysis. The results showed that the extracts of Lycii Fructus from different origins reversed NaIO_3-induced visual damage and retinal apoptosis, reduced oxidative stress, and restored the expression of inflammatory mediators and angiogenic markers in mice. The multivariate statistical analysis based on 17 pharmacodynamic indices suggested that the extract of Lycii Fructus from Ningxia demonstrated better therapeutic effects on RDD than the samples from the other four origins. The results of this study provide a scientific basis for the selection of the advantageous production region of Lycii Fructus for the prevention and treatment of RDD.
Assuntos
Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas , Lycium , Animais , Camundongos , Lycium/química , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/administração & dosagem , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/química , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/farmacologia , Análise Multivariada , Masculino , Degeneração Retiniana/tratamento farmacológico , Frutas/química , Retina/efeitos dos fármacos , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Salt-processed Psoraleae Fructus is a commonly used tonic in clinical practice. However, its usage is restricted due to the inherent toxicity. The covalent modification of proteins by reactive metabolites(RMs) plays a role in the hepatotoxicity of salt-processed Psoraleae Fructus. This study delves into the protein covalent modification by RMs generated from psoralen/isopsoralen, the primary toxic components of salt-processed Psoraleae Fructus, by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS), aiming to elucidate the mechanism underlying the hepatic injury induced by salt-processed Psoraleae Fructus. Biochemical methods were utilized to measure the levels of alanine aminotransferase(ALT), aspartate aminotransferase(AST), catalase(CAT), malondialdehyde(MDA), superoxide dismutase(SOD), reduced glutathione(GSH), and glutathione S-transferase(GST) in mice. The pathological changes in the liver were observed by hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining. Subsequently, ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) was employed to identify the primary toxic components of psoralen/isopsoralen and the RMs in salt-processed Psoraleae Fructus. Covalent bonding adducts of the toxic components/RMs with GSH and free amino acids were identified to investigate the effects of the toxic components on modification sites and patterns of amino acids. The modifications of RMs were incorporated into the variable modifications of Proteome Discoverer, and the target proteins of psoralen/isopsoralen were detected by liquid chromatography-quadrupole exactive-mass spectrometry. Lastly, Label-free quantitative proteomics was adopted to screen differential proteins, which were further subjected to KEGG and GO enrichment analyses and confirmed by qPCR. The results indicated that compared with the control group, salt-processed Psoraleae Fructus significantly elevated the ALT, AST, and MDA levels and lowered the SOD, CAT, GSH, and GST levels in a dose-dependent manner, while causing obvious vacuolization and inflammatory cell infiltration in mouse hepatocytes. Furthermore, the livers of mice in the salt-processed Psoraleae Fructus group showed the presence of five RMs of psoralen/isopsoralen, two adducts with GSH, and one adduct with cysteine. In addition, 10 proteins modified by the RMs of psoralen/isopsoralen were identified. A total of 133 differential proteins were detected in the livers of mice in the salt-processed Psoraleae Fructus group, including 92 with up-regulated expression and 41 with down-regulated expression. These differential proteins mainly involved ribosomes, rRNAs, and glutathione, affecting the proteasome pathway. The qPCR results were consistent with the differential proteins. These findings suggest that the RMs of psoralen/isopsoralen can covalently bind to GSH and modify cysteine and lysine residues of liver proteins. This covalent modification of proteins by harmful substances can potentially result in liver damage. Therefore, it can be inferred that the oxidative stress damage induced by salt-processed Psoraleae Fructus may be associated with the abnormality of proteasome and its complex, biosynthesis of ribosomes and their nucleoprotein complex, rRNA binding, and glutathione binding.
Assuntos
Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas , Fígado , Psoralea , Animais , Camundongos , Psoralea/química , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas/metabolismo , Masculino , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/química , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismo , Malondialdeído/metabolismo , Alanina Transaminase/metabolismo , Etanol/química , Etanol/toxicidade , Aspartato Aminotransferases/metabolismo , Aspartato Aminotransferases/genética , Humanos , Catalase/metabolismo , Proteínas/química , Proteínas/metabolismo , Frutas/química , Espectrometria de Massas , Glutationa/metabolismoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To establish a high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(HPLC-MS/MS) method for detecting 13 kind of free and bound phenolic acids(chlorogenic acid, protocatechuic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, gallic acid, gentisic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, sinapic acid, rosmarinic acid, salicylic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid) in fruits, and optimize the pre-treatment conditions to meet the detection requirements for phenolic acid content in various types of fruits. METHODS: Free phenolic acids in fruits were extracted using methanol through ultrasonic extraction. Conjugated phenolic acids in the centrifuged residue were released by alkaline hydrolysis and extracted with ethyl acetate. The two extracts were combined, concentrated, and analyzed using HPLC-MS/MS. Separation was achieved using an Agilent ZORBAX SB-C_(18) chromatography column(3.0 mm×100 mm, 3.5 µm), and detection was performed in multiple reaction monitoring(MRM) mode. RESULTS: All 13 standard phenolic acids achieved complete separation within 10 minutes, with linear correlation coefficients greater than 0.998 and detection limits ranging from 0.172 to 3.471 ng/mL. After optimization of the pre-treatment method, the recovery rates of the method for four types of fruits-apples, strawberries, oranges, and peaches-ranged from 80.0% to 119.4%, and the precision were lower than 7.00%(n=6). The result of testing on four categories of twelve types of fruits demonstrated significant variations in the content of phenolic acids among different fruits, and within the same category, the composition of phenolic acids did not exhibit consistency. CONCLUSION: The HPLC-MS/MS method exhibits high sensitivity, precision, and accuracy. It is suitable for the detection of both free and bound phenolic acids in various types of fruits.
Assuntos
Ácidos Cumáricos , Frutas , Hidroxibenzoatos , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Hidroxibenzoatos/análise , Frutas/química , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodos , Ácidos Cumáricos/análise , Ácido Gálico/análise , Ácido Gálico/análogos & derivados , Ácido Clorogênico/análise , Ácido Vanílico/análise , Ácidos Cafeicos/análise , Ácido Rosmarínico , Cinamatos/análise , Gentisatos/química , Gentisatos/análise , Ácido Salicílico/análise , Espectrometria de Massa com Cromatografia LíquidaRESUMO
Nanotechnology is a treasure trove of diversified themes which are endowed with broad applications. Herein, iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles were synthesized using Phyllanthus emblica aqueous fruit extract. The UV-Visible spectrum exhibited a surface plasmon resonance peak at 295nm. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy provided insight into the functional groups responsible for capping. X-ray diffraction analysis authenticated the crystalline nature of nanoparticles, while energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy divulged that iron and oxygen comprised 54% of the nanoparticles' weight. Scanning electron microscopy established irregular morphology and agglomeration of nanoparticles. The Fe2O3 nanoparticles validated potent antimicrobial activity against 11 bacterial and 1 fungal isolates. The biggest zone of inhibition (23mm) was measured against S. enterica, whereas the smallest zone of inhibition (12mm) was documented against C. albicans and E. coli. The values for minimum inhibitory concentration ranged between 10 and 15µg/ml for all microbes. Nevertheless, no synergy was exhibited by the nanoparticles with any of the selected antibiotics (Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index > 1). The photocatalytic dye degradation capability of Fe2O3 nanoparticles was assessed and the observations implied a significant increase in degradation of methyl red although, not of methylene blue. Furthermore, the nanoparticles were in possession of substantial antioxidant (34-38%) and anti-inflammatory (31-38%) capacities. Consequent upon the robust activities of P. emblica-mediated nanoparticles, these can be scrutinized for biomedical and environmental implementations in future.
Assuntos
Frutas , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Phyllanthus emblica , Extratos Vegetais , Phyllanthus emblica/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Frutas/química , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Anti-Infecciosos/química , Nanopartículas Magnéticas de Óxido de Ferro/química , Difração de Raios X , Compostos Férricos/química , Candida albicans/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/química , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de FourierRESUMO
The extensive use of neonicotinoids (NEOs) in agricultural production has led to their pervasive presence in various environmental matrices, including human samples. Given the central role of fruits and vegetables in daily human diets, it is crucial to evaluate the levels of NEOs residues and their potential health risks. In this study, 3104 vegetable samples and 1567 fruit samples from the Shenzhen city were analyzed. Using the relative potency factor (RPF) method, the residue levels of six representative neonicotinoids, including imidacloprid (IMI), acetamiprid (ACE), thiamethoxam (THM), dinotefuran (DIN), clothianidin (CLO), thiacloprid (THI), were systematically evaluated. The estimated daily intake (EDI), hazard quotient (HQ), and hazard index (HI) for both children and adults were calculated to gauge the prevalence and potential health risks of NEOs in fruits and vegetables. Acetamiprid (ACE) was the most frequently detected NEO in vegetables (69.4%) and fruits (73.9%), making it the predominant contributor to total residues. Further analyses indicated notably higher levels of imidacloprid-equivalent total neonicotinoids (IMIRPF) in root and tuber vegetables (3025 µg/kg) and other fruits (243 µg/kg). A significant strong positive correlation (r = 0.748, P < 0.05) was observed between thiamethoxam (THM) and clothianidin (CLO), possibly due to their shared metabolic pathways. Although the mean HI values for adults and children from daily fruit (adults: 0.02, children: 0.01) and vegetable (adults: 0.02, children: 0.03) intake were generally below safety thresholds, some maximum HI values exceeded these limits, indicating that the potential health risks associated with NEOs exposure should not be overlooked.
Assuntos
Frutas , Neonicotinoides , Resíduos de Praguicidas , Verduras , Neonicotinoides/análise , Humanos , Verduras/química , Frutas/química , Resíduos de Praguicidas/análise , China , Medição de Risco , Nitrocompostos/análise , Guanidinas/análise , Inseticidas/análise , Exposição Ambiental/estatística & dados numéricos , Exposição Ambiental/análise , Tiametoxam/análise , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental , Tiazinas , TiazóisRESUMO
Apple ring rot, caused by the pathogenic fungus Botryosphaeria dothidea, has inflicted substantial economic losses and caused significant food safety concerns. In this study, a pimarane-type diterpenoid, diaporthein B (DTB), isolated from a marine-derived fungus, exhibited significant antifungal activity against B. dothidea, with an EC50 value of 8.8 µg/mL. Transcriptome, metabolome, and physiological assays revealed that DTB may target mitochondria and disrupt the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation processes. This interference led to increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species and subsequent lipid peroxidation, ultimately inhibiting fungal growth. Furthermore, DTB exhibited an inhibitory potency against apple ring rot at a concentration of 31.2 µg/mL, achieving rates ranging from 67.7 to 81.6% across four distinct apple cultivars. These results indicated that DTB could serve as a novel fungicide for controlling apple ring rot in apple cultivation, transportation, and storage.
Assuntos
Ascomicetos , Fungicidas Industriais , Malus , Doenças das Plantas , Malus/microbiologia , Malus/química , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Doenças das Plantas/prevenção & controle , Ascomicetos/efeitos dos fármacos , Fungicidas Industriais/farmacologia , Fungicidas Industriais/química , Diterpenos/farmacologia , Diterpenos/química , Frutas/microbiologia , Frutas/químicaRESUMO
Postharvest blueberry fruit is prone to softening. Protein phosphorylation is an important post-translational modification that was involved in fruit softening. However, little is known about protein phosphorylation in postharvest blueberry fruit softening. The firmness, the apparent morphology, and cell structures of blueberry fruit were changed. As the decay rate of postharvest blueberry fruit increased, the soluble solid and titrable acid contents decreased significantly. Phosphoproteomic sequencing results showed that there were 4100 phosphorylated peptides, 5635 phosphorylated sites, and 1437 phosphorylated proteins and showed significant differences on 0 and 8 d. The GO database and KEGG pathway results indicated that these phosphorylated proteins were mainly involved in "biological process", "molecular function", "plant hormone signal transduction", and "metabolic pathways". Besides, a number of phosphorylated proteins were found in cell wall metabolism, plant hormone signaling, primary metabolism, energy metabolism, membrane and transport, ubiquitination-based proteins, and other metabolisms.