RESUMO
The genus Anastrepha contains some of the most important fruit pests in the Americas. It comprises more than 300 species, of which 129 occur in Brazil. The genus is divided into 26 species groups, including the pseudoparallela group with 31 species, whose known host plants are primarily fruits of the genus Passiflora (Passifloraceae). Fourteen species are recorded in Brazil. Here, a new species of Anastrepha reared from fruits of Passiflora actinia Hook. and Passiflora elegans Mast. from southern Brazil is described and illustrated. In addition, a synopsis of the Brazilian species of the pseudoparallela group is provided.
Assuntos
Tephritidae , Animais , Brasil , Tephritidae/classificação , Masculino , Feminino , Passiflora/parasitologia , Frutas/parasitologiaRESUMO
The coffee berry borer (CBB) Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari is the most serious pest of coffee worldwide. Management of the CBB is extremely difficult because its entire life cycle occurs inside the fruit, where it is well protected. Knowing which life stages contribute most to population growth, would shed light on the population dynamics of this pest and help to improve CBB management programs. Two staged-classified matrices were constructed for CBB populations reared in the lab on artificial diets and CBB populations from artificial infestations in the field. Matrices were used to determine demographic parameters, to conduct elasticity analyses, and to perform prospective perturbation analysis. Higher values of the intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) and population growth rate (λ): were observed for CBB populations growing in the lab than in the field (rm: 0.058, λ: 1.74 lab; rm: 0.053, λ: 1.32 field). Sensitivity values for both CBB populations were highest for the transitions from larva to pupa (G2: 0.316 lab, 0.352 field), transition from pupa to juvenile (G3: 0.345 lab, 0.515 field) and survival of adult females (P5: 0.324 lab, 0.389 field); these three vital rates can be important targets for CBB management. Prospective perturbation analyses indicated that an effective management for the CBB should consider multiple developmental stages; perturbations of >90% for each transition are necessary to reduce λ to <1. However, when the three vital rates with highest sensitivity are impacted at the same time, the percentage of perturbation is reduced to 25% for each transition; with these reductions in survival of larvae, pupae and adult females the value of λ was reduced from 1.32 to 0.96. Management programs for CBB should be focused on the use of biological and cultural measures that are known to affect these three important targets.
Assuntos
Coffea/parasitologia , Frutas/parasitologia , Larva/fisiologia , Controle Biológico de Vetores/métodos , Pupa/fisiologia , Gorgulhos/fisiologia , Animais , Feminino , Fertilidade/fisiologia , Longevidade/fisiologia , Masculino , Dinâmica Populacional/estatística & dados numéricos , Porto RicoRESUMO
<b>Background and Objective:</b> Control of the stored date insects by an eco-friendly method is essential to maintain the fruit for prolonged periods, especially that dates are eaten fresh. The search for a safe method, as an alternative to commonly used chemical pesticides, is needed. The objective is to investigate CO<sub>2</sub> enriched atmosphere on the Mortality Percentage (MP) of the Saw-toothed grain beetle, <i>O. surinamensis</i>, life stages with special emphasis on reducing damage to stored dates. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> The effect of high levels of CO<sub>2</sub> as an alternative control method against the Saw-toothed grain beetle, <i>Oryzaephilus surinamensis</i> L., at different life stages was studied on infested 'Saqie' dates. Four CO<sub>2</sub> pressures (25, 50, 75 and 90 kPa, balance is nitrogen) were tested for 6, 12, 18, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hrs intervals. The response of different life stages of <i>O. surinamensis</i> to the different treatments varied according to CO<sub>2</sub> level, developmental stage and exposure period. <b>Results:</b> Mortality (%) was higher during the larval stage, followed by adults, pupae and eggs, in descending order. The larvae and adult stages were more sensitive to CO<sub>2</sub> treatment than the pupal and egg. Exposure time was more effective on eggs, larval and adult MP than the CO<sub>2</sub> atmosphere level. Mortality% at 96 hrs exposure time was almost 100% with CO<sub>2</sub> atmospheres of 50, 75 and 90 kPa. Mathematical equations were developed to model the relationship between mortality% and CO<sub>2</sub> treatments using multiple regression analyses for each life stage. <b>Conclusion:</b> The results confirmed that CO<sub>2</sub> could be applied to final food products during packaging to control the residual occurrence of insect pests after storage and before the packaging process to prevent further infestation in the final packages.
Assuntos
Dióxido de Carbono/farmacologia , Besouros/efeitos dos fármacos , Embalagem de Alimentos , Parasitologia de Alimentos , Armazenamento de Alimentos , Frutas/parasitologia , Inseticidas/farmacologia , Phoeniceae/parasitologia , Animais , Besouros/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Estágios do Ciclo de VidaRESUMO
Lower elevations are generally thought to contain a greater abundance and diversity of insect communities and their natural enemies than higher elevations. It is less clear, however, how changes in seasons influence this pattern. We conducted a 2-year study (2013â2014) in guava orchards located in a tropical Andean forest of Peru to investigate differences in fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) and their parasitoid communities at two elevations and over two seasons. Fruit fly traps were installed, monitored, and guava fruits were sampled from eight orchards at low (800-950 m above sea level) and high (1,700-1,900 m above sea level) elevations and during the dry and rainy seasons. At each orchard, adult fruit fly trap captures and emergence of fruit flies and their parasitoids from guava fruit were quantified to determine their abundance and species composition. There was a greater abundance and species richness of fruit flies captured in traps at lower elevations, as well as higher abundance and species evenness of fruit flies that emerged from fruit, indicating that lower elevations are associated with larger fruit fly populations. The abundance, species richness and diversity of parasitoids were also greater at lower elevations. Consequently, guava fruit infestation and fruit fly parasitism rates were also greater at lower elevations. Seasonality also influenced fruit fly populations with a greater number of flies emerging from guava fruit and more fruit infested in the rainy season. However, seasonality had no effect on parasitoid population parameters or rate of parasitism, nor did it interact with elevation as an influence of populations of fruit flies or their parasitoids in guava orchards. This study highlights the importance of examining both elevation and seasonality for a better understanding of the population dynamics of fruit flies and their parasitoids in tropical agroecosystems.
Assuntos
Psidium/parasitologia , Tephritidae/fisiologia , Altitude , Animais , Florestas , Frutas/parasitologia , Himenópteros/fisiologia , Larva/fisiologia , Peru , Dinâmica Populacional , Psidium/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Estações do Ano , Tephritidae/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
To investigate the presence of Cyclospora cayetanensis, Toxoplasma gondii and Echinococcus spp. in fresh produce sold in Italy, 324 locally produced 'ready-to-eat' (RTE) mixed-salad packages belonging to three brands and 324 berries packages (blueberries and blackberries imported from Peru and Mexico, respectively, and raspberries grown in Italy) were purchased at retail. Nine individual packages from each of the six types of fresh produce were collected monthly for one year, and with the same produce pooled, this resulted in a total of 72 pools for the whole year. Using microscopy (FLOTAC), a Cyclospora-like oocyst was detected in a blueberry sample and a taeniid egg was detected in a RTE-salad sample. Molecular tools confirmed these to be C. cayetanensis and Echinococcus multilocularis, respectively. Toxoplasma gondii was not detected in any of the samples. This study shows for the first time in Europe that imported berries on the Italian market may be contaminated with C. cayetanensis and RTE salads grown in Italy with E. multilocularis. The results indicate a new epidemiological scenario and highlight that current management of fresh produce, locally produced or imported, does not ensure products are free from parasite contamination.
Assuntos
Cyclospora/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Echinococcus multilocularis/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fast Foods/parasitologia , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Frutas/parasitologia , Animais , Mirtilos Azuis (Planta)/parasitologia , Cyclospora/genética , Cyclospora/isolamento & purificação , Echinococcus multilocularis/genética , Echinococcus multilocularis/isolamento & purificação , Itália , México , Oocistos/genética , Oocistos/isolamento & purificação , Rubus/parasitologia , Toxoplasma/genética , Toxoplasma/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Toxoplasma/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Kiwifruit is an important horticultural crop all over the world and its development is important in Argentina. This dioecious crop has a short blooming period with nectarless flowers, and its fruit production depends on cross-pollination. Here, we tested whether kiwifruit quality increases by using honeybees exposed to female flowers treated with an artificial fragrance. The three experimental treatments were: A, sprinkled female flowers with 1:1 sugar syrup + Lavandula hybrida extract solution (a new attractant substance especially developed for this study named Lavandin Grosso); B, sprinkled female flowers with 1:1 water + sugar syrup (female flowers with additional sugar syrup reward); C (control; female flowers exposed to honeybees). RESULTS: The results showed a higher number of visits of honeybees to the female flowers sprinkled with the attractant substance, Lavandin Grosso, as well as higher fruit quality (weight, number of seeds, regularity in fruit size). CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates the potential of fragrance-treated flowers to improve yield production in kiwifruit. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Assuntos
Actinidia/parasitologia , Abelhas/fisiologia , Frutas/química , Odorantes/análise , Actinidia/química , Actinidia/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Animais , Argentina , Flores/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Flores/parasitologia , Frutas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Frutas/parasitologia , Polinização , Controle de QualidadeRESUMO
The coffee berry borer (CBB, Hypothenemus hampei) is the most serious insect pest of coffee worldwide; understanding the dynamics of its reproduction is essential for pest management. The female CBB penetrates the coffee berry, eats the seed, and reproduces inside it. A mathematical model of the infestation progress of the coffee berry by the CBB during several coffee seasons is formulated. The model represents the interaction among five populations: uninfested, slightly infested, and severely infested coffee berries, and free and encapsulated CBBs. Coffee harvesting is also included in the model. A one-dimensional map is derived for tracking the population dynamics subject to certain coffee harvesting percentages over several seasons. Stability analysis of the map's fixed points shows that CBB infestation could be eliminated or controlled to a specific level over multiple seasons of coffee harvesting. However, the percent of coffee harvesting required is determined by the level of CBB infestation at the beginning of the first season and in some cases it is impossible to achieve that percentage.
Assuntos
Coffea/parasitologia , Doenças das Plantas/parasitologia , Gorgulhos/patogenicidade , Animais , Coffea/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Biologia Computacional , Produtos Agrícolas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Produtos Agrícolas/parasitologia , Feminino , Frutas/parasitologia , Controle de Insetos/métodos , Conceitos Matemáticos , Modelos Biológicos , Doenças das Plantas/prevenção & controle , Doenças das Plantas/estatística & dados numéricos , Dinâmica Populacional/estatística & dados numéricos , Porto Rico , Reprodução , Estações do Ano , Temperatura , Gorgulhos/fisiologiaRESUMO
Although multiple outbreak clusters of Cyclospora cayetanensis have been traced back to consumption of dishes in Mexican-style restaurants, the FDA Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) does not currently provide methods to detect C. cayetanensis in dishes that contain multiple produce ingredients, such as salsas and guacamole. These complex food matrices also may contain high levels of fats, which can interfere with the detection. Several modifications to the BAM Chapter 19b method (washing produce, DNA extraction, and a TaqMan real-time PCR assay targeting the 18S rRNA gene of C. cayetanensis) were assessed with the goal to detect as few as 5 oocysts of C. cayetanensis in 25 g samples of commercial salsa/pico de gallo, guacamole, and salsa verde. Both freshly prepared and frozen versions of these foods were seeded with 5, 10 and 200 oocysts. For salsa samples, using a gentler washing step than recommended by BAM, we achieved detection of 5 oocysts in the samples (81.8%, n = 11). Increasing the amount of Alconox® in the wash solution to 1%, rather than the 0.1% used in BAM, and adjusting the DNA extraction protocol to process large wash pellets, enabled detection of 5 oocysts in guacamole. To reach the desired level of detection in salsa verde, two types of modifications were necessary: gentler washing and DNA extraction modifications. The use of these same method modifications on previously frozen food samples, provided levels of detection similar to those achieved with fresh dishes. Our modifications enabled robust and reproducible detection of C. cayetanensis in multi-ingredient Mexican dishes, detecting as few as 5 oocysts in 25 g samples. Validating and deploying effective methods to detect C. cayetanensis in high risk fresh produce and prepared dishes are critically important for prevalence studies and outbreak investigations of this parasite.
Assuntos
Cyclospora/isolamento & purificação , Fast Foods/parasitologia , Análise de Alimentos/métodos , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Persea/parasitologia , Verduras/parasitologia , Cyclospora/classificação , Cyclospora/genética , Cyclospora/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Análise de Alimentos/normas , Frutas/parasitologia , Humanos , Oocistos/classificação , Oocistos/genética , Oocistos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Oocistos/isolamento & purificação , Estados Unidos , United States Food and Drug AdministrationRESUMO
Body size is commonly associated with biological features such as reproductive capacity, competition, and resource acquisition. Many studies have tried to understand how these isolated factors can affect the body pattern of individuals. However, little is known about how interactions among species in multitrophic communities determine the body shape of individuals exploiting the same resource. Here, we evaluate the effect of fruit infestation, parasitism rate, and seed biomass on size, allometric and asymmetric patterns of morphological structures of insects that exploit the same resource. To test it, we measured 750 individuals associated with the plant Senegalia tenuifolia (Fabaceae), previously collected over three consecutive years. Negative allometry was maintained for all species, suggesting that with increasing body size the body structure did not grow proportionally. Despite this, some variations in allometric slopes suggest that interactions in a multitrophic food web can shape the development of these species. Also, we observed a higher confidence interval at higher categories of infestation and parasitism rate, suggesting a great variability in the allometric scaling. We did not observe fluctuating asymmetry for any category or species, but we found some changes in morphological structures, depending on the variables tested. These findings show that both allometry and morphological trait measurements are the most indicated in studies focused on interactions and morphometry. Finally, we show that, except for the fluctuating asymmetry, each species and morphological structure respond differently to interactions, even if the individuals play the same functional role within the food web.
Assuntos
Fabaceae/parasitologia , Insetos/fisiologia , Sementes/parasitologia , Animais , Biomassa , Tamanho Corporal , Cadeia Alimentar , Frutas/parasitologia , Modelos BiológicosRESUMO
The coffee berry borer (CBB) is one of the main coffee pests in the world including Colombia. This pest is difficult to manage because of its cryptic habits and the continuous availability of coffee fruits. Among the new management strategies being tested is the use of volatile compounds as insect repellents. In this work, the behavioral response of female adult CBBs to terpenes previously identified in the CBB-repellent plant species Lantana camara was evaluated. α-Terpinene, (R)-limonene, farnesene and ß-caryophyllene terpenes were tested via a Y-tube olfactometer in which ripe coffee fruits were accompanied by terpenes at concentrations between 25 and 200 ppm. Only ß-caryophyllene induced a significant and consistent CBB repellent effect at all tested doses. The protective effect of microencapsulated ß-caryophyllene was then determined under laboratory conditions by incorporating the terpene in a colloidosome-gel system at 2.8 × 105 ng/h in the middle of coffee fruits with adult CBBs. The coffee fruits in turn presented a decrease in fruit infestation. Furthermore, the protection of coffee fruits when ß-caryophyllene gels were hung in coffee trees was evaluated in the field; infestations were artificially induced by the use of raisins (CBB-infested old coffee fruits) placed on the ground. Compared with unprotected trees, the trees treated with caryophyllene gels exhibited a 33 to 45% lower degree of infestation. Taken together, the results show that ß-caryophyllene is a promising compound for an integrated pest management (IPM) program in commercial coffee plantations.
Assuntos
Coffea/parasitologia , Besouros/efeitos dos fármacos , Repelentes de Insetos/farmacologia , Controle de Pragas/métodos , Terpenos/farmacologia , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/farmacologia , Animais , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Frutas/parasitologia , Repelentes de Insetos/isolamento & purificação , Lantana/química , Sementes/parasitologia , Terpenos/isolamento & purificação , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
This study aimed to know the species of frugivorous flies (Tephritidae and Lonchaeidae) and their parasitoids associated with fruits in home orchards. It was conducted in the Gurgueia Valley, municipality of Bom Jesus, Piauí, Brazil. Fruit collection was carried out from April to December 2016. A total of 959 fruits (12 kg) belonging to seven fruit species were sampled, such as acerola (Malpighia glabra), carambola (Averrhoa carambola), lime (Citrus aurantifolia), balsam pear (Momordica charantia), cherry of the Rio Grande (Eugenia involucrata), umbu-cajá (Spondias bahiensis), and purple mombin (Spondias purpurea). Only three among these species (acerola, umbu-cajá, and purple mombin) were host, with 2,770 frugivorous flies. Umbu-cajá hosted 316 specimens of Anastrepha obliqua, from which puparia have emerged 84 specimens of Opius bellus and four of Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae. Purple mombin hosted Ceratitis capitata (2,384 specimens), Neosilba pendula (69 specimens), and Anastrepha sp. (one male). Eleven specimens of Tetrastichus giffardianus emerged from the puparia of C. capitata. Acerola hosted only one female of C. capitata and six specimens of N. pendula. Ceratitis capitata and N. pendula were recorded for the first-time infesting fruits of purple mombin in Piauí. Tetrastichus giffardianus parasitizing C. capitata in purple mombin was first recorded in the state of Piauí. Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae is a new record in A. obliqua in umbu-cajá in Brazil.(AU)
O objetivo desta pesquisa foi conhecer as espécies de moscas frugívoras (Tephritidae e Lonchaeidae) e seus parasitoides associados a frutos em pomares domésticos. O estudo foi conduzido no vale do Gurgueia, município de Bom Jesus, Piauí, Brasil. As coletas de frutos foram realizadas de abril a dezembro de 2016. Foram amostrados 959 frutos (12 kg), pertencentes a sete espécies de frutíferas, tais como, acerola [Malpighia glabra], carambola [Averrhoa carambola], citros [Citrus aurantifolia], melão-de-são-caetano [Momordica charantia], cereja-da-terra [Eugenia involucrata], umbu-cajá [Spondias bahiensis] e ciriguela [Spondias purpurea]. Dessas, apenas três espécies foram hospedeiras - acerola, umbu-cajá e ciriguela, das quais obtiveram-se 2.770 moscas frugívoras. Em umbu-cajá, obtiveram-se 316 espécimes de Anastrepha obliqua, de cujos pupários emergiram 84 exemplares de Opius bellus e quatro de Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae. Em ciriguela, obtiveram-se Ceratitis capitata (2.384), Neosilba pendula (69) e um macho de Anastrepha sp. Onze espécimes de Tetrastichus giffardianus emergiram dos pupários de C. capitata. Em acerola, obteve-se apenas uma fêmea de C. capitata, além de seis espécimes de N. pendula. Ceratitis capitata e N. pendula são registradas pela primeira vez infestando frutos de ciriguela no Piauí. Tetrastichus giffardianus parasitando C. capitata em ciriguela é registrado pela primeira vez no estado do Piauí. Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae é novo registro em A. obliqua em umbu-cajá no Brasil.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Dípteros/parasitologia , Frutas/parasitologia , Tephritidae/parasitologia , Doenças Parasitárias em AnimaisRESUMO
This study aimed to know the species of frugivorous flies (Tephritidae and Lonchaeidae) and their parasitoids associated with fruits in home orchards. It was conducted in the Gurgueia Valley, municipality of Bom Jesus, Piauí, Brazil. Fruit collection was carried out from April to December 2016. A total of 959 fruits (12 kg) belonging to seven fruit species were sampled, such as acerola (Malpighia glabra), carambola (Averrhoa carambola), lime (Citrus aurantifolia), balsam pear (Momordica charantia), cherry of the Rio Grande (Eugenia involucrata), umbu-cajá (Spondias bahiensis), and purple mombin (Spondias purpurea). Only three among these species (acerola, umbu-cajá, and purple mombin) were host, with 2,770 frugivorous flies. Umbu-cajá hosted 316 specimens of Anastrepha obliqua, from which puparia have emerged 84 specimens of Opius bellus and four of Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae. Purple mombin hosted Ceratitis capitata (2,384 specimens), Neosilba pendula (69 specimens), and Anastrepha sp. (one male). Eleven specimens of Tetrastichus giffardianus emerged from the puparia of C. capitata. Acerola hosted only one female of C. capitata and six specimens of N. pendula. Ceratitis capitata and N. pendula were recorded for the first-time infesting fruits of purple mombin in Piauí. Tetrastichus giffardianus parasitizing C. capitata in purple mombin was first recorded in the state of Piauí. Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae is a new record in A. obliqua in umbu-cajá in Brazil.
O objetivo desta pesquisa foi conhecer as espécies de moscas frugívoras (Tephritidae e Lonchaeidae) e seus parasitoides associados a frutos em pomares domésticos. O estudo foi conduzido no vale do Gurgueia, município de Bom Jesus, Piauí, Brasil. As coletas de frutos foram realizadas de abril a dezembro de 2016. Foram amostrados 959 frutos (12 kg), pertencentes a sete espécies de frutíferas, tais como, acerola [Malpighia glabra], carambola [Averrhoa carambola], citros [Citrus aurantifolia], melão-de-são-caetano [Momordica charantia], cereja-da-terra [Eugenia involucrata], umbu-cajá [Spondias bahiensis] e ciriguela [Spondias purpurea]. Dessas, apenas três espécies foram hospedeiras - acerola, umbu-cajá e ciriguela, das quais obtiveram-se 2.770 moscas frugívoras. Em umbu-cajá, obtiveram-se 316 espécimes de Anastrepha obliqua, de cujos pupários emergiram 84 exemplares de Opius bellus e quatro de Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae. Em ciriguela, obtiveram-se Ceratitis capitata (2.384), Neosilba pendula (69) e um macho de Anastrepha sp. Onze espécimes de Tetrastichus giffardianus emergiram dos pupários de C. capitata. Em acerola, obteve-se apenas uma fêmea de C. capitata, além de seis espécimes de N. pendula. Ceratitis capitata e N. pendula são registradas pela primeira vez infestando frutos de ciriguela no Piauí. Tetrastichus giffardianus parasitando C. capitata em ciriguela é registrado pela primeira vez no estado do Piauí. Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae é novo registro em A. obliqua em umbu-cajá no Brasil.
Assuntos
Animais , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais , Dípteros/parasitologia , Frutas/parasitologia , Tephritidae/parasitologiaRESUMO
Because plant phenotypes can change in response to attacks by herbivores in highly variable ways, the distribution of herbivores depends on the occurrence of other herbivore species on the same plant. We carried out a field study to evaluate the co-occurrence of three coconut pests, the mites Aceria guerreronis (Acari: Eriophyidae), Steneotarsonemus concavuscutum (Acari: Tarsonemidae) and the moth Atheloca bondari (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). The eriophyid mite Ac. guerreronis is the most important coconut pest around the world, whereas S. concavuscutum and At. bondari are economically important only in some areas along the Brazilian coast. A previous study suggested that the necrosis caused by Ac. guerreronis facilitates the infestation of At. bondari larvae. Because all three species infest the area under the perianths on coconuts and S. concavuscutum also causes necrosis that could facilitate At. bondari, we evaluated the co-occurrence of all three species. We found that the occurrence of At. bondari was positively associated with Ac. guerreronis, but negatively associated with S. concavuscutum. In addition, the two mite species showed negative co-occurrence. Atheloca bondari was found on nuts of all ages, but more on nuts that had fallen than on those on the trees, suggesting that nuts infested by At. bondari tend to fall more frequently. We discuss the status of At. bondari as a pest and discuss experiments to test the causes of these co-occurrence patterns.
Assuntos
Cocos/parasitologia , Ácaros/fisiologia , Mariposas/fisiologia , Animais , Brasil , Frutas/parasitologia , Herbivoria , Larva/fisiologia , Mariposas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Doenças das Plantas/parasitologiaRESUMO
The spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, is considered the main insect pest of small fruit in the world. Identifying susceptible hosts is essential to develop management strategies. The aim of this study was to verify the level of D. suzukii infestation in blackberry, blueberry, strawberry, cattley guava and Surinam cherry fruits cultivated in the southern region in Brazil, and to determine the infestation index (II) per fruit. The studies were carried out during two harvests (2015/16 and 2016/17) in three areas with organic cultivation of small fruit. The highest level of D. suzukii natural infestation was observed in blackberry (40 to 65% infestation), and strawberry (approximately 30% infestation) fruits. In contrast, blueberries were less preferred (< 7% infestation). For native fruit of the region (cattley guava and Surinam cherry), it was also verified infestation of the fly, demonstrating they are hosts for multiplication in the off-season periods of the other crops. In relation to II, blackberry and Surinam cherry provided a higher average number of insects per gram of fruit (≈ 1.6 adults of D. suzukii). In contrast, blueberries and cattley guava had the lowest insect ratio per gram of fruit (≈ 0.7 adults per gram). The period between late spring to mid-autumn was considered ideal for the pest occurrence in the field. The knowledge of natural infestation levels is essential for understanding the behavior of the pest in the field, which will assist in the design of management strategies.(AU)
A drosófila-da-asa-manchada, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, é considerada o principal inseto-praga de pequenos frutos no mundo. A identificação de hospedeiros suscetíveis é essencial para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de manejo. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o nível de infestação de D. suzukii em frutos de amoreira-preta, mirtileiro, morangueiro, araçazeiro e pitangueira cultivados na região no sul do Brasil e determinar os índices de infestação (II) por fruto. Os estudos foram realizados durante duas safras (2015/16 e 2016/17) em três áreas com cultivo orgânico de pequenas frutas. O maior nível de infestação natural de D. suzukii foi observado em amora-preta (40 a 65% de infestação) e morango (aproximadamente 30% de infestação). Em contraste, o mirtilo foi menos preferido (< 7% de infestação). Para as frutas nativas da região (araçá e pitanga), também ocorreu infestação da mosca, demonstrando serem hospedeiros potenciais para a multiplicação da praga nos períodos de entressafras. Em relação ao II, amoras e pitangas proporcionaram um maior número médio de insetos por grama de fruto (≈ 1,6 adultos de D. suzukii). Por outro lado, mirtilos e araçás apresentaram a menor relação de insetos emergidos por gramas de frutos (≈ 0,7 adultos por grama). O período entre final da primavera até meados do outono foi considerado ideal para a ocorrência da praga no campo. O conhecimento dos níveis de infestação natural é fundamental para o entendimento do comportamento da praga no campo, o que auxiliará no delineamento de estratégias de manejo.(AU)
Assuntos
Drosophila , Frutas/parasitologia , Estações do Ano , Brasil , Pragas da Agricultura , Vaccinium myrtillus , Morus , Fragaria , Espécies Introduzidas , EugeniaRESUMO
This study aimed to elaborate a sequential sampling plan for Anastrepha species in commercial orchards of guava Psidium guajava Novo Milênio cultivar. Samplings were carried out in three orchards in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul. Fruit flies were sampled for 23 weeks. Data were subjected to the sequential probability ratio test. We adopted the mean of 0.3 Anastrepha individuals for the safety level and 0.7 for the control level and the observed frequency was adjusted to the negative binomial expected frequency (Bn) for the equation of the line. The condition of adopting a control method recommended by S1 = 6.5554 + 0.5362n was observed in the upper line. In turn, the lower line, which does not require the use of a control method, is defined by So = -2.8229 + 0.5362n. The sequential sampling plan predicted the expected maximum number of 37 sampling units to decide whether or not to use control method(s). This sequential plan was defined with mean number of 0.54 adults for each McPhail trap unit (sample). The sequential plan generated is unprecedented and will contribute to the rapid and safe decision making in the control of Anastrepha species of economic importance in guava farming.
Assuntos
Frutas/parasitologia , Psidium/parasitologia , Tephritidae/classificação , Animais , Densidade DemográficaRESUMO
The grape weevil, Naupactus xanthographus Germar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is a polyphagous insect native to southern South America that causes considerable damage in grape and other fruit species. In this study, the morphology and ultrastructure of the antennae and the antennal sensilla of N. xanthographus were investigated using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The antennae consist of a scape, a pedicel, a funicle, and a zone called the "club," which are all formed by a total of 12 antennomers. Different types of sensilla were observed: sensilla trichoidea, sensilla chaetica type 1 and 2, sensilla basiconica, and sensilla rod-like. No sexual dimorphism was observed. The possible functions of the sensilla are discussed in relation to their morphology and ultrastructure.
Assuntos
Sensilas/ultraestrutura , Gorgulhos/anatomia & histologia , Animais , Feminino , Frutas/parasitologia , Resistência a Inseticidas , Inseticidas/farmacologia , Masculino , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão , Vitis/parasitologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Hot water treatment (HWT) against Anastrepha ludens was developed achieving 48 °C in the core of grapefruits and holding it for 6 min. After heating, the grapefruits were hydro-cooled and stored at 23 °C and analyzed for 16 days. The effect of microwave-assisted HWT (MW-HWT) on grapefruit quality was analyzed and compared with the quality of fruits treated with HWT and control fruits (without treatment). The physicochemical properties and chemical composition of essential oil were analyzed. RESULTS: MW-HWT was equivalent to HWT according to accumulated heat calculations, with the advantage of being shorter. Treatments significantly affected the weight, color, maturity index, juice content, firmness, titratable acidity, pH, and ascorbic acid content of the grapefruits (P < 0.05), but had no effect on the total soluble solids (P > 0.05). The major components identified in the essential oil were d-limonene and ß-myrcene, compounds responsible of the scent of the grapefruits. CONCLUSION: MW-HWT was shorter (130 min) and had a lesser effect on the quality of the grapefruit when compared with fruits under HWT (188 min duration). Thus, this treatment could be considered as an alternative method against the Mexican fruit fly in grapefruit. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
Assuntos
Citrus paradisi/parasitologia , Conservação de Alimentos/métodos , Frutas/efeitos da radiação , Doenças das Plantas/prevenção & controle , Tephritidae/fisiologia , Animais , Citrus paradisi/química , Citrus paradisi/efeitos da radiação , Cor , Conservação de Alimentos/instrumentação , Frutas/química , Frutas/parasitologia , Temperatura Alta , Micro-Ondas , Doenças das Plantas/parasitologia , Controle de QualidadeRESUMO
The Serra Gaúcha region is the most important temperate fruit-producing area in southern Brazil. Despite mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) infesting several host plants in the region, there is a lack of information about the composition of species damaging different crops. A survey of mealybug species associated with commercial fruit crops (apple, persimmon, strawberry and grapes) was performed in Serra Gaúcha between 2013 and 2015, using both morphology and DNA analyses for species identification. The most abundant species were Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret), found on all four host plant species, and Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell), infesting persimmon, vines and weeds. The highest diversity of mealybug species was found on persimmon trees, hosting 20 different taxa, of which Anisococcus granarae Pacheco da Silva & Kaydan, D. brevipes, Pseudococcus sociabilis Hambleton and Ps. viburni were the most abundant. A total of nine species were recorded in vineyards. Planococcus ficus (Signoret) and Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti) were observed causing damage to grapes for the first time. A single species, Ps. viburni, was found associated with apples, while both Ps. viburni and Ferrisia meridionalis Williams were found on strawberry. Four of the mealybug species found represent new records for Brazil.
Assuntos
Classificação/métodos , Produtos Agrícolas/parasitologia , Frutas/parasitologia , Hemípteros/classificação , Animais , Brasil , DNA/genética , Hemípteros/anatomia & histologia , Filogenia , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
PREMISE OF STUDY: The factors driving variation in species interactions are often unknown, and few studies have made a link between changes in interactions and the strength of selection. METHODS: We report on spatial variation in functional responses by a seed predator (SP) and its parasitic wasps associated with the herb Ruellia nudiflora. We assessed the influence of plant density on consumer responses and determined whether density effects and spatial variation in functional responses altered natural selection by these consumers on the plant. We established common gardens at two sites in Yucatan, Mexico, and planted R. nudiflora at two densities in each garden. We recorded fruit output and SP and parasitoid attack; calculated relative fitness (seed number) under scenarios of three trophic levels (accounting for SP and parasitoid effects), two trophic levels (accounting for SP but not parasitoid effects), and one trophic level (no consumer effects); and compared selection strength on fruit number under these scenarios across sites and densities. KEY RESULTS: There was spatial variation in SP recruitment, whereby the SP functional response was negatively density-dependent at one site but density-independent at the other; parasitoid responses were density-independent and invariant across sites. Site variation in SP attack led, in turn, to differences in SP selection on fruit output, and parasitoids did not alter SP selection. There were no significant effects of density at either site. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide a link between consumer functional responses and consumer selection on plants, which deepens our understanding of geographic variation in the evolutionary outcomes of multitrophic interactions.
Assuntos
Acanthaceae/parasitologia , Ecologia , Ecossistema , Vespas/fisiologia , Acanthaceae/fisiologia , Animais , Evolução Biológica , Frutas/parasitologia , Frutas/fisiologia , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita , México , Densidade Demográfica , Sementes/parasitologia , Sementes/fisiologia , Seleção GenéticaRESUMO
The carambola fruit fly, Bactrocera carambolae, is a tephritid native to Asia that has invaded South America through small-scale trade of fruits from Indonesia. The economic losses associated with biological invasions of other fruit flies around the world and the polyphagous behaviour of B. carambolae have prompted much concern among government agencies and farmers with the potential spread of this pest. Here, ecological niche models were employed to identify suitable environments available to B. carambolae in a global scale and assess the extent of the fruit acreage that may be at risk of attack in Brazil. Overall, 30 MaxEnt models built with different combinations of environmental predictors and settings were evaluated for predicting the potential distribution of the carambola fruit fly. The best model was selected based on threshold-independent and threshold-dependent metrics. Climatically suitable areas were identified in tropical and subtropical regions of Central and South America, Sub-Saharan Africa, west and east coast of India and northern Australia. The suitability map of B. carambola was intersected against maps of fruit acreage in Brazil. The acreage under potential risk of attack varied widely among fruit species, which is expected because the production areas are concentrated in different regions of the country. The production of cashew is the one that is at higher risk, with almost 90% of its acreage within the suitable range of B. carambolae, followed by papaya (78%), tangerine (51%), guava (38%), lemon (30%), orange (29%), mango (24%) and avocado (20%). This study provides an important contribution to the knowledge of the ecology of B. carambolae, and the information generated here can be used by government agencies as a decision-making tool to prevent the carambola fruit fly spread across the world.