RESUMO
La osteoporosis es una enfermedad sistémica que deteriora la calidad del hueso y su arquitectura. Como consecuencia, predispone a fracturas por fragilidad, entre las cuales las fracturas vertebrales son frecuentes. Estas se asocian a una gran morbimortalidad. La vertebroplastia ha surgido en 1984 como alter-nativa terapéutica para tratar algunos tumores vertebrales y fracturas vertebrales osteoporóticas dolorosas. Este procedimiento consiste en la inyección de cemento guiado por imágenes, para estabilizar la vértebra fracturada y disminuir el dolor. La vertebroplastia puede ser realizada con anestesia local, sedación o anestesia general. La fuga de cemento fuera de la vértebra es una complicación común; sin embargo esto no suele tener traducción clínica y solamente se trata de un hallazgo imagenológico. En este artículo revisaremos las indicaciones, contraindicaciones, la eficacia, controversias y las complicaciones de la vertebroplastia percutánea. (AU)
Osteoporosis is a systemic disease characterized by bone quality deterioration. As a consequence of this deterioration, osteoporosis results in high fracture risk due to bone fragility. Fractures to the spine are common in this scenario, and relate to an increased morbi-mortality. Vertebroplasty emerged in 1984 as an alternative to treat painful vertebral tumors and osteoporotic vertebral fractures. This procedure relies on image guided cement injection to achieve pain relief and strengthen the vertebral body. Vertebroplasty can be performed under local anesthesia, mild sedation, or general anesthesia. Among its complications, cement leakage is common but it is rarely associated with any symptoms and it is usually an imaging finding. In this article, we will review indications and contraindications, effectiveness, controversies and complications related to percutaneous vertebroplasty. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/terapia , Vertebroplastia/métodos , Fraturas por Osteoporose/terapia , Dor Crônica/terapia , Administração Cutânea , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/classificação , Resultado do Tratamento , Vertebroplastia/efeitos adversos , Fraturas por Osteoporose/classificaçãoRESUMO
STUDY DESIGN: A systematic review and single-arm meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the load-sharing classification (LSC) is reliable to predict the best surgical approach for thoracolumbar burst fracture (TBF). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: There is no previous review evaluating the efficacy of the use of LSC as a guide in the surgical treatment of burst fractures. METHODS: On April 19th, 2019, a broad search was performed in the following databases: EMBASE, PubMed, Cochrane, SCOPUS, Web of Science, LILACS, and gray literature. This study was registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews. We included clinical trials involving patients with TBF undergoing posterior surgical treatment, classified by load-sharing score, and that enabled the analysis of the outcomes loss of segmental kyphosis and implant failure (IF). We performed random- or fixed-effects models meta-analyses depending on the data homogeneity. Heterogeneity between studies was estimated by I2 and τ2 statistics. RESULTS: The search identified 189 references, out of which nine studies were eligible for this review. All articles presenting LSC up to 6 proved to be reliable in indicating that only posterior instrumentation is necessary, without screw failures or loss of kyphosis correction. For cases where the LSC was >6, only 2.5% of the individuals presented IF upon posterior approach alone. For loss of kyphosis correction, only 5% of patients had this outcome where LSC >6. For both outcomes together, we had 6% of postoperative problems (I2â=â77%, τ2â<â0.0015, Pâ<â0.01). CONCLUSION: Load-sharing scores up to 6 are 100% reliable, only requiring posterior instrumentation for stabilization. For scores >6, the risk of implant breakage and loss of kyphosis correction in posterior fixation alone is low. Thus, other factors should be considered to define the best surgical approach to be adopted.Level of Evidence: 1.
Assuntos
Vértebras Lombares/lesões , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/classificação , Vértebras Torácicas/lesões , Suporte de Carga , Adulto , Parafusos Ósseos , Feminino , Fixação Interna de Fraturas/instrumentação , Fixação Interna de Fraturas/métodos , Fraturas por Compressão/classificação , Fraturas por Compressão/cirurgia , Humanos , Cifose/classificação , Cifose/cirurgia , Vértebras Lombares/fisiologia , Vértebras Lombares/cirurgia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/classificação , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/etiologia , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/cirurgia , Vértebras Torácicas/fisiologia , Vértebras Torácicas/cirurgia , Suporte de Carga/fisiologiaRESUMO
La fractura osteoporótica es una entidad clínica que afecta seriamente la calidad y expectativa de vida del paciente, agregándose un impacto socioeconómico elevado, superando incluso a los gastos de patologías como el infarto agudo de miocardio, accidente cerebrovascular y cáncer de mama, y cuya incidencia y prevalencia va en aumento a medida que la población mundial envejece. La gran mayoría de los casos cursan inadvertidos y sub diagnosticados, dejando a tres de cuatro pacientes, sin tratamiento y expuestos a nuevos eventos. El foco mundial en los países desarrollados como estrategia de enfrentamiento de esta patología endémica ha sido el de la prevención, vale decir medicina primaria. Sin embargo, una vez diagnosticada la fractura osteoporótica, no existe consenso en el tipo de tratamiento óptimo, así como sus plazos en estos pacientes. La mayoría de las guías internacionales y los trabajos publicados, presentan diferencias en el manejo de esta lesión.
The osteoporotic fracture is a clinical entity that seriously affects the quality and life expectancy of the patient, adding a high socioeconomic impact, even exceeding the expenses of pathologies such as acute myocardial stroke, vascular cerebral stroke and breast cancer, and whose incidence and prevalence is increasing as the world population ages. The vast majority of cases are non-diagnosed, leaving three of four patients with non treatment at all. The target in developed countries as a strategy to confront this endemic pathology has been prevention, or, primary medicine. However, once the osteoporotic fracture is diagnosed, there is no consensus on the type of optimal treatment, as well as its deadlines in these patients. The majority of international guidelines and published articles show differences in the management and treatment of this fracture.
Assuntos
Humanos , Idoso , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/diagnóstico , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/terapia , Fraturas por Osteoporose/diagnóstico , Fraturas por Osteoporose/terapia , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/classificação , Fraturas por Osteoporose/classificaçãoRESUMO
Introducción: Las lesiones del saco dural con atrapamiento de la cauda equina entre los fragmentos óseos pueden estar asociadas con fracturas toracolumbares. Objetivo: Realizar un análisis retrospectivo de las variables clínico-radiográficas y el sistema de clasificación AOSpine y la posibilidad de lesión dural asociada en una serie de fracturas toracolumbares por estallido, tratadas en nuestro Centro. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, observacional de una serie de pacientes con fracturas toracolumbares con compromiso del muro posterior operados en nuestra institución, entre enero de 2012 y diciembre de 2017. Resultados: Se incluyeron 46 pacientes, 16 casos con lesión del saco dural asociada. Las variables porcentaje de ocupación del canal, distancia interpedicular, ángulo del fragmento retropulsado y déficit neurológico asociado mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas según la comparación en función de la presencia o ausencia de lesión dural (p = 0,046, p = 0,007, p = 0,046 y p = 0,004, respectivamente). Conclusiones: Según nuestros resultados, la lesión dural traumática podría ser contemplada en la planificación del tratamiento de fracturas toracolumbares ante fragmentos voluminosos del muro posterior con ángulo agudo, compromiso severo del canal raquídeo, distancia interpedicular elevada y daño neurológico asociado, tal como se propone en la bibliografía. Nivel de Evidencia: IV
Introduction: Fractures of the thoracolumbar spine can trigger thecal sac injuries due to the impingement of the cauda equina between bone fragments. Objective: To carry out a retrospective analysis of clinical and radiological variables, the AOSpine Classification System and the possibility of secondary thecal sac injury in a series of thoracolumbar burst fractures treated at our center. Materials and Methods: A retrospective, observational study of a series of patients with thoracolumbar fractures with compromise of the posterior vertebral body wall, who underwent surgery at our center between January 2012 and December 2017. Results: Forty-six patients were included, 16 of which had secondary thecal sac injury. The differences in the variables-percentage of spinal canal involvement, interpedicular distance, angle of the retropulsed fragment, neurological deficit and type C fractures-were statistically significant according to the comparison made with the presence or absence of thecal sac injury (p=0.046, p=0.007, p=0.046, p=0.004, p=0,001 respectively). Conclusions: This study suggests that traumatic thecal sac injury could be suspected when managing burst fractures with prominent fragments in the posterior vertebral body wall, acute angle of the retropulsed fragment, severe compression of the spinal canal, wide interpedicular distance, neurological deficit and fracture displacement (fracture type C according to the AOSpine Classification System). Level of Evidence: IV
Assuntos
Adulto , Traumatismos da Coluna Vertebral , Vértebras Torácicas/lesões , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/classificação , Dura-Máter/lesões , Vértebras Lombares/lesõesRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the correlation between the severity of intervertebral disc injury and the anteroposterior type of thoracolumbar vertebral fractures. METHODS: Fifty-six cases of thoracolumbar vertebral fractures treated in our trauma center from October 2012 to October 2013 were included in this study. The fractures were classified by the anteroposterior classification, whereas the severity of intervertebral disc injury was evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging. The Spearman correlation coefficient was used to analyze the correlation between the severity of intervertebral disc injury and the anteroposterior type of thoracolumbar fractures, whereas a χ2 test was adopted to measure the variability between different fracture types and upper and lower adjacent disc injuries. RESULTS: The Spearman correlation coefficients between fracture types and the severity of the upper and lower adjacent disc injuries were 0.739 (PU<0.001) and 0.368 (PL=0.005), respectively. It means that the more complex Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen (AO) classifications are the disc injury is more severe. There was also a significant difference in the severity of injury between the upper and lower adjacent discs near the fractured vertebrae (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In thoracolumbar spinal fractures, the severity of the adjacent intervertebral disc injury is positively correlated with the anteroposterior fracture type. The injury primarily involves intervertebral discs near the fractured end plate, with more frequent and severe injuries observed in the upper than in the lower discs. The presence of intervertebral disc injury, along with its severity, may provide useful information during the clinical decision-making process.
Assuntos
Escala de Gravidade do Ferimento , Disco Intervertebral/lesões , Vértebras Lombares/lesões , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/classificação , Vértebras Torácicas/lesões , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Disco Intervertebral/diagnóstico por imagem , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/normas , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/diagnóstico por imagem , Adulto JovemRESUMO
ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the epidemiology of 111 patients to determine the age group affected, the level of fracture, fracture classification, and type of treatment. Methods: Descriptive study of 111 cases of cervical spine fracture treated at the Hospital of Traumatology and Orthopedics Lomas Verdes - IMSS from March 2009 to October 2014. Results: The condition appeared in 88% of men. The age range was 16-81 years, with an average of 40 years. The most common fracture according to the AO classification was type A (57%). The segments most affected were C5-C6, C6-C7, C6 and C4-C5 (24.32%, 17.1%, 9.9% and 8.1%). Neurological involvement occurred in 46.8%. The most common mechanism of injury was high energy. Surgical treatment was performed in 78.4% of patients, being one-level corpectomy with placement of mesh and plate, and posterior fixation with facet screws the most appropriate procedures (31.5% and 27.9%, respectively). Conclusions: Males were the most affected, the highest incidence was in C5-C6 and C6-C7 levels and the surgical procedure was the most used.
RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever a epidemiologia de 111 pacientes para determinar a faixa etária acometida, o nível da fratura, a classificação e o tipo de tratamento. Método: Estudo descritivo de 111 casos de fratura da coluna cervical tratados no Hospital de Traumatologia e Ortopedia Lomas Verdes - IMSS, de março de 2009 a outubro de 2014. Resultados: A patologia apresentou-se em 88% dos homens. A faixa etária foi de 16 a 81 anos, com média de 40 anos. A fratura mais frequente de acordo com a classificação AO foi o tipo A (57%). Os segmentos mais afetados foram C5-C6, C6-C7, C6 e C4-C5 (24,32%, 17,1%, 9,9% e 8,1%). Verificou-se comprometimento neurológico em 46,8%. O mecanismo mais comum de lesão foi o de alta energia. O tratamento cirúrgico foi realizado em 78,4% dos pacientes, sendo a corpectomia de um nível com colocação de malha e placa e a fixação posterior com parafusos facetários os procedimentos mais indicados (31,5% e 27,9%, respectivamente). Conclusões: O sexo masculino foi o mais afetado, a maior incidência foi nos níveis C5-C6 e C6-C7 e o procedimento cirúrgico foi o mais utilizado.
RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir la epidemiología de 111 pacientes para determinar el grupo de edad afectado, el nivel de la fractura, su clasificación y tipo de tratamiento. Método: Estudio descriptivo de 111 casos de fractura de columna cervical tratados en el Hospital de Traumatología y Ortopedia Lomas Verdes - IMSS, de marzo de 2009 a octubre de 2014. Resultados: La patología se encontró en el 88% de los hombres. El rango de edad fue de 16 a 81 años, siendo el promedio 40 años. Las fracturas más frecuentes según la clasificación AO fueron el tipo A (57%). Los segmentos más afectados fueron C5-C6, C6-C7, C6 y C4-C5 (24,32%, 17,1%, 9,9% y 8,1%). El compromiso neurológico se presentó en el 46,8%. El mecanismo de lesión más común fue el de alta energía. El tratamiento quirúrgico se llevó a cabo en 78,4% de los pacientes, siendo la corpectomía de un nivel más colocación de malla y placa además de la fijación posterior con tornillos facetarios los procedimientos más indicados (31,5% y 27,9%, respectivamente). Conclusiones: Los hombres fueron los más afectados, la mayor incidencia fue en los niveles C5-C6 y C6-C7 y el procedimiento quirúrgico fue el más utilizado.
Assuntos
Humanos , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/epidemiologia , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/cirurgia , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/classificaçãoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the correlation between the severity of intervertebral disc injury and the anteroposterior type of thoracolumbar vertebral fractures. METHODS: Fifty-six cases of thoracolumbar vertebral fractures treated in our trauma center from October 2012 to October 2013 were included in this study. The fractures were classified by the anteroposterior classification, whereas the severity of intervertebral disc injury was evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging. The Spearman correlation coefficient was used to analyze the correlation between the severity of intervertebral disc injury and the anteroposterior type of thoracolumbar fractures, whereas a χ2 test was adopted to measure the variability between different fracture types and upper and lower adjacent disc injuries. RESULTS: The Spearman correlation coefficients between fracture types and the severity of the upper and lower adjacent disc injuries were 0.739 (PU<0.001) and 0.368 (PL=0.005), respectively. It means that the more complex Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen (AO) classifications are the disc injury is more severe. There was also a significant difference in the severity of injury between the upper and lower adjacent discs near the fractured vertebrae (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In thoracolumbar spinal fractures, the severity of the adjacent intervertebral disc injury is positively correlated with the anteroposterior fracture type. The injury primarily involves intervertebral discs near the fractured end plate, with more frequent and severe injuries observed in the upper than in the lower discs. The presence of intervertebral disc injury, along with its severity, may provide useful information during the clinical decision-making process.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Vértebras Torácicas/lesões , Escala de Gravidade do Ferimento , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/classificação , Disco Intervertebral/lesões , Vértebras Lombares/lesões , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/normas , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/diagnóstico por imagem , Disco Intervertebral/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
PURPOSE: We performed an agreement study using two subaxial cervical spine classification systems: the AOSpine and the Allen and Ferguson (A&F) classifications. We sought to determine which scheme allows better agreement by different evaluators and by the same evaluator on different occasions. METHODS: Complete imaging studies of 65 patients with subaxial cervical spine injuries were classified by six evaluators (three spine sub-specialists and three senior orthopaedic surgery residents) using the AOSpine subaxial cervical spine classification system and the A&F scheme. The cases were displayed in a random sequence after a 6-week interval for repeat evaluation. The Kappa coefficient (κ) was used to determine inter- and intra-observer agreement. RESULTS: Inter-observer: considering the main AO injury types, the agreement was substantial for the AOSpine classification [κ = 0.61 (0.57-0.64)]; using AO sub-types, the agreement was moderate [κ = 0.57 (0.54-0.60)]. For the A&F classification, the agreement [κ = 0.46 (0.42-0.49)] was significantly lower than using the AOSpine scheme. Intra-observer: the agreement was substantial considering injury types [κ = 0.68 (0.62-0.74)] and considering sub-types [κ = 0.62 (0.57-0.66)]. Using the A&F classification, the agreement was also substantial [κ = 0.66 (0.61-0.71)]. No significant differences were observed between spine surgeons and orthopaedic residents in the overall inter- and intra-observer agreement, or in the inter- and intra-observer agreement of specific type of injuries. CONCLUSION: The AOSpine classification (using the four main injury types or at the sub-types level) allows a significantly better agreement than the A&F classification. The A&F scheme does not allow reliable communication between medical professionals.
Assuntos
Vértebras Cervicais/lesões , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/classificação , Vértebras Cervicais/diagnóstico por imagem , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Lesões do Pescoço/classificação , Lesões do Pescoço/diagnóstico por imagem , Variações Dependentes do Observador , Cirurgiões Ortopédicos , Radiografia , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/diagnóstico por imagem , Traumatismos da Coluna Vertebral/classificação , Traumatismos da Coluna Vertebral/diagnóstico por imagem , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
STUDY DESIGN: International validation study. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of the spine surgeons' level of experience on the intraobserver reliability of the novel AOSpine Thoracolumbar Spine Injury Classification system, and the appropriate classification according to this system. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Wide variability has been demonstrated for intraobserver reliability of the AOSpine classification system. The spine surgeons' level of experience may play a crucial role in the appropriate classification of thoracolumbar fractures, and the degree of reproducibility of the same observer on separate occasions. However, this has not been previously investigated. METHODS: After a training on the classification system, high quality CT images together with clinical data from 25 patients with thoracolumbar fractures were independently assessed by 100 spine surgeons from across the world on 2 different occasions, 1 month apart from each other. The spine surgeons were allocated to a subgroup, according to their years of experience. Intraobserver reliability was calculated for each individual surgeon and for each subgroup, using the Kappa statistics (κ). Descriptive statistics was used to describe any differences between the subgroups. Analysis of any misclassifications was performed by calculating sensitivity and specificity estimates. RESULTS: Almost all surgeons demonstrated at least moderate intraobserver reliability. All surgeon subgroups demonstrated substantial reliability (κâ=â0.67-0.69) for fracture subtype grading, and almost all subgroups demonstrated excellent reliability (κâ=â0.79-0.83) for fracture morphology type regardless of subtype identified. In general, the fractures were most frequently misclassified by the most experienced surgeons. No major differences were observed among the subgroups when comparing the sensitivity and specificity rates. CONCLUSION: This international study demonstrated that the spine surgeons' level of experience does not substantially influence the classification and intraobserver reliability of the recently described AOSpine Thoracolumbar Spine Injury Classification System. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4.
Assuntos
Vértebras Lombares/lesões , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/classificação , Vértebras Torácicas/lesões , Competência Clínica , Humanos , Variações Dependentes do Observador , CirurgiõesRESUMO
STUDY DESIGN: Agreement study. OBJECTIVE: To perform an independent interobserver and intraobserver agreement evaluation of the new AOSpine Thoracolumbar Spine Injury Classification System. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The new AOSpine Thoracolumbar Spine Injury Classification System was recently published. It showed substantial reliability and reproducibility among the surgeons who developed it; however, an independent evaluation has not been performed. METHODS: Anteroposterior and lateral radiographs, and computed tomographic scans of 70 patients with acute traumatic thoracolumbar injuries were selected and classified using the morphological grading of the new AOSpine Thoracolumbar Spine Injury Classification System by 6 evaluators (3 spine surgeons and 3 orthopedic surgery residents). After a 6-week interval, the 70 cases were presented in a random sequence to the same evaluators for repeat evaluation. The Kappa coefficient (κ) was used to determine the interobserver and intraobserver agreement. RESULTS: The interobserver reliability was substantial when considering the fracture type (A, B, or C), with a κ= 0.62 (0.57-0.66). The interobserver agreement when considering the subtypes was moderate; κ= 0.55 (0.52-0.57). The intraobserver reproducibility was also substantial, with 85.95% full intraobserver reproducibility considering the fracture type, with κ= 0.77 (0.72-0.83), and was also substantial when considering subtypes with 75.71% full agreement and κ= 0.71 (0.67-0.76). No significant differences were observed between spine surgeons and orthopedic residents in the overall interobserver reliability and intraobserver reproducibility, or in the inter- and intraobserver agreement of specific A, B, or C types of injuries. CONCLUSION: This classification allows adequate agreement among different observers and by the same observer on separate occasions. Future prospective studies should evaluate whether this classification improves clinical decision making.
Assuntos
Vértebras Lombares/lesões , Ortopedia , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/classificação , Vértebras Torácicas/lesões , Competência Clínica , Bolsas de Estudo , Humanos , Internato e Residência , Vértebras Lombares/diagnóstico por imagem , Variações Dependentes do Observador , Radiografia , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/diagnóstico por imagem , Vértebras Torácicas/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to review the literature on cervical spine fractures. METHODS: The literature on the diagnosis, classification, and treatment of lower and upper cervical fractures and dislocations was reviewed. RESULTS: Fractures of the cervical spine may be present in polytraumatized patients and should be suspected in patients complaining of neck pain. These fractures are more common in men approximately 30 years of age and are most often caused by automobile accidents. The cervical spine is divided into the upper cervical spine (occiput-C2) and the lower cervical spine (C3-C7), according to anatomical differences. Fractures in the upper cervical spine include fractures of the occipital condyle and the atlas, atlanto-axial dislocations, fractures of the odontoid process, and hangman's fractures in the C2 segment. These fractures are characterized based on specific classifications. In the lower cervical spine, fractures follow the same pattern as in other segments of the spine; currently, the most widely used classification is the SLIC (Subaxial Injury Classification), which predicts the prognosis of an injury based on morphology, the integrity of the disc-ligamentous complex, and the patient's neurological status. It is important to correctly classify the fracture to ensure appropriate treatment. Nerve or spinal cord injuries, pseudarthrosis or malunion, and postoperative infection are the main complications of cervical spine fractures. CONCLUSIONS: Fractures of the cervical spine are potentially serious and devastating if not properly treated. Achieving the correct diagnosis and classification of a lesion is the first step toward identifying the most appropriate treatment, which can be either surgical or conservative.
Assuntos
Vértebras Cervicais/lesões , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/classificação , Feminino , Humanos , Luxações Articulares/classificação , Luxações Articulares/terapia , Masculino , Ilustração Médica , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/terapiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to review the literature on cervical spine fractures. METHODS: The literature on the diagnosis, classification, and treatment of lower and upper cervical fractures and dislocations was reviewed. RESULTS: Fractures of the cervical spine may be present in polytraumatized patients and should be suspected in patients complaining of neck pain. These fractures are more common in men approximately 30 years of age and are most often caused by automobile accidents. The cervical spine is divided into the upper cervical spine (occiput-C2) and the lower cervical spine (C3-C7), according to anatomical differences. Fractures in the upper cervical spine include fractures of the occipital condyle and the atlas, atlanto-axial dislocations, fractures of the odontoid process, and hangman's fractures in the C2 segment. These fractures are characterized based on specific classifications. In the lower cervical spine, fractures follow the same pattern as in other segments of the spine; currently, the most widely used classification is the SLIC (Subaxial Injury Classification), which predicts the prognosis of an injury based on morphology, the integrity of the disc-ligamentous complex, and the patient's neurological status. It is important to correctly classify the fracture to ensure appropriate treatment. Nerve or spinal cord injuries, pseudarthrosis or malunion, and postoperative infection are the main complications of cervical spine fractures. CONCLUSIONS: Fractures of the cervical spine are potentially serious and devastating if not properly treated. Achieving the correct diagnosis and classification of a lesion is the first step toward identifying the most appropriate treatment, which can be either surgical or conservative. .
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Vértebras Cervicais/lesões , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/classificação , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/terapia , Luxações Articulares/classificação , Luxações Articulares/terapia , Ilustração MédicaRESUMO
CONTEXT: The Thoracolumbar Injury Classification System (TLICS) has been recently described to help surgeons in the decision-making process of thoracolumbar spinal trauma. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the potential relationships between the TLICS scores with the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen (AO) Spine System and patient's neurological status. METHODS: Literature analysis of the potential scored injuries in the TLICS system, based on its individual scores, its total score, and its suggested proposed treatment, correlating these with the AO system and neurological status. RESULTS: Findings are presented according to the TLICS score. Patients with a TLICS 1-3 points, receiving conservative treatment, are AO type A injuries, generally neurologically intact. TLICS 4 group also included AO type A fractures, neurologically ranging from intact to complete spinal cord injury. TLICS 5-10 points includes AO type B and C injuries, regarding their neurological status, and burst fractures (AO type A) with concomitant neurological injury and most of the patients with incomplete deficits and cauda equina syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: As a general overview, according to the TLICS, patients without neurological deficit and with AO type A injuries are conservatively treated. AO type B and C injuries are managed surgically, with regard to neurological status. Patients with cauda equina or incomplete injuries also received a higher severity score. Controversies still exist regarding the management of unstable burst fractures without neurological status. The role of the posterior ligamentous complex status and the magnetic resonance imaging in the decision-making process require more clinical evidence.
Assuntos
Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/classificação , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/classificação , Humanos , Vértebras Lombares/lesões , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/etiologia , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/complicações , Vértebras Torácicas/lesõesRESUMO
OBJETIVO: Avaliar casos de espondilolistese traumática do áxis e descrevê-los com relação à epidemiologia, classificação, déficit neurológico, tempo de consolidação e tratamento. MÉTODO: Análise retrospectiva dos prontuários dos pacientes tratado de 2002 a 2010 no IOT-HCFMUSP. Critério de inclusão: fratura da pars interarticularis de C2. RESULTADOS: 68% dos pacientes do sexo masculino com idade média de 39,1 anos. Utilizamos a classificação de Effendi, modificada por Levine-Edwards. Observamos fratura do tipo I em cinco pacientes (31,2%) e tipo II em oito pacientes (50%). Apenas três pacientes (18%) apresentaram fratura do tipo IIa. Não houve casos do tipo III. Mecanismo: Oito acidentes automobilísticos e quatro quedas. Outros mecanismos: atropelamento e mergulho. Tratamento: tração com halo craniano em onze pacientes. Foram usados gesso minerva e halo-gesso. Tempo de consolidação: 3,6 meses. Tempo de seguimento: 9,6 meses. DISCUSSÃO: Nossos resultados confirmam que fratura do enforcado apresenta bom prognóstico. Não houve necessidade de cirurgia em nenhum caso. A incidência de déficit neurológico é baixa. Nenhum paciente apresentou fratura instável, tipo III. CONCLUSÃO: Este trabalho sugere que a espondilolistese traumática do áxis continua sendo uma lesão satisfatoriamente tratada de forma conservadora na maioria dos casos. Nível de Evidência IV, Série de casos.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate cases of traumatic spondylolisthesis of the axis and describe them in relation to epidemiology, classification, neurological deficit, healing time and treatment method. METHOD: A retrospective analysis of the medical records of patients treated between 2002 and 2010 at IOT-FMUSP. Inclusion criteria: pars interarticularis fracture of C2. RESULTS: 68% were male patients, with a mean age of 39.1 years. We used the classification by Effendi, modified by Levine-Edwards. Type I fractures were observed in five patients (31.2%) and type II in eight patients (50%). Only three patients (18%) had type IIa fracture. There were no cases of type III. Mechanism: Eight car accidents and four falls. Other mechanisms: being run over, and diving accidents. Treatment with halo traction was used in eleven patients, using minerva cast and halo-cast. Healing time: 3.6 months. Follow-up time: 9.6 months. DISCUSSION: In general, hangman fracture has a good prognosis, which is confirmed by our results. There was no need for surgery in any of the cases. The incidence of neurological deficit is low. No patient had unstable fracture (type III). CONCLUSION: This paper suggests that traumatic spondylolisthesis of the axis continues to be an injury that is successfully treated by conservative treatment in most cases. Level of Evidence -IV, Case series.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto Jovem , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Vértebra Cervical Áxis/lesões , Espondilolistese/epidemiologia , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/classificação , Imobilização , Traumatismos da Coluna Vertebral , Acidentes por Quedas , Acidentes de Trânsito , Prontuários MédicosRESUMO
OBJETIVOS: Verificar nos pacientes com fratura toracolombar explosão de Denis a incidência de fratura tipo A e B de Margerl segundo examinadores independentes. MÉTODOS: De acordo com a abertura radiográfica dos processos espinhosos do arco vertebral posterior na radiografia ântero-posterior, três examinadores independentes dividiram os pacientes internados de 2000 a 2009 com fratura toracolombar explosão (Denis) em fraturas tipo A3 e B1.2 de Margerl. A avaliação estatística foi descritiva e pelo método de Kappa. RESULTADOS: Dos 72 pacientes, a fratura foi classificada B em 11 pacientes de acordo com o primeiro examinador 1; 10 pelo segundo e 17 pelo terceiro. A concordância entre os examinadores da presença de comprometimento posterior nestas fraturas (B1.2) foi satisfatória (boa,κ=0,7). CONCLUSÃO: 14 a 24% de pacientes com fratura toracolombar explosão (Denis) apresentam comprometimento posterior (B1.2) de acordo com critérios radiográficos. Nível de evidencia III, Estudo Diagnostico, Investigação de Teste diagnostico.
Objectives: Evaluate incidence of Magerl's A and B group in thoracolumbar burst fracture (Denis) according to independent examiners. Method: According to the posterior spinous process split on the anteroposterior radiography, three independent examiners have analyzed the patients admitted from 2000 to 2009 with thoracolumbar burst fractures (according to Denis) to differenciate between Magerl's type A3 and B1.2. Statistical evaluation was descriptive and by using Kappa's method. Results: From the 72 patients, 11 patients compose the Magerl's type B group according to examiner 1; 10 according to examiner 2; and 17 according to examiner 3. Posterior lesion concordance was satisfactory (good,κ=0,7) between the examiners. Conclusion: 14 to 24% patients with thoracolumbar fractures show posterior lesion (B1.2) by using radiographic criteria. Level of evidence III, Diagnostic Studies Investigating a Diagnostic Test.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Fraturas Orbitárias/classificação , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/classificação , Radiografia , Interpretação Estatística de Dados , TomografiaRESUMO
Introducción: En el presente trabajo se evalúan los resultados del tratamiento ortopédico seleccionando el tipo de ortesis según la energía del traumatismo toracolumbosacro estable. Materiales y métodos: Se incluyeron pacientes sin litigios tratados con TLSO a medida o con ortesis prefabricadas, con seguimiento mínimo de 2 años. Observadores independientes evaluaron los parámetros geométricos en radiografías iniciales y finales, y los parámetros funcionales. Se subdividieron las fracturas (AO y Denis) en alta (grupo A) y baja energía (grupo B), según su energía cinética y se utilizó un grupo de control comparativo. Se incluyeron 44 fracturas correspondientes a 41 pacientes: 25 en el grupo A y 19 en el B, con una edad promedio de 46 años (rango 12 a 83). El seguimiento promedio fue de 4,5 años (rango 2,2 a 15,5). Los tipos predominantes fueron: tipo A (AO) o por compresión y por estallido (Denis). Resultados: No se observaron diferencias significativas entre las mediciones iniciales y finales, salvo en la cifosis vertebral inicial. Siempre hubo diferencias significativas al comparar los parámetros geométricos entre el grupo de control y los grupos A y B, y entre el grupo de control y cada subtipo subdivididos en alta o baja energía. Los puntajes funcionales finales fueron siempre buenos, con variaciones significativas entre los grupos A y B. Conclusiones: Se obtuvo un resultado funcional bueno en las lesiones estables seleccionando la ortesis según la energía cinética del traumatismo. Los resultados parecen mejores en los de alta energía con ortesis a medida. Ningún tratamiento normalizó los parámetros radiológicos (AU)
Assuntos
Criança , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Vértebras Torácicas/lesões , Vértebras Lombares/lesões , Traumatismos da Coluna Vertebral/terapia , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/terapia , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Resultado do Tratamento , Estudos Retrospectivos , Seguimentos , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/classificaçãoRESUMO
STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. OBJECTIVES: The objective of the current study was to evaluate the correlation between neurological deficits and the severity of narrowing of the spinal canal in patients with thoracic, thoracolumbar and lumbar burst-type fractures by comparing the classifications of Denis and Magerl. From 1989 to 2005, a total of 227 patients with burst fractures following Denis' criteria were studied. SETTING: Tertiary teaching institution. METHODS: Computed tomographic scans of the fractured spine were analyzed to assess the narrowing of the spinal canal. Following Magerl's criteria, patients were later subdivided into two groups according to the presence of associated ligament injuries, out of which 185 patients had no such injuries and the remaining 42 patients were classified as Megerl group B. RESULTS: Results were evaluated based on the initial neurological status of patients according to Frankel and based on the midsagittal diameter of the fractured vertebra. A significant correlation was found between the narrowing of the spinal canal and neurological deficits in both classifications, with no significant differences between either. CONCLUSION: The percentage of narrowing of the spinal canal proved to be a pre-disposing factor for the severity of the neurological status in thoracolumbar and lumbar burst-type fractures according to the classifications of Denis and Magerl. The greater the bone fragment in the spinal canal, the greater will be the probability of neurological deficits in both fracture classifications, equally.
Assuntos
Compressão da Medula Espinal/diagnóstico por imagem , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/classificação , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/diagnóstico por imagem , Estenose Espinal/classificação , Estenose Espinal/diagnóstico por imagem , Adulto , Avaliação da Deficiência , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Compressão da Medula Espinal/fisiopatologia , Compressão da Medula Espinal/cirurgia , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/patologia , Estenose Espinal/patologia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/métodosRESUMO
STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the relationship among the neurologic status, the Thoracolumbar Injury Classification System (TLICS) score, and the Magerl/AO classification system. SUMMARY OF THE BACKGROUND DATA: A wide range of classification schemes for thoracic and lumbar spine trauma have been described, but none has achieved widespread acceptance. A recent system proposed by Vaccaro et al has been developed to improve injury classification and guide surgical decision making. METHODS: Analysis of 49 patients treated surgically for thoracic and lumbar spine trauma from 2003 to 2009 in 2 spine trauma centers. Clinical and radiologic data were evaluated, classifying the trauma according to American Spinal Injury Association status, the Magerl/AO classification for fractures, and the TLICS score. RESULTS: The mean age was 37 years (range, 17-72). Thirty-five (71%) patients had a thoracolumbar fracture (T11-L2). A posterior approach was used in all the cases. American Spinal Injury Association status remained unchanged in 44 (4 had some improvement and 1 worsened). A total of 61.1% of the patients with a type A fracture were neurologically intact compared with 80% with complete neurologic deficit for type C fractures. The TLICS score range from 2 to 9 (average of 6.2). Forty-seven of 49 (96%) patients had a TLICS score greater than 4, suggesting surgical treatment. Seventy percentage of the patients with a TLICS score from 4 to 6 were neurologically intact compared with 87.5% of complete neurologic deficits in patients with TLICS 7 to 9. A statistic correlation was established between the neurologic status and AO type fracture (P = 0.0041) and the TLICS score (P < 0.0001). An association between the AO type fracture and the TLICS score was also found (P = 0.0088). CONCLUSION: The TLICS score treatment recommendation matched surgical treatment in 47 of 49 patients (96%). The TLICS was found to correlate to the AO classification. This suggests that the TLICS can be used to classify thoracolumbar trauma and can accurately predict surgical management.
Assuntos
Indicadores Básicos de Saúde , Vértebras Lombares/lesões , Traumatismos da Coluna Vertebral/classificação , Vértebras Torácicas/lesões , Índices de Gravidade do Trauma , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Brasil , Feminino , Humanos , Vértebras Lombares/cirurgia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Exame Neurológico , Procedimentos Ortopédicos , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Estudos Retrospectivos , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/classificação , Traumatismos da Coluna Vertebral/diagnóstico , Traumatismos da Coluna Vertebral/cirurgia , Vértebras Torácicas/cirurgia , Centros de Traumatologia , Resultado do Tratamento , Utah , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJETIVO: Avaliar o resultado funcional dos pacientes com fratura da coluna toracolombar cirúrgica. MÉTODO: Foi feito um estudo prospectivo incluindo 100 pacientes portadores de fratura da coluna vertebral nos segmentos torácico e lombar. As lesões foram classificadas conforme a sistemática da AO e os pacientes foram tratados com cirurgia. Avaliou-se a presença de cifose inicial e sua evolução após a intervenção cirúrgica, a presença de dor pós-operatória e sua evolução até 24 semanas do ato cirúrgico. Comparando nossos dados com a literatura. RESULTADOS: Analisados 100 pacientes cirúrgicos, sendo 37 do tipo A, 46 do tipo B e 17 do tipo C, observamos que os pacientes que se apresentavam com Frankel A mantiveram o quadro, porém, os pacientes com Frankel B ou mais, evoluíram com alguma melhora do quadro; a média da melhora da dor baseada na escala visual analógica (EVA) foi acima de 4 pontos, e o retorno às atividades de rotina diária constatado em todos os pacientes, sendo que o retorno ao trabalho não foi considerado por nós como critério de avaliação. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar da controvérsia quanto à indicação da cirurgia nas fraturas da coluna, consideramos o método por nós utilizado como satisfatório, com bons resultados e baixo índice de complicações, porém mais estudos prospectivos e randomizados, com um seguimento mais longo, são necessários para uma avaliação deste tipo de fixação.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the functional results from patients with surgical fractures in the thoracolumbar spine. METHOD: A prospective study including 100 patients with spinal fractures in the thoracic and lumbar segments was conducted. The lesions were classified in accordance with the AO system, and the patients were treated surgically. The presence of early kyphosis and its evolution after the surgical intervention, and the presence of postoperative pain and its evolution up to the 24th week after the surgery, were evaluated. We compared our data with the literature. RESULTS: One hundred surgical patients were analyzed, of which 37 were type A, 46 were type B and 17 were Type C. Patients who presented Frankel A kept their clinical status, but patients with Frankel B or higher evolved with some improvement. The average improvement in pain based on a visual analog scale was more than four points. All the patients were able to return to their daily routine activities, although we did not take the return to work to be an assessment criterion. CONCLUSION: Despite controversy regarding the indications for surgery in cases of fractured spine, we believe that the method that we used was satisfactory because of the good results and low complication rate. However, more randomized prospective studies with longer follow-up are needed in order to evaluate this type of fixation.