RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Diagnosis and staging of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is important for management and prevention of renal disease progression. It is unclear whether K/DOQI guidelines of the National Kidney Foundation are applicable to diagnosis of CKD in renal transplant recipients (RTRs) and which method is most appropriate for estimating glomerular filtration. OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence and staging of CKD in RTRs, according to K/DOQI guidelines, and the prevalence of complications of CKD. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study included RTRs at least six months post-transplantation followed at a single out-patient service. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated with two different equations: the MDRD equation (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease) with four variables (age, creatinine level, gender, and race) and the Cockcroft-Gault (CG) formula. Patients with GFR more than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 were diagnosed with CKD only in the presence of renal damage (hematuria, proteinuria, or evidence of injury in renal biopsy). CKD staging was compared to the two equations and the prevalence of complications was determined. RESULTS: The study evaluated 241 RTRs (average age: 40.6 +/- 12.5 yr, 62.2% male; 4.5% black, 50.6% from cadaveric donors). Average follow-up time was 6.8 +/- 6.1 yr and the average baseline creatinine level was 1.48 +/- 0.72 mg/dL. CKD was diagnosed in 70.5% of RTRs, of whom 52.9% (MDRD)/47.6% (CG) were classified as Stage III (GFR: 30-59 mL/min/1.73 m2). The agreement between the two methods was very close with regard to CKD diagnosis (kappa = 0.92) and close for stage-dependent prevalence (kappa = 0.68). The prevalence of anemia, hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia (HF), hyperuricemia (HU), and systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) was 10.6%, 7.6%, 10.3%, 54%, and 73.4% for patients with CKD. Significant differences were observed for HU, HF and SAH in patients without CKD. Anemia, HU and SAH were associated with CKD stage (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of CKD in the study population was high (70.5%). The two equations tested correlated closely when used for GFR estimation. Routine CKD staging in RTRs would provide patients with safer and more appropriate management.
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Falência Renal Crônica/classificação , Falência Renal Crônica/epidemiologia , Transplante de Rim/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Taxa de Filtração Glomerular , Humanos , Masculino , Prevalência , Prognóstico , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Comorbidity is a major factor influencing mortality in hemodialysis patients. Kt/V, hematocrit and albumin levels have also been associated with mortality in these patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the severity of comorbidity, Kt/V, hematocrit and albumin levels as predictors of mortality in patients on hemodialysis therapy. METHODS: Forty patients were followed up during 12 months and assessed in relation to social demographic characteristics, time on dialysis therapy, presence of diabetes, Kt/V, hematocrit and albumin levels, also comorbidities. The impact of comorbidity on mortality was assessed by the end-stage renal disease severity index (ESRD-SI). RESULTS: Mean ESRD-SI scores for survivals (85%) and deaths (15%) were 22 +/- 14.8 vs. 44 +/- 12.4 (p < 0.001), and for diabetic (29%) and non-diabetic patients (71%), 40 +/- 15.1 vs. 19 +/- 12.5 (p < 0.001). An inverse correlation was observed between ESRD-SI scores and albumin (r = -0.475; p < 0.005). Albumin levels = 3.6 g/dL were mostly observed (82%) in patients without diabetes (p = 0.021). A correlation was observed between hematocrit and albumin levels (r = 0.544; p < 0.001). For each 1-point increase in the ESRD-SI scores, there was a 10% increase in the risk of death (p = 0.0093). CONCLUSION: The ESRD-SI is useful to assess the severity of comorbidities and to predict mortality in hemodialysis patients.
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Falência Renal Crônica/mortalidade , Diálise Renal/mortalidade , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Biomarcadores/análise , Comorbidade , Métodos Epidemiológicos , Feminino , Hematócrito , Humanos , Falência Renal Crônica/classificação , Falência Renal Crônica/terapia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Albumina Sérica/análise , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
OBJETIVO: Verificar a associação das comorbidades, quantificadas por meio do índice de gravidade da doença renal (IGDR), com os indicadores assistenciais Kt/V, hematócrito e albumina sérica, e com mortalidade. MÉTODOS: Quarenta pacientes renais crônicos em hemodiálise foram acompanhados por 12 meses e avaliados quanto a características sociodemográficas, tempo em diálise, presença de diabetes mellitus, indicadores assistenciais e comorbidades. A influência das comorbidades foi avaliada por meio do IGDR. RESULTADOS: O IGDR médio dos sobreviventes (85 por cento) e óbitos (15 por cento) foi 22±14,8 vs 44±12,4 (p<0,001) e entre pacientes diabéticos (29 por cento) e não diabéticos (71 por cento) de 40±15,1 vs 19±12,5 (p< 0,001). A correlação entre IGDR e albumina foi r= -0,475 (p<0,005). A maioria dos pacientes com albumina =3,6mg/l (82 por cento) era composta de não diabéticos (p=0,021). Houve correlação do hematócrito com a albumina, sendo r = 0,544, (p<0,001). O Kt/V não teve associação com outras variáveis. A razão de chance de óbito para cada ponto do IGDR foi de 10 por cento (p = 0,0093). CONCLUSÃO: O IGDR é um bom instrumento para avaliar comorbidade em pacientes em hemodiálise, sendo confiável para comparar grupos de pacientes e predizer mortalidade.
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Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Falência Renal Crônica/mortalidade , Diálise Renal/mortalidade , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Biomarcadores/análise , Comorbidade , Métodos Epidemiológicos , Hematócrito , Falência Renal Crônica/classificação , Falência Renal Crônica/terapia , Albumina Sérica/análise , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
UNLABELLED: High concentrations of retinol binding protein (RBP) are found in the urine of patients with tubulointerstitial injury. We evaluated the predictive value of urinary RBP (RBPu) for development graft dysfunction after kidney transplantation. METHODS: Serum creatinine and RBPu were prospectively measured at months 3, 6, and 12 in 221 kidney transplant patients. Baseline graft function was defined as the lowest serum creatinine value during the first 3 months after transplantation. Graft dysfunction was assessed at 1 year as a >-20% or >-30% change in the inverse creatinine ((Delta)1/Cr) compared to baseline value at month 3. RESULTS: Among 183 patients with normal graft function (Cr 0.6 mg/L (95% CI = -13% to -1.3%, P =.018). The percentage of patients with >-20% or >-30% (Delta)1/Cr was higher among patients with RBPu > 0.6 mg/L (34% vs 47%, P =.042; 21% vs 34%, P =.035). RBPu > 0.6 mg/L was the only variable independently associated with >-30% (Delta)1/Cr at 1 year, with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.95 (95% CI 0.99 to 3.80, P =.05). CONCLUSIONS: RBPu may serve as a surrogate marker for graft dysfunction early after transplantation for patients with normal graft function, allowing early institution of intervention therapies to prolong allograft survival.