RESUMO
The genus Leptodon encompasses two Neotropical raptor species. The more widely-distributed Gray-headed Kite (Leptodon cayanensis) occurs in a vast area of Neotropical region, while the White-collared Kite (Leptodon forbesi) is endemic of the Atlantic Forest of northeastern Brazil, but there are some questions about the extent of its geographic distribution and about its sympatry with its congener. Here we present a review of the geographic distribution and the diagnoses of L. forbesi, correcting recent records based on misidentifications. We also clarify the main features of juvenile and subadult plumage of Leptodon raptors and describe new phases of juvenile plumage.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Papagaios/anatomia & histologia , Papagaios/classificação , Distribuição Animal , Falcões/anatomia & histologia , Falcões/classificação , Espécies em Perigo de Extinção , BrasilRESUMO
The genus Leptodon encompasses two Neotropical raptor species. The more widely-distributed Gray-headed Kite (Leptodon cayanensis) occurs in a vast area of Neotropical region, while the White-collared Kite (Leptodon forbesi) is endemic of the Atlantic Forest of northeastern Brazil, but there are some questions about the extent of its geographic distribution and about its sympatry with its congener. Here we present a review of the geographic distribution and the diagnoses of L. forbesi, correcting recent records based on misidentifications. We also clarify the main features of juvenile and subadult plumage of Leptodon raptors and describe new phases of juvenile plumage.
Assuntos
Animais , Distribuição Animal , Falcões/anatomia & histologia , Falcões/classificação , Papagaios/anatomia & histologia , Papagaios/classificação , Brasil , Espécies em Perigo de ExtinçãoRESUMO
Background: The structure of the eye in wild birds is 45% larger than that in humans, which provides excellent visualcapacity but also makes them vulnerable to eye trauma. Trauma, neoplasia, infectious diseases of the ocular surface, uveitis,glaucoma, and corneal diseases in wild birds, but mainly trauma, can cause a reduction in their tear production; therefore,determining the amount of tear production in the wild birds is very important. Studies have shown that the results of theSchirmers tear test (STT) and intraocular pressure (IOP) values differ among wild bird species, and that both anesthesiaand sedation affects these parameters. The main objective of the present study was to determined IOP and STT I values inhealthy common buzzards (Buteo buteo).Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty healthy common buzzards were selected for the study following clinical and ophthalmic examinations. Following physical and clinical examinations of all subjects, routine ophthalmologic examinationswere conducted, including reflex examinations (pupillary, palpebral, menace, dazzle) and direct ophthalmoscopy for theeyelids, conjunctiva, cornea, iris, lens, and fundus. All examinations were conducted without anesthesia or sedation whilethe birds were in the dorsal recumbent position, and the results of STT I and IOP were recorded. Both tests were repeatedfor the right and left eyes. The mean ± SE STT I values for the right and left eyes were 12.63 ± 0.51 and 12.43 ± 0.54mm/min, respectively. A comparison between STT I values of the right and left eyes revealed no statistically significantdifferences (P > 0.620). The means and ranges of the TonoVet® IOP results for the right and left eyes were 32.06 ± 1.58and 32.60 ± 1.51 mmHg, respectively. There was no statistically significant...(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Perfurações Retinianas/veterinária , Pressão Intraocular , Falcões/anatomia & histologia , Falcões/fisiologia , Valores de Referência , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Oftalmológico/veterináriaRESUMO
Background: The structure of the eye in wild birds is 45% larger than that in humans, which provides excellent visualcapacity but also makes them vulnerable to eye trauma. Trauma, neoplasia, infectious diseases of the ocular surface, uveitis,glaucoma, and corneal diseases in wild birds, but mainly trauma, can cause a reduction in their tear production; therefore,determining the amount of tear production in the wild birds is very important. Studies have shown that the results of theSchirmers tear test (STT) and intraocular pressure (IOP) values differ among wild bird species, and that both anesthesiaand sedation affects these parameters. The main objective of the present study was to determined IOP and STT I values inhealthy common buzzards (Buteo buteo).Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty healthy common buzzards were selected for the study following clinical and ophthalmic examinations. Following physical and clinical examinations of all subjects, routine ophthalmologic examinationswere conducted, including reflex examinations (pupillary, palpebral, menace, dazzle) and direct ophthalmoscopy for theeyelids, conjunctiva, cornea, iris, lens, and fundus. All examinations were conducted without anesthesia or sedation whilethe birds were in the dorsal recumbent position, and the results of STT I and IOP were recorded. Both tests were repeatedfor the right and left eyes. The mean ± SE STT I values for the right and left eyes were 12.63 ± 0.51 and 12.43 ± 0.54mm/min, respectively. A comparison between STT I values of the right and left eyes revealed no statistically significantdifferences (P > 0.620). The means and ranges of the TonoVet® IOP results for the right and left eyes were 32.06 ± 1.58and 32.60 ± 1.51 mmHg, respectively. There was no statistically significant...
Assuntos
Animais , Falcões/anatomia & histologia , Falcões/fisiologia , Perfurações Retinianas/veterinária , Pressão Intraocular , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Oftalmológico/veterinária , Valores de ReferênciaRESUMO
In an evolutionary context, parasites tend to be morphologically conservative relative to their hosts. However, the rate of neutral molecular evolution across many parasite lineages is faster than in their hosts. Although this relationship is apparent at the macroevolutionary scale, insight into the processes underpinning it may be gained through investigations at the microevolutionary scale. Birds and their ectoparasitic lice have served as important natural experiments in co-evolution. Here, we compared mitochondrial and morphological divergence in 2 recently diverged avian host lineages and their parasites. Gálapagos hawks (Buteo galapagoensis) are phenotypically divergent from their closest mainland relatives, the Swainson's hawk (Buteo swainsoni). Both species are host to a feather louse species of Craspedorrhynchus (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Ischnocera, Philopteridae). We sequenced the 5' end of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase c subunit I (COI) from a set of hawks and lice. Although this fragment allowed unambiguous identification of host and parasite lineages on the islands and the mainland, only a single variable site was present in the 2 hosts, but 2 major Craspedorrhynchus clades divergent by ~10% were recovered that sorted perfectly with host species. We found significant population genetic structure within the Galápagos Craspedorrhynchus lineage. While the host species are highly differentiated phenotypically, the 2 Craspedorrhynchus louse lineages are phenotypically overlapping, although subtle but significant morphological differences exist.
Assuntos
Doenças das Aves/parasitologia , Falcões/classificação , Falcões/parasitologia , Infestações por Piolhos/veterinária , Ftirápteros/classificação , Animais , Equador , Feminino , Variação Genética , Falcões/anatomia & histologia , Falcões/genética , Infestações por Piolhos/parasitologia , Masculino , América do Norte , Ftirápteros/anatomia & histologia , Ftirápteros/genética , Filogenia , Análise de Componente Principal , América do SulRESUMO
We assessed the nutritional condition and established reference values for serum chemistry parameters in a long distance migrant bird of prey, the Swainson's Hawk (Buteo swainsoni), wintering in central Argentina. We analyzed serum concentration of urea, uric acid, cholesterol, and triglycerides and assessed age and sex related differences in these parameters. A body condition index was obtained from the resultant residuals of the regression of body mass and a morphometric measure. No statistical differences were observed among sex and age groups for urea, uric acid and triglyceride serum concentration. However, cholesterol concentration differed among male and female hawks, which could be related to the gain of body mass in wintering grounds at differential rates. The mean values of the four parameters were in the range of those recorded in the Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo), indicating good nutritional condition of the population we studied. Forearm length was the morphometric variable that better correlated with body mass. The resultant body condition index was only correlated with triglyceride concentration, suggesting that this index could be valuable in future work dealing with the assessment of body fat storage in wintering and breeding hawks, as well as in stopover points on the migratory route.