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INTRODUCTION: The purpose of our study was to determine the influence of practice on the pegboard times and peg-manipulation phases of older adults who were classified as having either slow or fast initial pegboard times. METHODS: Participants ( n = 26, 70 ± 6.6 yr) completed two evaluation sessions and six practice sessions in which they performed 25 trials (5 blocks of 5 trials) of the grooved pegboard test. All practice sessions were supervised, and the time to complete each trial was recorded. In each evaluation session, the pegboard was mounted on a force transducer so that the downward force applied to the board could be measured. RESULTS: Participants were stratified into two groups based on the initial time to complete the grooved pegboard test: a fast group (68.1 ± 6.0 s) and a slow group (89.6 ± 9.2 s). Both groups exhibited the classic two-phase profile (acquisition + consolidation) for learning a de novo motor skill. Despite the similar learning profile for the two groups, there were differences between groups in the phases of the peg-manipulation cycle that became faster with practice. The fast group seemed to reduce trajectory variability when transporting the peg, whereas the slow group seemed to exhibit both a decrease in trajectory variability and greater precision when inserting pegs into the holes. CONCLUSIONS: The changes underlying practice-induced decreases in grooved pegboard time differed for older adults who initially had either a fast or a slow pegboard time.

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AIM: This study aimed to examine the prevalence of delays and borderline impaired performance for Brazilian girls and boys and the differences in the motor trajectories (locomotor and ball skills) of girls and boys (3- to 10-years-old) across WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrial, Rich, and Democratic) countries and Brazil-a low- and middle-income country (LMIC). METHODS: We assessed 1000 children (524 girls; 476 boys), 3- to 10.9-year-old (M = 6.9, SD = 2.1; Girls M = 6.9, SD = 2.0; Boys M = 6.9, SD = 2.1), using the Test of Gross Motor Development-3. Using systematic search, original studies investigating FMS in children using the TGMD-3 were eligible; 5 studies were eligible to have the results compared to the Brazilian sample. One sample t-test to run the secondary data from Irish, American, Finnish, and German children (i.e., mean, standard deviation). RESULTS: The prevalence of delays and borderline impaired performance was high among Brazilian girls (28.3% and 27.5%) and boys (10.6% and 22.7%). The cross-countries comparisons showed significant (p values from .048 and < .001) overall lower locomotor and ball skills scores for Brazilian children; the only exceptions were skipping, catching, and kicking. We observed stability in performance, across countries, after 8-years-old, and no ceiling effects were found in the samples. CONCLUSIONS: The Brazilian sample emphasized the need for national strategies to foster children's motor proficiency. Differences in motor opportunities may explain the differences in motor trajectories between children in WEIRD and LMIC countries.

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OBJECTIVES: This study observed the effect of different magnification systems on dental students' real and perceived fine motor skills. METHODS: This was a laboratory-based experimental study. Students in the fifth year of an undergraduate dentistry program (N = 92) participated in this study. The dependent variables were real motor skills, perceived motor skills and time required to complete the fine motor skills test. The independent variable was the use of a magnification system under four conditions. For each condition, the Dental Manual Dexterity Assessment was performed, which consisted of inserting the #3195FF bur into targets positioned on a Styrofoam plate. The accuracy of each penetration of the targets was scored, using a point system with a maximum possible score of 246 points. Students' perceived fine motor skills were assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS) that ranged from zero for no skills to ten for maximum skills. A descriptive statistical analysis and the repeated measures ANOVA were performed (α = 0.05). RESULTS: The Galilean and Keplerian loupes were found to positively affect students' real fine motor skills (p<0.01); however, perceived fine motor skills and time were significantly better (p<0.01) under the naked eye. CONCLUSIONS: Dental students' real fine motor skills were better when Galilean and Keplerian loupes were used, but the perceived fine motor skills were not.

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Presentar nuestra experiencia de 18 años en el tratamiento con radioterapia y evaluar cifras de control tumoral local en pacientes con diagnóstico de tumor de células gigantes tenosinovial difuso sinovitis villonodular pigmentada difusa. 33 pacientes, tratados durante el período 2000-2018. En 19 (57,6 %) se practicó sinovectomía parcial, 10 (30,3 %) fueron tratados con artroplastia y sinovectomía, 4 (12,2 %) con sinovectomía total. 32 pacientes recibieron radioterapia posoperatoria, 1 paciente preoperatoria. Técnica más empleada fue planificación 2D 51,5 % seguida de conformada con planificación 3D (RTC3D) 48,5 %. La dosis total promedio administrada 44 Gy (rango 10,5 - 50). Tiempo promedio de tratamiento radiante 28 días (8-35). Tiempo de seguimiento entre 0,7 - 240,8 meses, mediana 12 meses, promedio 52,1 meses. 26 pacientes (79 %) presentaron mejoría de la sintomatología inicial y 6 (18 %) refirieron estabilidad de los síntomas. La respuesta clínica al tratamiento en relación al tiempo de seguimiento, 12 pacientes (36,4 %) estaban asintomáticos, 10 con un seguimiento mayor a 60 meses; 14 (42,4 %) refieren respuesta clínica satisfactoria, (2 con un seguimiento mayor a 60 meses) 6 pacientes presentaban enfermedad estable, para un control local del 97 %. El 87,9 % presentaron dermatitis grado I, 1 desarrolló dermatitis grado II, 3 no presentaron efectos adversos. La radioterapia es una modalidad de tratamiento muy efectiva como adyuvante a la sinovectomía, observándose altas tasas de control local de la enfermedad con una baja morbilidad(AU)

To report our eighteen-year experience with radiation therapy in the treatment of diffuse tenosinovial giant cell tumor / diffuse pigmented villonodular synovitis and to assess local control of the disease. A review of 33 patients with treated with radiation therapy during the period 2000-2018 was done. 19 (57.6 %) partial synovectomy was performed, 10 (30.3 %) underwent arthroplasty plus synovectomy, 4 (12.2 %) total synovectomy. 32 patients received radiotherapy postoperative and 1 pre-operative. Most common technique employed was conventional (2D) in 51.5 % and 3D conformal (3DCRT) in 48.5 %. The average total dose was 44 Gy (range 10.5-50), with a mean treatment time of 28 days (8-35). Follow-up time ranged from 0.7- 240.8 months, median time and mean time of 12 and 52.1 months respectively After RT 26 (79 %) of the patients obtained improvement of the initial symptoms and 6 (18 %) were stable. 12 patients (36.4 %) were asymptomatic with follow-up time longer than 36 months (10 of 12 had follow-up time >60 months), 14 (42.4 %) had significant clinical improvement (2 of 14 had follow-up time >60 months), and 6 had stable disease, local control of 97 %. Complications were few, acute skin toxicity was grade I in 29 (87.9%) and grade II in 1 patient. There was no significant chronic toxicity. Radiation therapy is an effective adjuvant treatment modality after synovectomy in patients with high local control rates and low morbidity(AU)

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OBJECTIVES: Cuncaicha, a rockshelter site in the southern Peruvian Andes, has yielded archaeological evidence for human occupation at high elevation (4,480 masl) during the Terminal Pleistocene (12,500-11,200 cal BP), Early Holocene (9,500-9,000 cal BP), and later periods. One of the excavated human burials (Feature 15-06), corresponding to a middle-aged female dated to ~8,500 cal BP, exhibits skeletal osteoarthritic lesions previously proposed to reflect habitual loading and specialized crafting labor. Three small tools found in association with this burial are hypothesized to be associated with precise manual dexterity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Here, we tested this functional hypothesis through the application of a novel multivariate methodology for the three-dimensional analysis of muscle attachment surfaces (entheses). This original approach has been recently validated on both lifelong-documented anthropological samples as well as experimental studies in nonhuman laboratory samples. Additionally, we analyzed the three-dimensional entheseal shape and resulting moment arms for muscle opponens pollicis. RESULTS: Results show that Cuncaicha individual 15-06 shows a distinctive entheseal pattern associated with habitual precision grasping via thumb-index finger coordination, which is shared exclusively with documented long-term precision workers from recent historical collections. The separate geometric morphometric analysis revealed that the individual's opponens pollicis enthesis presents a highly projecting morphology, which was found to strongly correlate with long joint moment arms (a fundamental component of force-producing capacity), closely resembling the form of Paleolithic hunter-gatherers from diverse geo-chronological contexts of Eurasia and North Africa. DISCUSSION: Overall, our findings provide the first biocultural evidence to confirm that the lifestyle of some of the earliest Andean inhabitants relied on habitual and forceful precision grasping tasks.

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O processo fisiológico de envelhecimento causa uma diminuição progressiva da capacidade funcional do indivíduo. Dentre as principais alterações desse processo, destacam-se aquelas relacionadas ao equilíbrio. Dessa forma, torna-se importante a discussão e o desenvolvimento de propostas e estratégias preventivas e terapêuticas direcionadas para essa população. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a influência de um treino de equilíbrio através de realidade virtual não imersiva sobre o equilibrio funcional e o mede de quedas em idosos. Trata-se de um estudo experimental, não controlado. Foram realizadas vinte sessões individuais, supervisionadas pelo Fisioterapeuta, através da Wiireabilitação, com jogos direcionados ao treino de equilíbrio. Cada sessão tinha duração de 50 minutos. Antes de iniciar o programa de intervenção os idosos passaram uma avaliação através das escalas de Tinetti, Timed Up and Go (TUG), Teste de Alcance Funcional (TAF), a Falls Efficacy Scale Internacional ­ Brasil (FES-I-Brasil) e Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI). A mesma avaliação foi repetida ao final das vinte sessões. A comparação entre os valores iniciais e finais dos testes foi avaliada pelo teste da soma de postos de Wilcoxon, adotando-se um valor de alfa de 5%. A amostra final foi de 10 idosas (63,4 anos ± 3,92). Em relação aos testes executados antes e após a intervenção, observaram-se resultados estatisticamente significantes para as variáveis diretamente relacionadas ao equilíbrio funcional, Tinetti (p=0,005), TUG (p=0,005) e TAF (p=0,005), bem como para medo de quedas, FES-I (p=0,007) e tontura, DHI (p=0,008). Conclui-se que a intervenção através da realidade virtual se mostrou eficaz para o ganho de equilíbrio na população estudada.(AU)

The physiological aging process causes a progressive decrease in the individual's functional capacity. Among the main changes in this process, those related to balance stand out. Thus, it is important to discuss and develop preventive and therapeutic proposals and strategies aimed at this population. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of a balance training through non-immersive virtual reality on functional balance in the elderly. This is an experimental, uncontrolled study. Twenty individual sessions were held, supervised by the Physiotherapist, through Wiireahabilitation, with games aimed at balance training. Each session lasted 50 minutes. Before starting the intervention program, the elderly underwent an assessment using the Tinetti, Timed Up and Go (TUG), Functional Reach Test (TAF), the Falls Efficacy Scale International - Brazil (FES-I-Brazil) and Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI). The same assessment was repeated at the end of the twenty sessions. The comparison between the initial and final values of the tests was evaluated by the Wilcoxon rank sum test, adopting an alpha value of 5%. The final sample was 10 elderly women (63.4 years ± 3.92). Regarding the tests performed before and after the intervention, there were statistically significant results for variables directly related to functional balance, Tinetti (p = 0.005), TUG (p = 0.005) and TAF (p = 0.005), as well as for fear of falls, FES-I (p = 0.007) and dizziness, DHI (p = 0.008). It is concluded that the intervention through virtual reality proved to be effective for the gain of balance in the studied population.(AU)

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OBJECTIVE: Fibrous adhesions impair normal muscle mechanics. The present study aimed to assess lateral gastrocnemius muscle excitation, isometric force response, and neuromuscular efficiency during explosive force in plantarflexion before and after diacutaneous fibrolysis. METHODS: Thirty-five recreational athletes were allocated in the intervention group (n = 20) treated with diacutaneous fibrolysis, while the sham group (n = 15) was treated with placebo diacutaneous fibrolysis. Force response synchronized with surface electromyography during a plantarflexion task was collected. RESULTS: Differences between Pre- and Post-diacutaneous fibrolysis were observed for all variables, except for the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: Diacutaneous fibrolysis was effective to increase force, muscle excitation, and neuromuscular efficiency on lateral gastrocnemius.

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OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the literature to verify the relationship between neuromuscular fitness indicators in childhood/adolescence and bone strength variables in adulthood. DATA SOURCES: A systematic review was conducted in PUBMED, SCOPUS, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, LILACS, and SciELO, covering the entire period until March 2019. DATA SYNTHESIS: The search identified 1149 studies. After duplicity analysis and eligibility criteria, four studies were reported. In one study, baseline was childhood and, in the others, adolescence. In childhood, when adjusting the model for age and body mass index, a statistically significant relation was found for girls: standing long jump with quantitative ultrasound index (ß=0.11; p<0.05) and with speed of sound (ß=0.14; p<0.01). However, when controlling muscular performance in adulthood, the relationship was no longer significant. In adolescence, coefficients ranged from 0.16 for neuromotor battery and bone mineral density (BMD) in the lumbar region to 0.38 for hanging leg lift test and BMD of arms. The explained variance varied between 2% (bent arm hang for BMD total) and 12% (hanging leg-lift for BMD arms), therefore, a higher performance in neuromuscular fitness in adolescence was associated with better bone strength in adulthood. CONCLUSIONS: In adults, bone strength variables showed significant correlation from low to moderate magnitude with neuromuscular fitness indicators in adolescence, but not in childhood, after controlling for adult performance in neuromuscular fitness. However, there is limited evidence to support the neuromuscular fitness in early life as a determinant of bone strength in adulthood.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To systematically review the literature to verify the relationship between neuromuscular fitness indicators in childhood/adolescence and bone strength variables in adulthood. Data sources: A systematic review was conducted in PUBMED, SCOPUS, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, LILACS, and SciELO, covering the entire period until March 2019. Data synthesis: The search identified 1149 studies. After duplicity analysis and eligibility criteria, four studies were reported. In one study, baseline was childhood and, in the others, adolescence. In childhood, when adjusting the model for age and body mass index, a statistically significant relation was found for girls: standing long jump with quantitative ultrasound index (β=0.11; p<0.05) and with speed of sound (β=0.14; p<0.01). However, when controlling muscular performance in adulthood, the relationship was no longer significant. In adolescence, coefficients ranged from 0.16 for neuromotor battery and bone mineral density (BMD) in the lumbar region to 0.38 for hanging leg lift test and BMD of arms. The explained variance varied between 2% (bent arm hang for BMD total) and 12% (hanging leg-lift for BMD arms), therefore, a higher performance in neuromuscular fitness in adolescence was associated with better bone strength in adulthood. Conclusions: In adults, bone strength variables showed significant correlation from low to moderate magnitude with neuromuscular fitness indicators in adolescence, but not in childhood, after controlling for adult performance in neuromuscular fitness. However, there is limited evidence to support the neuromuscular fitness in early life as a determinant of bone strength in adulthood.

RESUMO Objetivo: Revisar sistematicamente a literatura para verificar a relação entre indicadores da aptidão neuromuscular na infância/adolescência e variáveis de resistência óssea na idade adulta. Fonte de dados: Revisão sistemática com pesquisa de artigos conduzida no PUBMED, SCOPUS, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, LILACS and SciELO, abrangendo todo o período da base até março de 2019. Síntese dos dados: A busca identificou 1.149 estudos, após análise de duplicidade e dos critérios de elegibilidade, quatro estudos foram relatados. Em um dos estudos, o baseline foi a infância e, nos demais, a adolescência. Na infância, ao ajustar o modelo por idade e índice de massa corporal, foi encontrada relação estatisticamente significativa para as meninas: salto em distância com índice quantitativo de ultrassom (β=0,11; p<0,05) e com velocidade do som (β=0,14; p<0,01). Entretanto, ao se fazer o controle do desempenho muscular na idade adulta, a relação deixou de ser significativa. Na adolescência, coeficientes variaram de 0,16 para bateria neuromotora e densidade mineral óssea (DMO) lombar a 0,38 para o teste de elevação de pernas em suspensão e a DMO dos braços. Variação explicada entre 2% (suspensão na barra e DMO do corpo total) e 12% (elevação de pernas em suspensão e DMO dos braços), portanto, melhor desempenho na aptidão neuromuscular na adolescência, mais resistência óssea na idade adulta. Conclusões: Em adultos, variáveis de resistência óssea apresentaram correlação significativa em magnitude baixa a moderada com indicadores da aptidão neuromuscular na adolescência, mas não na infância, após controlar pelo desempenho adulto na aptidão neuromuscular. No entanto, existe evidência limitada para apoiar a aptidão neuromuscular na juventude como fator determinante da resistência óssea na fase adulta.

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Se denomina transgénero mujer (TM) a un varón biológico con identidad de género femenina. El tratamiento hormonal cruzado (THC) es una de las opciones para lograr caracteres sexuales del género autopercibido. Realizamos un estudio de diseño transversal, observacional y analítico para evaluar la densidad mineral ósea, composición corporal y fuerza muscular antes de iniciar la hormonización. Un total de 26 TM en condiciones de ingresar en el estudio fueron comparadas con hombres cisgénero de similar edad (mediana 23,5 vs. 25,5 años). Basalmente, las TM presentaron menor densidad ósea en columna lumbar (1,040 vs. 1,280 g/cm2; p=0,01), cadera total (0,970 vs. 1,070 g/cm2; p=0,01) y cuerpo entero (1,080 vs. 1,220 g/cm2; p<0,01). Observamos, además, menor masa muscular en brazos (5,033 vs. 6,212 kg; p<0,01) y piernas (16,343 vs. 18,404 kg; p=0,02), acompañada de menor fuerza muscular de puño (p<0,01). Concluimos que las TM presentaron características diferentes de la biología masculina aun sin haber iniciado el THC. Sugerimos incluir la evaluación de la densidad mineral ósea en la evaluación inicial de esta población, dados los hallazgos identificados. (AU)

A trans-woman (TW) is a biologically male person with female gender identity. Cisgender denotes a person whose sense of personal identity and gender corresponds with its birth sex. Cross-sex hormone therapy (CSHT) is one of the options to achieve secondary characteristics of the self-perceived gender. We performed a cross-sectional study. Bone mineral density (BMD), body composition, and muscle strength before starting CSHT were assessed. Twenty-six TW (median age 23.5 years) and cisgender males (median age 25.5 years) were matched for age. TW had less BMD at the lumbar spine (1.040 vs 1.280 g/cm2; p=0.01), total hip (0.970 vs 1.070 g/cm2; p=0.01), and total body (1.080 vs 1.220 g/cm2; p<0.01). They also had less skeletal muscle mass in the arms (5.033 vs 6.212 kg; p<0.01) and legs (16.343 vs 18.404 kg; p=0.02), associated with lower grip strength (p<0.01). It appears that bone and muscle characteristics of TW before starting CSHT differ from cisgender men. Taking these findings into account, we suggest the inclusion of BMD in the initial evaluation of TW. (AU)

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The incidence of musculoskeletal injuries (MSIs) is a constant concern in all Armed Forces. Among risk factors for MSIs, physical training and sports can be considered the most frequent cause in military. In this sense, the aim of this study was to investigate the incidence rate of musculoskeletal injuries, identifying the anatomical distribution and its association with risk factors such as: body composition, age and physical training over the past 12 months. Three hundred fifty-one male cadets from the first year of the Brazilian Army officers training course and four hundred and fifty six students from the logistics sergeants training course (three hundred seventy-five male and eighty one female) volunteered to fill in a self-reported questionnaire which was developed based on a literature review and the clinical experience of the investigators. It contained questions concerning anatomical site of the MSIs, hours of physical activities per week, type of activities at the moment of injury and days of absences in physical activities. Among 807 subjects studied, 180 military have reported 220 MSIs. From this total, 143 have presented a single injury, 34 have suffered two injuries and three subjects have had three injuries each one during the last 12 months. Knee was the anatomical site with the higher incidence (7.06%) of MSIs over a 12-month period. Running was the activity with the higher incidence (11.77%) of injuries over a 12-month, accounting for 43.18% of all MSIs. When considered all activities of physical training, the MSIs incidence rate over a 12-month was 17.97%, which represents 71.36% of all MSIs. In young militaries, the largest amount musculoskeletal injuries occurred in the lower extremities and during military physical training, with running being the main activity in which the injuries occurred. Population, gender and body composition was not significantly associated with these types of injuries, while older age was associated in this study. The gradual and systematic progression of distance and speed during running training should be emphasized to prevent MSIs. (AU)

A incidência de lesões musculoesqueléticas (LME) é uma preocupação constante em todas as Forças Armadas. Entre os fatores de risco para LME, treinamentos físicos e esportes podem ser considerados a causa mais frequente em militares. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a taxa de incidência de lesões musculoesqueléticas, identificar a distribuição anatômica e sua associação com fatores de risco, tais como: composição corporal, idade e treinamento físico nos últimos 12 meses. Trezentos e cinquenta e um cadetes do primeiro ano da Escola Preparatória de Cadetes do Exército brasileiro e quatrocentos e cinquenta e seis alunos do curso de Sargento logístico (trezentos e setenta e cinco homens e oitenta e uma mulheres) se ofereceram para preencher um questionário auto relatado que foi desenvolvido com base em uma revisão da literatura e a experiência clínica dos pesquisadores. Ele continha perguntas sobre o local anatômico das LME, horas de atividades físicas por semana, tipo de atividades no momento da lesão e dias de ausência em atividades físicas. Entre 807 sujeitos estudados, 180 militares relataram 220 LME. A partir deste total, 143 apresentaram uma única lesão, 34 sofreram duas lesões e três indivíduos tiveram três lesões cada nos últimos 12 meses. O joelho foi o local anatômico com maior incidência (7,06%) de LME ao longo de um período de 12 meses. A corrida foi a atividade com maior incidência (11,77%) de lesões ao longo de 12 meses, representando 43,18% de todas as LME. Quando considerado todas as atividades de treinamento físico, a taxa de incidência de MSI ao longo de um período de 12 meses foi de 17,97%, o que representa 71,36% de todas as LME. Em militares jovens, a maior quantidade de lesões musculoesqueléticas ocorreu nas extremidades inferiores e durante o treinamento físico militar, sendo a corrida a principal atividade na qual ocorreram as lesões. População, gênero e composição corporal não foram significativamente associados a esses tipos de lesões, enquanto a idade avançada foi associada neste estudo. A progressão gradual e sistemática da distância e da velocidade durante o treinamento em corrida deve ser enfatizada para evitar LME. (AU)

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Para analizar el impacto directo de la musculatura sobre la estructura ósea se determinaron el área (CtA), la densidad mineral ósea volumétrica (vDMOc) y los momentos de inercia corticales para flexión anteroposterior y lateral (MIap, MIlat) ajustados a CtA, y las relaciones entre MI y vDMOc (de Ê»distribución/calidadʼ, d/c, que describen la eficiencia de la optimización biomecánica del diseño cortical por el mecanostato) en 18 cortes seriados a lo largo de todo el peroné del lado hábil (pQCT), y la fuerza de salto y de rotación externa del pie (dinamometría computarizada) de 22 hombres sanos de 18 a 33 años entrenados en fútbol competitivo por más de 4 años, y de 9 controles etarios no entrenados. Los entrenados tuvieron valores más altos de MI en función de la fuerza de rotación del pie (no de salto), con un ajuste homogéneo para MIap pero variable (más pobre distalmente y más alto proximalmente, en la región de inserción de los peroneos) para MIlat, coincidiendo este último con pobres ajustes de las relaciones d/c (efecto arquitectónico independiente de la rigidez del tejido). Esto evidencia la influencia directa de la tracción de la musculatura peronea sobre la estructura cortical proximal subyacente del hueso y también sugiere que el mecanostato procedería, en este caso, fuera de su conocida concepción como mecanismo regulatorio de la resistencia ósea. (AU)

To analyze the direct impact of muscle contractions on the structure of bones, we determined the cortical cross-sectional area (CtA), volumetric mineral density (vBMDc) and the CtA-adjusted moments of inertia for anterior-posterior and lateral bending (MIap, MIlat), and the ʻdistribution/qualityʼ (d/c) relationships between MIs and vBMDc (which describe the efficiency of the biomechanical optimization of cortical design by bone mechanostat) in 18 serial scans taken throughout the fibula of the dominant side (pQCT), and the jump and the foot-lateral-rotation forces (computed dynamometry) of 22 healthy men aged 18-33 years, who had been trained in competitive soccer for more than 4 years, and of 9 untrained, agematched controls. Trained individuals showed higher MI values as a function of the rotative force of the foot (not the jumping force). The adjustment of these relationships was homogeneous for MIap throughout the bone, but variable (poorer distally and higher proximally, at the insertion area of peroneus muscles) for MIlat, this latter being paralleled by poor adjustments of the corresponding, d/c relationships (architectural effect independent of tissue stiffness). These findings,1. Show the direct influence of the traction force of peroneal muscles on proximal fibula structure close to the insertion area, and 2. Suggest that, in the studied conditions, the bone mechanostat would proceed beyond its known conception as a regulatory mechanism of structural bone strength. (AU)

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NEW FINDINGS: What is the central question of this study? Water drinking increases muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA), and it increases arterial blood pressure (ABP) in older populations but not in young healthy subjects. Does an increase in gain of arterial baroreflex control of MSNA contribute to maintenance of ABP after water drinking in healthy young subjects? What is the main finding and its importance? The gain of arterial baroreflex control of MSNA was increased and remained elevated 60 min after water drinking (500 ml) but remained unchanged after saline intake. An enhancement in gain of arterial baroreflex control of MSNA contributes to the maintenance of ABP after water drinking in young healthy subjects, probably via osmosensitive mechanisms. ABSTRACT: Water drinking increases muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA), which is accompanied by a profound pressor response in patients with impaired arterial baroreflex function and in older populations, but not in healthy young subjects. We tested the hypothesis that an enhancement in the gain of arterial baroreflex control of MSNA contributes to the maintenance of arterial blood pressure after water drinking in healthy young subjects. The MSNA, arterial blood pressure and heart rate were measured in 10 healthy men (24 ± 2 years old; mean ± SD) before and for 60 min after ingestion of 500 ml of bottled water or saline solution. Weighted linear regression analysis between MSNA and diastolic blood pressure was used to determine the gain (i.e. sensitivity) of arterial baroreflex control of MSNA. After water drinking, MSNA was significantly elevated within 15 min and remained above baseline for up to 60 min [e.g. 21 ± 10 bursts (100 heart beats)-1  mmHg-1 at baseline versus 35 ± 14 bursts (100 heart beats)-1  mmHg-1 at 30 min; P < 0.01], whereas mean arterial blood pressure (e.g. 87 ± 7 mmHg at baseline versus 89 ± 7 mmHg at 30 min; P = 0.34) and heart rate were unchanged. The arterial baroreflex-MSNA gain for bursts incidence was increased and remained elevated throughout the protocol [e.g. -2.25 ± 0.99 bursts (100 heart beats)-1  mmHg-1 at baseline versus -4.32 ± 1.53 bursts (100 heart beats)-1  mmHg-1 at 30 min; P < 0.01]. Importantly, saline intake had no effect on arterial baroreflex-MSNA gain or any neurocardiovascular variables. These findings demonstrate that water drinking enhances the gain of arterial baroreflex control of MSNA in healthy young men, which may contribute to buffering the pressor response after water drinking, probably via osmosensitive mechanisms.

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RESUMEN Objetivo Establecer los factores de riesgo asociados a desordenes musculo esqueléticos en trabajadores operativos de una empresa de fabricación de refrigeradores en Barranquilla, Colombia. Materiales y Métodos Investigación de tipo transversal descriptivo. Se realizó un muestreo por conveniencia, constituida por 79 trabajadores. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron: PAR-Q (cuestionario de aptitud para la actividad física), IMC (índice de Masa Corporal), cuestionario nórdico y método REBA. Resultados Del total de la población encuestada, se determinó que el 60,8% refirió alguna sintomatologia osteomuscular; el 48,1% manifestó tener afectado un solo segmento corporal, el 10,1% con 2 segmentos y con 3 o 4 segmentos comprometidos un 1,3% respectivamente. El segmento corporal con mayor afectación fue el dorsolumbar relacionado con cargos como operario de armado, operario de enchape, de inyección y soldador. Conclusión El colectivo de trabajadores de las áreas de armado, enchape, inyección y soldadura está especialmente expuesto a factores de riesgo que aumentan la probabilidad de padecer molestias y daños musculoesqueléticos. Los movimientos repetitivos de extremidades superiores y la manipulación manual de cargas destacan entre los riesgos ergonómicos y las exigencias de atención, los altos ritmos de trabajo y los plazos cortos entre los riesgos psicosociales a los que está expuesto este colectivo. Además, que el índice de masa corporal es un factor importante ante la aparición de desórdenes musculo esqueléticos.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To establish the risk factors associated with musculoskeletal disorders in operative workers of a refrigerator manufacturing company in Barranquilla, Colombia. Materials and Methods Cross-sectional, descriptive research. A convenience sampling was carried out, consisting of 79 workers. The instruments used were: PAR-Q (Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire), BMI (Body Mass Index), Nordic questionnaire and REBA method. Results Of the total population surveyed, 60.8% reported some musculoskeletal symptoms; 48.1% said they had a single body segment affected, 10.1% had 2 segments affected, and 1.3% had 3 or 4 segments involved. The most involved body segment was the thoracolumbar segment, which was related to positions such as assembly operator, veneer operator, injection operator and welder. Conclusion The group of workers in the areas of assembly, veneer, injection and welding is especially exposed to risk factors that increase the likelihood of suffering discomfort and musculoskeletal damage. Moving the upper limbs repeatedly and handling loads manually are some of the ergonomic risks and demands for attention, while psychosocial risks to which this group is exposed include high work rates and short deadlines. In addition, the body mass index is an important factor for the onset of musculoskeletal disorders.(AU)

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The Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) is a self-report questionnaire created to evaluate a patient's functional status in a wide spectrum of lower extremity musculoskeletal conditions. Thus far, there is no valid version in Argentina. The aims of this study were to translate the LEFS, cross-culturally adapt it for use in the Argentine population, and validate it in our country by determining its psychometric properties in patients over the age of 18 with lower extremity musculoskeletal conditions, comparing it with the SF-36 and the following functional tests: step test and timed up and go. One hundred and thirty three patients were included between July 2010 and January 2012. The test-retest reliability was high, with an ICC of 0.91 (95% CI 0.85 - 0.94). The correlation of the LEFS with the physical functioning subscale and the physical component summary score of the SF-36 was high (p < 0.001) and showed moderate response with the timed up and go and step test at the baseline (p < 0.001). This version of the LEFS is a valid, reliable tool used in Argentina to measure functional status in patients with lower extremity musculoskeletal conditions that we recommend for future clinical research projects and daily clinical use.

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El Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) es un cuestionario autoadministrado, creado para evaluar el estado funcional en pacientes con una amplia variedad de condiciones musculoesqueléticas del miembro inferior. No existe una versión argentina validada. Los objetivos del trabajo fueron traducir, adaptar transculturalmente el LEFS para su uso en la población argentina y validarlo en nuestro país determinando sus propiedades psicométricas en pacientes mayores de 18 años con afecciones musculoesqueléticas del miembro inferior, comparándolo con el SF-36 y los test funcionales timed up and go y step test. Se incluyeron 133 pacientes desde julio de 2010 hasta enero de 2012. La fiabilidad test-retest fue alta, con un CCI 0.91 (95% IC 0.85 - 0.94). La correlación del LEFS con la subescala de función física y el resumen del componente físico del SF-36 fue alta (p < 0.001) y con el step test y el timed up and go, moderada al inicio (p < 0.001). Esta versión del LEFS es una herramienta válida y confiable para evaluar el estado funcional de pacientes con condiciones musculoesqueléticas del miembro inferior, en la Argentina. Se recomienda su uso para la práctica clínica y para futuras investigaciones.

The Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) is a self-report questionnaire created to evaluate a patient's functional status in a wide spectrum of lower extremity musculoskeletal conditions. Thus far, there is no valid version in Argentina. The aims of this study were to translate the LEFS, cross-culturally adapt it for use in the Argentine population, and validate it in our country by determining its psychometric properties in patients over the age of 18 with lower extremity musculoskeletal conditions, comparing it with the SF-36 and the following functional tests: step test and timed up and go. One hundred and thirty three patients were included between July 2010 and January 2012. The test-retest reliability was high, with an ICC of 0.91 (95% CI 0.85 - 0.94). The correlation of the LEFS with the physical functioning subscale and the physical component summary score of the SF-36 was high (p < 0.001) and showed moderate response with the timed up and go and step test at the baseline (p < 0.001). This version of the LEFS is a valid, reliable tool used in Argentina to measure functional status in patients with lower extremity musculoskeletal conditions that we recommend for future clinical research projects and daily clinical use.

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Adulthood starts after youth and is characterized by the completion of growth and the achievement of organic and psychological maturity. Obesity and other preventable diseases related to lifestyle are common at this age. A complete, balanced and sufficient diet, together with exercise are important in order to prevent and treat these diseases. Several studies have brought about the mechanisms by which the incorporation of milk and dairy products to diet is beneficial in order to prevent and treat these diseases. Milk also contributes to the improvement of dental, bone and intestinal health, theoretically helps in body weight control, has a definite role on the muscular and bone mass maintenance and is an option for hydration during exercise, this being as important as diet for overweight, obesity, diabetes, dislipidemias and hypertension control.

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Systematic studies involving technologies such as surface electromyography (sEMG) may provide important data that enable veterinarians to recognize musculoskeletal, ligamentous, and neurological alterations. The aim of this study was to describe the gait cycle phases and the timing of muscle activation in healthy Boxer dogs during gait by means of sEMG. The gait cycle of seven Boxer dogs was evaluated and sEMG was recorded from the biceps brachii, triceps brachii, brachiocephalic, rectus femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and superficial gluteal muscles of the right hemibody. Circular monopolar Ag/AgCl electrodes were attached to the mean point between the motor point and the muscle insertion. The electromyographic signals were collected by an active interface with 20-fold gain in a bipolar differential configuration using a 16-channel signal conditioner (EMG Systems Brasil), while the dogs walked on a treadmill at a speed of 2m/s. Pearson's correlation was used for the statistical analysis. A positive correlation was found between the rectus femoris and biceps brachii (r= 0.81); superficial gluteal and triceps brachii (r= 0.69); semitendinosus-semimembranosus and biceps brachii (r= 0.76); and rectus femoris and semitendinosus and semimembranosus muscle groups (r=0.99). The biceps brachii and brachiocephalic muscles work in tandem to position the thoracic limb during the gait cycle, while the semitendinosus-semimembranosus group flexes the knee and, simultaneously with the quadriceps that flexes the hip, prevents the contact of the pelvic limb with the ground during the swing phase. The body is propelled forward by the triceps brachii muscle, which extends the elbow and flexes the shoulder at the final contact, while the superficial gluteal muscle extends the hip.(AU)

Estudos sistemáticos que envolvem uso de tecnologias, como a eletromiografia de superfície (EMGs), podem fornecer dados importantes que capacitam os clínicos a diferenciar as alterações musculoesqueléticas, ligamentares ou neurológicas. Objetiva-se com este trabalho descrever as fases da marcha canina e o momento de ativação dos músculos de cães saudáveis da raça Boxer durante a marcha, por meio da eletromiografia de superfície. Avaliou-se a marcha de sete cães da raça Boxer, e o sinal elétrico da eletromiografia de superfície foi coletado do bíceps braquial, do tríceps braquial, do braquiocefálico, do reto femoral, do semitendinoso/semimembranoso e do glúteo superficial do hemicorpo direito. Os eletrodos monopolares circulares de prata com cloreto de prata (Ag/AgCl) foram posicionados no ponto médio entre a placa motora e a inserção desses músculos. Os sinais eletromiográficos foram capturados e adquiridos por uma interface ativa com ganho de 20x em configuração diferencial bipolar e por um condicionador de sinais (EMG Systems Brasil) de 16 canais, enquanto os cães caminharam em esteira com velocidade de 2m/s. Para análise estatística, foi aplicado teste de correlação de Pearson. Verificou-se correlação positiva entre os músculos retofemoral e bíceps braquial (r= 0,81); glúteo superficial e tríceps braquial (r= 0,69); semitendinoso/semimembranoso e bíceps braquial (r= 0,76); e entre o músculo reto femoral e o grupo muscular semitendinoso e semimembranoso (r=0,99). Os músculos bíceps braquial e braquiocefálico do mesmo membro trabalham em sinergia para posicionar o membro torácico durante o ciclo de marcha, enquanto o grupo muscular semitendinoso/semimembranoso flexiona o joelho e, simultaneamente com o quadríceps, que flexiona o quadril, impede que o membro pélvico entre em contato com o solo no balanço. Para impulsionar o corpo à frente, o músculo tríceps braquial estende o cotovelo e flexiona o ombro no contato final e o glúteo superficial estende o quadril.(AU)

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BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to assess plantar pressure distribution and musculoskeletal symptoms following the use of customized insoles among female assembly line workers. METHODS: The study included 29 female assembly line workers (age, 29.76 ± 5.79 years; weight, 63.79 ± 12.11 kg) with musculoskeletal symptoms who work predominantly while standing. The Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire was administered to the study population. Plantar pressure was determined using a computerized plantar pressure feedback system. A control group (n=13) used ethylvinylacetate insoles (Podaly®) that were individually heat molded and heat glued. The intervention group (n=14) also used the insoles and a strip of the same material was added to the site of greatest plantar pressure as determined by the electronic feedback device. After five weeks, the plantar pressure data were collected again and the questionnaire was administered a second time. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between groups with regard to pain in any anatomic site. However, within each group the lumbar region exhibited a reduction in symptoms in the intervention group (P<0.05), and the feet exhibited a reduction in symptoms in both groups (P<0.05). Mean plantar pressure increased and plantar surface decreased in the intervention group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Insoles increased foot comfort in both groups. However, the added strip did not significantly modify either plantar pressure or other symptoms in female workers.

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El presente estudio de investigación, tiene como objetivo determinar los factores deriesgos físicos, (posturas, movimientos repetitivos, carga y fuerza y postura estática)que causan trastornos musculo esqueléticos, en el personal de lavandería delhospital fraternidad- león.Dicho estudio se centró en la evaluación delas características sociodemográfica.Factores de riesgos físicos y sintomatología clínica, referida por el nivel de esfuerzoasí como los movimientos repetitivos efectuados durante la jornada laboral.Es un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, Con un universo de 26 personas y concriterios de exclusión, quedando con 20 del personal activo, se adquirió informaciónatravés de planilla facilitada por recursos humanos, se utilizó como fuente deinformación la observación, aplicando instrumento de valoración ergonómicavalidada internacionalmente y la entrevista más revisión de expediente clínico.Dentro de los principales resultados, se encuentran; que el proceso de trabajo es lacausa principal de dolor o molestias y limitación de movimientos funcionales, esto alfinal de la jornada laboral, y según los resultados de la evaluación ergonómica deREBA, y lista de comprobación de zona de precaución se encontraron en los nivelesde pronta necesaria e inmediata acción de intervención. Obteniendo un resultadodonde la mayoría del personal tiene sintomatología, y signo de limitación demovimientos, registrados en expedientes clínicos y estos tienen un inicio desde haceseis meses lo que coincide con el mismo tiempo de encontrarse en mal estado lamayoría de las máquinas de lavandería y secadoras.

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