RESUMO
The enzymatic activities of NTPDase, 5'-nucleotidase and adenosine deaminase (ADA) are important in regulating the concentration of adenine nucleotides, molecules known to be involved on platelet aggregation. Fasciolosis causes coagulation disorders that have not been completely elucidated. Taking into consideration the association between the purinergic system and hemostasis, this study aimed to evaluate the enzymatic activities of NTPDase (hydrolyze ATP and ADP), 5'-nucleotidase (hydrolyze AMP) and ADA (deamination of adenosine) in platelets from cattle experimentally infected by Fasciola hepatica on days 20, 40, 60 and 80 post-infection (PI). For this study, 10 healthy Friesian steers were separated into two groups: the group A (n = 5) was used as uninfected control, and the group B was composed of steers experimentally infected by F. hepatica (n = 5). The number of platelets did not differ between groups in the periods evaluated. Reduction of NTPDase (p < 0.05) hydrolysing ATP (days 20, 40 and 60 PI), and ADP (days 40, 60 and 80 PI), and on 5'-nucleotidase hydrolyzing AMP (days 40 and 60 PI) was observed. A reduction (p < 0.05) in ADA activity on day 20 PI, as well as an increase (p < 0.05) in ADA activity on days 40 and 60 PI was observed when compared to the control. Based on these results, we can conclude that ATP, ADP and AMP hydrolysis and adenosine deamination were altered in platelets of cattle infected by F. hepatica. Considering the importance of the purinergic system in hemostasis, it is believed that those changes may contribute to the coagulation impairment observed in acute fasciolosis described in the literature.
Assuntos
Adenosina Desaminase/sangue , Plaquetas/enzimologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Fasciolíase/veterinária , Nucleotidases/sangue , Animais , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/sangue , Doenças dos Bovinos/enzimologia , Fasciola hepatica/fisiologia , Fasciolíase/sangue , Fasciolíase/enzimologia , Fezes/parasitologia , Fígado/parasitologia , Fígado/patologia , Masculino , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas/veterinária , Contagem de Plaquetas/veterináriaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the oxidative stress in serum and liver and adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity of cattle experimentally infected by Fasciola hepatica. The group A consisted of five healthy animals (uninfected), and the group B was composed of five animals orally infected with 200 metacercariae of F. hepatica. On days 20, 40, 60 and 80 post-infection (PI) serum was collected to measure oxidative stress variables. On day 100 PI, animals were humanely euthanized and liver samples were collected. Infected animals showed lower (P < 0·05) seric ADA activities on days 40 and 60 PI but higher (P < 0·05) in the liver tissue compared with uninfected animals. Seric and hepatic reactive oxygen species (ROS) were higher (P < 0·05) in infected compared with uninfected animals. Hepatic thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were higher (P < 0·05) in infected animals. Catalase and glutathione S-transferase activities were lower in liver tissue of infected animals, while glutathione peroxidase was higher compared with uninfected (P < 0·05). In summary, we conclude that oxidative stress occurs in cattle experimentally infected by F. hepatica, mainly due to excessive ROS production in the course of fasciolosis, contributing to hepatic damage, and that increased in hepatic ADA activity may contribute to the inflammatory process.
Assuntos
Adenosina Desaminase/metabolismo , Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Fasciola hepatica , Fasciolíase/veterinária , Estresse Oxidativo/fisiologia , Adenosina Desaminase/sangue , Adenosina Desaminase/genética , Animais , Biomarcadores , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/enzimologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/metabolismo , Fasciolíase/enzimologia , Fasciolíase/parasitologia , Regulação Enzimológica da Expressão Gênica , Fígado/enzimologia , Fígado/patologia , Masculino , Espécies Reativas de OxigênioRESUMO
The enzymatic activities of NTPDase and 5'nucleotidase are important to regulate the concentration of adenine nucleotides, known molecules involved in many physiological functions. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the activity of NTPDase and 5'nucleotidase in serum and liver tissue of rats infected by Fasciola hepatica. Rats were divided into two groups: uninfected control and infected. NTPDase activity for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and ADP substrates in the liver was higher compared with the control group at 15 days post-infection (PI), while seric activity was lower. In addition, seric and hepatic samples did not show changes for 5'nucleotidase activity at this time. On the other hand, either NTPDase or 5'nucleotidase activities in liver homogenate and serum were higher at 87 days PI. Early in the infection, low NTPDase activity maintains an increase of ATP in the bloodstream in order to activate host immune response, while in hepatic tissue it decreases extracellular ATP to maintain a low inflammatory response in the tissue. As stated, higher NTPDase and 5'nucleotidase activities 87 days after infection in serum and tissue, probably results on an increased concentration of adenosine molecule which stimulates a Th2 immune response. Thus, it is possible to conclude that F. hepatica infections lead to different levels of nucleotide degradation when considering the two stages of infection studied, which influences the inflammatory and pathological processes developed by the purinergic system.
Assuntos
5'-Nucleotidase/metabolismo , Fasciolíase/enzimologia , Fígado/enzimologia , Pirofosfatases/metabolismo , 5'-Nucleotidase/sangue , Animais , Fasciolíase/parasitologia , Feminino , Fígado/parasitologia , Fígado/patologia , Pirofosfatases/sangue , Ratos , OvinosRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the iron metabolism in serum, as well as antioxidant enzymes, in addition to the Delta-Aminolevulinic Acid Dehydratase (δ-ALA-D) activity in the liver of rats experimentally infected by Fasciola hepatica. Thirty male adult rats (Wistar) specific pathogen free were divided into four groups: two uninfected group (CTRL 1 and CTRL 2) with five animals each and two infected groups (INF 1 and INF 2) with 10 animals each. Infection was performed orally with 20 metacercariae at day 1. On day 15 (CTRL 1 and INF 1 groups) and 87 PI (CTRL 2 and INF 2 groups) blood and bone marrow were collected and the animals were subsequently euthanized for liver sampling. Blood was allocated in tubes without anticoagulant for serum acquisition to measure iron, transferrin and unsaturated iron binding capacity (UIBC). δ-ALA-D, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities were measured in the liver. A decrease in iron, transferrin and UIBC levels was observed in all infected animals compared to control groups (P < 0.05). Furthermore, iron accumulation was observed in bone marrow of infected mice. Infected animals showed an increase in δ-ALA-D activity at 87 post-infection (PI) (INF 2) as well as in SOD activity at days 15 (INF 1) and 87 PI (INF 2). On the other hand, CAT activity was reduced in rats infected by F. hepatica during acute and chronic phase of fasciolosis (INF 1 and INF 2 groups), when moderate (acute) and severe necrosis in the liver histopathology were observed. These results may suggest that oxidative damage to tissues along with antioxidant mechanisms might have taken part in fasciolosis pathogenesis and are also involved in iron deficiency associated to changes in δ-ALA-D activity during chronic phase of disease.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Fasciolíase/metabolismo , Ferro/metabolismo , Sintase do Porfobilinogênio/metabolismo , Animais , Medula Óssea/metabolismo , Catalase/metabolismo , Fasciola hepatica/isolamento & purificação , Fasciolíase/enzimologia , Fezes/parasitologia , Ferro/sangue , Fígado/enzimologia , Fígado/parasitologia , Masculino , Oxigênio/metabolismo , Distribuição Aleatória , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Ovinos , Caramujos , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismoRESUMO
The aim of this study was to investigate acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in total blood and liver tissue; butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in serum and liver tissue; adenosine deaminase (ADA) in serum and liver tissue; and pyruvate kinase (PK) in liver tissue of rats experimentally infected by Fasciola hepatica. Animals were divided into two groups with 12 animals each, as follows: group A (uninfected) and group B (infected). Samples were collected at 20 (A1 and B1;n=6 each) and 150 (A2 and B2; n=6 each) days post-infection (PI). Infected animals showed an increase in AChE activity in whole blood and a decrease in AChE activity in liver homogenates (P<0.05) at 20 and 150 days PI. BChE and PK activities were decreased (P<0.05) in serum and liver homogenates of infected animals at 150 days PI. ADA activity was decreased in serum at 20 and 150 days PI, while in liver homogenates it was only decreased at 150 days PI (P<0.05). Aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities in serum were increased (P<0.05), while concentrations of total protein and albumin were decreased (P<0.05) when compared to control. The histological analysis revealed fibrous perihepatitis and necrosis. Therefore, we conclude that the liver fluke is associated with cholinergic and purinergic dysfunctions, which in turn may influence the pathogenesis of the disease.
Assuntos
Adenosina Desaminase/metabolismo , Colinesterases/metabolismo , Fasciolíase/enzimologia , Fasciolíase/patologia , Piruvato Quinase/metabolismo , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Fasciola hepatica , Inflamação/enzimologia , Inflamação/patologia , Masculino , Ratos , EspectrofotometriaRESUMO
Fasciolasis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by Fasciola hepatica and its control is mainly based on the use of triclabendazole (TCBZ). Parasite resistance to different anthelmintics is growing worldwide, including the resistance of F. hepatica to TCBZ. In the present work we evaluate "in vivo" the activity of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes of phase I (carboxyl esterases) and phase II (glutathione S-transferases and carbonyl reductases) recovered of flukes from sheep treated with TCBZ. All three enzymes showed increased activity in TCBZ flukes returning 60h post-treatment at similar to baseline unexposed flukes. TCBZ action may induce secondary oxidative stress, which may explain the observed increment in activities of the analyzed enzymes as a defensive mechanism. The enzymes analyzed are candidates to participate actively in the development of resistance at TCBZ in F. hepatica.
Assuntos
Oxirredutases do Álcool/metabolismo , Anti-Helmínticos/administração & dosagem , Benzimidazóis/administração & dosagem , Carboxilesterase/metabolismo , Fasciola hepatica/enzimologia , Fasciolíase/veterinária , Proteínas de Helminto/metabolismo , Doenças dos Ovinos/parasitologia , Transferases/metabolismo , Oxirredutases do Álcool/genética , Animais , Carboxilesterase/genética , Fasciola hepatica/efeitos dos fármacos , Fasciola hepatica/genética , Fasciolíase/tratamento farmacológico , Fasciolíase/enzimologia , Fasciolíase/genética , Proteínas de Helminto/genética , Ovinos , Doenças dos Ovinos/tratamento farmacológico , Transferases/genética , TriclabendazolRESUMO
In the winter of 2008, cattle on a farm in the province of Neuquen, Argentina died from subacute and chronic liver fluke disease despite four previous treatments with Triclabendazole (TCBZ). In the spring of 2009, a preliminary efficacy test revealed good performance using nitroxynil, whereas TCBZ efficacy was only 18% by egg counts of Fasciola eggs in the faeces. Resistance to Fasciola hepatica to TCBZ has never been reported in South America, so in January of 2010 a controlled trial was conducted to confirm and to define the degree of resistance in this herd. In a clinical trial, the fluke egg output was monitored on Days 14 and 21 and serum enzymes gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) on Days 0 and 21 in 36 calves treated with TCBZ or with closantel. The results showed a reduction of 100% in fluke egg output at Days 14 and 21 for closantel. The mean epg in the TCBZ-treated groups did not decrease. Because of the fact that in this study TCBZ treatment in cattle had no effect, even at double the recommended dose, it is highly indicative that resistance of F. hepatica against TCBZ is present on this farm. The GGT and GOT levels decreased in the closantel-treated group as a result of the treatment at 21 days after dosing. To evaluate the importance of TCBZ resistance in F. hepatica in Argentina, a study on more farms from endemic areas is needed.
Assuntos
Anti-Helmínticos/farmacologia , Benzimidazóis/farmacologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Fasciola hepatica/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fasciolíase/veterinária , Hepatopatias/veterinária , Salicilanilidas/farmacologia , Animais , Anti-Helmínticos/uso terapêutico , Argentina , Aspartato Aminotransferases/sangue , Benzimidazóis/uso terapêutico , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças dos Bovinos/enzimologia , Resistência a Medicamentos , Fasciolíase/tratamento farmacológico , Fasciolíase/enzimologia , Fasciolíase/parasitologia , Fezes/parasitologia , Hepatopatias/tratamento farmacológico , Hepatopatias/enzimologia , Hepatopatias/parasitologia , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas/veterinária , Salicilanilidas/uso terapêutico , Triclabendazol , gama-Glutamiltransferase/sangueRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Fascioliasis is a common zoonotic infection worldwide, although cases in the United States are uncommon, sporadic, and predominantly found in the immigrant population. The small number of cases identified in the United States may reflect the unfamiliarity of physicians with this infection. CASE: A 28-year-old Hispanic woman who frequently visited northern Central Mexico presented at 36 weeks of gestation with nausea, vomiting, and right upper quadrant pain. She was diagnosed with cholelithiasis. Postpartum endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and sphincterotomy were performed, with discovery of the trematode Fasciola hepatica. The patient received triclabendazole, which led to clinical improvement. CONCLUSION: Fascioliasis often mimics another common problem in pregnancy, cholelithiasis; clinicians need to be aware of this disease in high-risk populations.