RESUMO
RESUMEN: Introducción: La fotogrametría es el proceso por el que se obtienen medidas a partir de una fotografía. Para realizar una correcta toma fotográfica es de suma importancia estandarizar la técnica con el objetivo de obtener registros confiables y reproducibles. Uno de sus requisitos es definir la posición de la cabeza, ya que una postura incorrecta puede conducir a errores en el diagnóstico y planificación del tratamiento. Objetivo: Establecer un protocolo clínico para estandarizar registro fotográfico y posicionamiento del paciente para fotogrametría facial. Materiales y métodos: Se realizaron fotografías faciales estandarizadas a un total de 163 estudiantes. A 76 estudiantes se les realizaron mediciones faciales directas e indirectas. A 87 estudiantes se les comparó su Posición Natural de Cabeza en 3 momentos del día. Se compararon estadísticamente los resultados. Resultados: Al aplicar un protocolo estandarizado, no hubo diferencia estadística entre las medidas directas e indirectas ni al comparar la posición de la cabeza de cada estudiante. Conclusión: La estandarización del set fotográfico expuesto en este trabajo es válida para realizar registros fiables y útiles como examen complementario utilizando la Posición Natural de Cabeza, que permite mantener una posición confiable y estable en el tiempo.
ABSTRACT: Introduction: Photogrammetry is the process by which measurements are obtained from a photograph. To take a correct photographic shoot, it is very important to standardize the technique in order to obtain reliable and reproducible records. One of its requirements is to define the position of the head. Thus, an incorrect posture can lead to errors in diagnosis and treatment planning. Objective: Establish a clinical protocol to standardize photographic registration and patient positioning for facial photogrammetry. Materials and methods: Standardized facial photographs were taken to a total of 163 students. 76 students had direct and indirect facial measurements. 87 students had their Natural Head Position compared at 3 times of the day. The results were statistically compared. Results: When applying a standardized protocol, there was no statistical difference between direct and indirect measurements, nor when comparing the head position of each student. Conclusion: The standardization of the photographic set exposed in this work is valid for making reliable and useful records as a complementary examination using the Natural Head Position, which allows to maintain a reliable and stable position over time.
Assuntos
Humanos , Fotogrametria/normas , Cabeça/anatomia & histologia , Fotogrametria/métodos , Protocolos Clínicos , Face/anatomia & histologia , Posicionamento do PacienteRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The evaluation of thoracoabdominal mobility is a tool extensively used in the physiotherapy practice in different populations. Photogrammetry may be a simple tool to analyse thoracoabdominal mobility; however, it is unclear whether this assessment can be a reliable method. AIM: To test the reliability intra-examinator by photogrammetry in asthmatic patients and in health controls. METHODS: Twenty-six asthmatic patients (29 ± 9 years) and 14 healthy matched controls (27 ± 8 years) were assessed by thoracoabdominal mobility. Photographs during rest, during inspiration and expiration maximum were used to calculate latero-lateral and antero-posterior diameters of the thorax (at axillary and xiphoid levels) and umbilical by markers positioned in osseous structures. An evaluator obtained the same measurements in an 8-day interval. RESULTS: We found a moderate reliability for axillary, xiphoid and umbilical mobility (average intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] respectively [0.68, 0.55 and 0.73]) for asthmatic group. In addition, for control group, we found a moderate reliability for axillary mobility (average ICC respectively [0.68] and a good reliability for xiphoid and umbilical mobility) (average ICC 0.81 and 0.70). Bland-Altman plots showed goods limit of agreement in photos 1 and 2 in both groups. CONCLUSION: The photogrammetric analysis of thoracoabdominal mobility presented itself as a reliable method and may be used in clinical practice in asthmatic patients and in controls.
Assuntos
Asma/fisiopatologia , Medidas de Volume Pulmonar/métodos , Fotogrametria/normas , Modalidades de Fisioterapia/normas , Adolescente , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Variações Dependentes do Observador , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Testes de Função Respiratória , Parede Torácica/fisiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Introdução: O registro fotográfico tem sido importante para diversas especialidades médicas como a Cirurgia Plástica. A fotografia em duas dimensões apresenta limitações para capturar profundidade e volume de estruturas outros instrumentos para avaliar essa alteração. Diversas tecnologias foram desenvolvidas para analisar objeto em três dimensões, sendo a estereofotogrametria uma tecnologia que utiliza a análise computadorizada de duas ou mais fotografias simultâneas do objeto para produzir um modelo geométrico em três dimensões. As vantagens da estereofotogrametria incluem menor custo, portabilidade, ausência de radiação e rapidez da captura das imagens. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma revisão bibliográfica avaliando o uso e a acurácia da estereofotogrametria para mensuração de volume de estruturas na face. Métodos: Foi realizada pesquisa nos bancos de dados Cochrane Library e Medline até maio de 2018 utilizando uma combinação de descritores Mesh e termos livres. Resultados: Foram obtidos inicialmente 2213 estudos observando a estratégia de busca. Seguindo os critérios de elegibilidade, foram selecionados 27 artigos, sendo 21 relatos de casos não randomizados e 6 ensaios clínicos randomizados. A qualidade metodológica dos estudos variou de 50 a 67%, segundo uma pontuação que vai de 0 a 100%. Conclusões: A estereofotogrametria é uma tecnologia promissora e tem sido cada vez mais utilizada para verificar variações de volume na face com alta acurácia e reprodutibilidade. Faltam estudos com melhor qualidade metodológica avaliando a acurácia e o uso da estereofotogrametria na avaliação de volume facial.
Introduction: Photographic documentation is important in several medical specialties, such as plastic surgery. Two-dimensional photography has limitations in capturing structure depth and volume, requiring other instruments to evaluate these changes. Several technologies have been developed for three-dimensional analysis of objects, of which stereophotogrammetry uses computerized analysis of two or more simultaneous photographs of the object to produce a three-dimensional geometric model. The advantages of stereophotogrammetry include lower cost, portability, absence of radiation, and speed of image capture. The aim of the present study was to perform a bibliographic review evaluating the use and accuracy of stereophotogrammetry for measuring the volume of facial structures. Methods: Using a combination of MeSH keywords and free terms, a search was performed in the Cochrane Library and MEDLINE databases. The search included all articles published on or before May 2018. Results: 2,213 studies were initially retrieved using this search strategy. Of these, 27 studies were selected based on the eligibility criteria, of which 21 were non-randomized case studies and 6 were randomized clinical trials. The methodological quality of the studies varied between 50 and 67%, on a grading scale from 0 to 100%. Conclusions: Stereophotogrammetry is a promising technology that is increasingly being used to check for facial volume variations with high accuracy and reproducibility. More studies with higher methodological quality are needed for evaluating the accuracy and use of stereophotogrammetry for facial volume evaluations.
Assuntos
Humanos , Fotogrametria/métodos , Fotogrametria/normas , Imageamento Tridimensional/métodos , Face/anatomia & histologia , Equipamentos para Diagnóstico , Precisão da Medição DimensionalRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To analyse the accuracy and reproducibility of photogrammetry in detecting thoracic abnormalities in infants born prematurely. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: The Premature Clinic at the Federal University of São Paolo. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-eight infants born prematurely in their first year of life. OUTCOME MEASURES: Measurement of the manubrium/acromion/trapezius angle (degrees) and the deepest thoracic retraction (cm). Digitised photographs were analysed by two blinded physiotherapists using a computer program (SAPO; http://SAPO.incubadora.fapesp.br) to detect shoulder elevation and thoracic retraction. Physical examinations performed independently by two physiotherapists were used to assess the accuracy of the new tool. RESULTS: Thoracic alterations were detected in 39 (67%) and in 40 (69%) infants by Physiotherapists 1 and 2, respectively (kappa coefficient=0.80). Using a receiver operating characteristic curve, measurement of the manubrium/acromion/trapezius angle and the deepest thoracic retraction indicated accuracy of 0.79 and 0.91, respectively. For measurement of the manubrium/acromion/trapezius angle, the Bland and Altman limits of agreement were -6.22 to 7.22° [mean difference (d)=0.5] for repeated measures by one physiotherapist, and -5.29 to 5.79° (d=0.75) between two physiotherapists. For thoracic retraction, the intra-rater limits of agreement were -0.14 to 0.18cm (d=0.02) and the inter-rater limits of agreement were -0.20 to -0.17cm (d=0.02). CONCLUSION: SAPO provided an accurate and reliable tool for the detection of thoracic abnormalities in preterm infants.
Assuntos
Doenças do Recém-Nascido/diagnóstico , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Anormalidades Musculoesqueléticas/diagnóstico , Fotogrametria/métodos , Fotogrametria/normas , Tórax/anormalidades , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Doenças do Recém-Nascido/epidemiologia , Doenças do Recém-Nascido/reabilitação , Masculino , Anormalidades Musculoesqueléticas/epidemiologia , Anormalidades Musculoesqueléticas/reabilitação , Modalidades de Fisioterapia , Postura , Prevalência , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the reliability of photogrammetry in the measurement of the postural deviations in individuals with idiopathic scoliosis. METHODS: Twenty participants with scoliosis (17 women and three men), with a mean age of 23.1 ± 9 yrs, were photographed from the posterior and lateral views. The postural aspects were measured with CorelDRAW software. RESULTS: High inter-rater and test-retest reliability indices were found. It was observed that with more severity of scoliosis, greater were the variations between the thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis measures obtained by the same examiner from the left lateral view photographs. A greater body mass index (BMI) was associated with greater variability of the trunk rotation measures obtained by two independent examiners from the right, lateral view (r = 0.656; p = 0.002). The severity of scoliosis was also associated with greater inter-rater variability measures of trunk rotation obtained from the left, lateral view (r = 0.483; p = 0.036). CONCLUSIONS: Photogrammetry demonstrated to be a reliable method for the measurement of postural deviations from the posterior and lateral views of individuals with idiopathic scoliosis and could be complementarily employed for the assessment procedures, which could reduce the number of X-rays used for the follow-up assessments of these individuals.
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Fotogrametria/métodos , Fotogrametria/normas , Postura/fisiologia , Escoliose/diagnóstico , Escoliose/fisiopatologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Índice de Massa Corporal , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Variações Dependentes do Observador , Fotogrametria/estatística & dados numéricos , Modalidades de Fisioterapia/normas , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The aim of this research was to evaluate the reliability and validity of measurements obtained from clinical standardized occlusal photographs compared with dental cast measurements. This study comprised a consecutive sample of 16 patients (eight males and eight females, aged 15-24 years) in the permanent dentition without agenesis and/or tooth loss. A paired t-test and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were used to examine validity and reliability. Both statistics were applied for intra- and inter-methods error analysis, at P < 0.05. Random error for the photogrammetric method (less than 0.48 mm) was similar to that for the dental cast measurements (less than 0.43 mm). ICC revealed excellent reliability for both methods (P < 0.01) and no significant difference for any variables, with the exception of upper inter-canine width obtained on the dental casts (P = 0.0038) and photogrammetry (P = 0.01). However, differences were less than 1 per cent of the mean inter-canine width. Inter-method analysis showed a significant correlation for all variables (P < 0.001), with good to excellent reliability (r = 0.66-0.93). A significant mean inter-method difference was consistently observed for the upper first molars (0.33 mm, P < 0.01). For the remaining teeth (left to right second premolars), the largest mean difference was approximately equal to the resolution of the human eye (0.2 mm or less). Minor differences (around 2 per cent of the mean) and an excellent ICC (0.75-0.93, P < 0.01) were observed for arch dimensions. Except for the mesio-distal width of the upper first molars, the recently developed photogrammetric method showed accuracy, validity, and reliability acceptable for clinical and scientific purposes.
Assuntos
Cefalometria/métodos , Arco Dental/anatomia & histologia , Odontometria/métodos , Fotogrametria/métodos , Dente/anatomia & histologia , Adolescente , Dente Pré-Molar/patologia , Cefalometria/normas , Dente Canino/anatomia & histologia , Feminino , Humanos , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador/métodos , Masculino , Maxila/anatomia & histologia , Modelos Dentários , Dente Molar/patologia , Variações Dependentes do Observador , Odontometria/normas , Fotogrametria/normas , Fotografia Dentária/métodos , Fotografia Dentária/normas , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the reliability and validity of photogrammetry in measuring the lateral spinal inclination angles. METHODS: Forty subjects (32 female and 8 males) with a mean age of 23.4 +/- 11.2 years had their scoliosis evaluated by radiographs of their trunk, determined by the Cobb angle method, and by photogrammetry. The statistical methods used included Cronbach alpha, Pearson/Spearman correlation coefficients, and regression analyses. RESULTS: The Cronbach alpha values showed that the photogrammetric measures showed high internal consistency, which indicated that the sample was bias free. The radiograph method showed to be more precise with intrarater reliabilities of 0.936, 0.975, and 0.945 for the thoracic, lumbar, and thoracolumbar curves, respectively, and interrater reliabilities of 0.942 and 0.879 for the angular measures of the thoracic and thoracolumbar segments, respectively. The regression analyses revealed a high determination coefficient although limited to the adjusted linear model between the radiographic and photographic measures. It was found that with more severe scoliosis, the lateral curve measures obtained with the photogrammetry were for the thoracic and lumbar regions (R = 0.619 and 0.551). CONCLUSIONS: The photogrammetric measures were found to be reproducible in this study and could be used as supplementary information to decrease the number of radiographs necessary for the monitoring of scoliosis.
Assuntos
Fotogrametria/métodos , Escoliose/diagnóstico , Adulto , Antropometria/métodos , Índice de Massa Corporal , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Variações Dependentes do Observador , Seleção de Pacientes , Fotogrametria/instrumentação , Fotogrametria/normas , Modalidades de Fisioterapia , Estudos Prospectivos , Radiografia/normas , Análise de Regressão , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Estatísticas não ParamétricasRESUMO
Neste trabalho foi realizado um estudo fotogramétrico das referências faciais, levando em consideração os limites dos terços superior, médio e inferior. A amostra constou de cinqüenta pacientes leucodermas com idade entre 20 e 30 anos, clinicamente simétricos, os quais foram fotografados de frente e perfil, seguindo um padrão pré-determinado, através do uso de uma tela de papel "contact" fixada internamente na máquina fotográfica, associada a pontos anatômicos faciais. E apresentada uma análise das medidas obtidas nas fotografias padronizadas comparando-as com aquelas obtidas diretamente na face, o que permitiu concluir que nas fotografias frontais o terço superior apresentou uma correlação de intensidade positiva fraca, enquanto que os terços médio e inferior demonstraram uma associação positiva. Nas fotografias de perfil, o ângulo naso-facial apresentou uma média de 105º e um desvio padrão de 9,22º