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RESUMO Objetivo Comparar as habilidades auditivas centrais de mulheres no climatério, com e sem terapia de reposição hormonal. Métodos Estudo observacional, realizado com mulheres no climatério, divididas em dois grupos, segundo o uso ou não de terapia hormonal. Foram realizados os testes de Localização Sonora em cinco direções; Memória Sequencial para Sons Verbais e Não Verbais; Padrão de Duração; Random Gap Detection Test (RGDT); Masking Level Difference (MLD); Dicótico de Dígitos; Fala Com Ruído Branco, e aplicado o Questionário Avaliação Informal de Fadiga. Resultados Houve diferença tendenciosa de melhor desempenho médio no grupo com terapia hormonal, em comparação ao grupo sem terapia para o teste de Memória para Sons Não Verbais. Nos testes de Localização Sonora, Memória para Sons Verbais, RGDT e MLD, o grupo com terapia hormonal apresentou resultados quantitativamente melhores. O grupo com terapia hormonal demonstrou maior porcentagem de mulheres com alto nível de fadiga. Conclusão Mulheres no climatério, com e sem terapia hormonal, apresentam transtorno de processamento auditivo central envolvendo as habilidades auditivas de localização sonora, ordenação temporal simples e complexa, figura-fundo, resolução temporal e interação binaural. No entanto, as mulheres do grupo com terapia hormonal apresentam melhor desempenho em ordenação temporal simples.

ABSTRACT Purpose To compare the central auditory abilities of climacteric women, with and without hormone replacement therapy. Methods Observational study, performed with climacteric women with and without hormone replacement therapy. Sound localization tests were performed in five directions; Sequential Verbal Memory Test; Sequential Memory Test for Nonverbal Sounds; Duration Pattern Test; Random Gap Detection Test); Masking Level Difference; Dichotic Digit Test and Speech With White Noise Test and the questionnaire "Informal Fatigue Assessment" was applied. Results The differences pointed out revealed the biased difference that occurs due to higher average performance in the group with TH compared to the group without TH for TMSnV. In the TLS, TMSN, RGDT and MLD tests, the group with HT presented quantitatively better results. Conclusion Climacteric women, with and without hormone therapy, have central auditory processing disorder involving the auditory skills of sound localization, simple and complex temporal ordering, background figure, temporal resolution and binaural interaction. However, women in the hormone therapy group performed better in simple temporal ordering.

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OBJECTIVE: To measure the response time of health professionals before sound alarm activation and the implications for patient safety. METHOD: This is a quantitative and observational research conducted in an Adult Intensive Care Unit of a teaching hospital. Three researchers conducted non-participant observations for seven hours. Data collection occurred simultaneously in 20 beds during the morning shift. When listening the alarm activation, the researchers turned on the stopwatches and recorded the motive, the response time and the professional conduct. During collection, the unit had 90% of beds occupied and teams were complete. RESULT: We verified that from the 103 equipment activated, 66.03% of alarms fatigued. Nursing was the professional category that most provided care (31.06%) and the multi-parameter monitor was the device that alarmed the most (66.09%). CONCLUSION: Results corroborate the absence or delay of the response of teams, suggesting that relevant alarms might have been underestimated, compromising patient safety.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To measure the response time of health professionals before sound alarm activation and the implications for patient safety. Method: This is a quantitative and observational research conducted in an Adult Intensive Care Unit of a teaching hospital. Three researchers conducted non-participant observations for seven hours. Data collection occurred simultaneously in 20 beds during the morning shift. When listening the alarm activation, the researchers turned on the stopwatches and recorded the motive, the response time and the professional conduct. During collection, the unit had 90% of beds occupied and teams were complete. Result: We verified that from the 103 equipment activated, 66.03% of alarms fatigued. Nursing was the professional category that most provided care (31.06%) and the multi-parameter monitor was the device that alarmed the most (66.09%). Conclusion: Results corroborate the absence or delay of the response of teams, suggesting that relevant alarms might have been underestimated, compromising patient safety.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Mensurar el tiempo-respuesta de los profesionales de salud delante del disparo de las alarmas sonoras, y las implicaciones para la seguridad del paciente. Método: Investigación cuantitativa, observacional, en una Unidad de Terapia Intensiva - Adulto de un hospital de enseñanza. Los tres investigadores han realizado observaciones no participativas durante 7 horas. La recogida de los datos ha ocurrido simultáneamente en 20 camillas en el período diurno. Al oír el disparo, los investigadores accionaban los cronómetros y registraban el motivo, el tiempo-respuesta y la conducta profesional. Durante la recogida, la unidad estaba con el 90% de las camillas ocupadas y los equipos estaban completados. Resultados: Certificamos que, de los 103 equipamientos que han sido disparados, el 66,03% de las alarmas han fatigado. La enfermería ha sido la categoría profesional que más ha atendido (el 31,06%), y el monitor multiparámetros ha alarmado (el 66,09%). Conclusión: Los resultados han corroborado la ausencia o el retardo de la respuesta del equipo, sugiriendo que las alarmas relevantes hayan sido menospreciadas, comprometiendo la seguridad de los pacientes.

RESUMO Objetivo: Mensurar o tempo-resposta dos profissionais de saúde diante ao disparo dos alarmes sonoros e as implicações para a segurança do paciente. Método: Pesquisa quantitativa, observacional, em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Adulto de um Hospital de Ensino. Os três pesquisadores realizaram observações não participativas durante 7 horas. A coleta de dados ocorreu simultaneamente em 20 leitos no período diurno. Ao ouvir o disparo, os pesquisadores acionavam os cronômetros e registravam o motivo, o tempo-resposta e a conduta profissional. Durante a coleta a unidade estava com 90% dos leitos ocupados e as equipes estavam completas. Resultados: Verificamos que, dos 103 equipamentos disparados, 66,03% dos alarmes fatigaram. A enfermagem foi a categoria profissional que mais atendeu (31.06%), e o monitor multiparâmetros alarmou (66,09%). Conclusão: Os resultados corroboram a ausência ou retardo de resposta da equipe, sugerindo que alarmes relevantes tenham sido menosprezados, comprometendo a segurança dos pacientes.

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OBJECTIVE:: The objective of the present study was to identify and synthesize the best empirical evidence found on factors that influence the response of nurses regarding clinical alarms. METHOD:: An integrative literature review was conducted with searches undertaken in ten electronic databases restricted to the period from 2005 to 2016. RESULTS:: Eight articles were included by cross-checking the descriptors selected. CONCLUSION:: In the analysis of the studies, the following possible factors that might interfere with the response of nurses in the monitoring of clinical alarms were found: high number of false alarms, inaudibility of alarms due to the competition of sounds, difficulty in distinguishing the urgency of alarms, and increase in noise caused by the raise in the number of alarms.

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RESUMO O presente estudo tem como propósito refletir sobre a prática de enfermagem no que concerne à temática da monitorização dos alarmes clínicos. Objetivo: Pretendemos identificar e sintetizar, a melhor, a evidência empírica produzida sobre os fatores que influenciam a resposta dos enfermeiros perante os alarmes clínicos. Método: Perspetivou-se um estudo de revisão integrativa da literatura. Selecionámos um conjunto de dez bases de dados eletrónicas, delimitou-se a pesquisa ao período temporal de 2005 a 2016. Resultados: Por meio de uma estratégia de cruzamento dos descritores selecionados, foram incluídos oito artigos. Conclusão: Na análise dos estudos, reconhecemos como possíveis fatores que interferem na resposta dos enfermeiros na monitorização dos alarmes clínicos: o grande número de falsos alarmes, a inaudibilidade dos alarmes por causa da competição de sons, a dificuldade de distinguir a urgência dos alarmes e o aumento do ruído provocado pelo aumento do número de alarmes.

RESUMEN El presente estudio tiene como propósito reflexionar sobre la práctica de enfermería en lo que concierne a la temática del monitoreo de las alarmas clínicas. Objetivo: Pretendemos identificar y sintetizar, la mejor, la evidencia empírica producida sobre los factores que influyen la respuesta de los enfermeros frente a las alarmas clínicas. Método: Se tuvo una perspectiva de un estudio de revisión integradora de la literatura. Seleccionamos un conjunto de diez bases de datos electrónicos, se delimitó la pesquisa al periodo temporal de 2005 a 2016. Resultados: Por medio de una estrategia de cruzamiento de los descriptores seleccionados, fueron incluidos ocho artículos. Conclusión: En el análisis de los estudios, reconocemos como posibles factores que interfieren en la respuesta de los enfermeros en el monitoreo de las alarmas clínicos: el gran número de falsas alarmas, lo inaudible de las alarmas por causa de la competición de sonidos, la dificultad de distinguir la urgencia de las alarmas y el aumento de ruido provocado por el aumento del número de alarmas.

ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to reflect on nursing practice regarding the monitoring of clinical alarms. Objective: The objective of the present study was to identify and synthesize the best empirical evidence found on factors that influence the response of nurses regarding clinical alarms. Method: An integrative literature review was conducted with searches undertaken in ten electronic databases restricted to the period from 2005 to 2016. Results: Eight articles were included by cross-checking the descriptors selected. Conclusion: In the analysis of the studies, the following possible factors that might interfere with the response of nurses in the monitoring of clinical alarms were found: high number of false alarms, inaudibility of alarms due to the competition of sounds, difficulty in distinguishing the urgency of alarms, and increase in noise caused by the raise in the number of alarms.

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Young people expose themselves to potentially damaging loud sounds while leisure activities and noise induced hearing loss is diagnosed in increasing number of adolescents. Hearing and music exposure in a group of adolescents of a technical high school was assessed at the ages of: 14-15 (test) and 17-18 (retest). The aims of the current study were: (1) To compare the auditory function between test and retest; (2) to compare the musical exposure levels during recreational activities in test and retest; (3) to compare the auditory function with the musical exposure along time in a subgroup of adolescents. The participants in the test were 172 male; in the retest, this number was reduced to 59. At the test and retest the conventional and extended high frequency audiometry, transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs) and recreational habits questionnaire were performed. In the test, hearing threshold levels (HTLs) were classified as: Normal (Group 1), slightly shifted (Group 2), and significantly shifted (Group 3); the Musical General Exposure (MGE), categorized in: Low, moderate, high, and very high exposure. The results revealed a significant difference (P < 0.0001) between test and retest in the HTL and global amplitude of TEOAEs in Group 1, showing an increase of the HTL and a decrease TEOAEs amplitude. A subgroup of adolescents, with normal hearing and low exposure to music in the test, showed an increase of the HTL according with the categories of MGE in the retest. To implement educational programs for assessing hearing function, ear vulnerability and to promote hearing health, would be advisable.

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OBJECTIVE: To explore adolescents' behaviors and opinions about exposure to loud music from MP3 players. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a qualitative analysis of focus-group discussions with adolescents aged 12 to 18 years from 2 large secondary schools (1 urban and 1 rural) for pre-vocational and pre-university education. The semi-structured question route was theoretically framed within the protection motivation theory. RESULTS: Most adolescents-especially male students and students from pre-vocational schools-indicated that they often played their MP3 players at maximum volume. Although they appeared to be generally aware of the risks of exposure to loud music, they expressed low personal vulnerability to music-induced hearing loss. Most adolescents said that they would not accept any interference with their music-exposure habits. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions should target students from pre-vocational schools and should focus on increasing adolescents' knowledge of the risks of loud music and how to protect themselves. Besides hearing education for adolescents and technical modifications of MP3 players, volume-level regulations for MP3 players may be warranted.

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UNLABELLED: Exposure to noise has a harmful effect on the auditory health of workers. AIM: The main goal of this paper was to establish the role of pure-tone audiometry and evoked transient otoacoustic emissions in the detection of small temporary auditory changes after exposure to high sound pressure levels. STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional cohort study. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 30 otologically normal subjects aged between 20 and 35 years were submitted to pure-tone audiometry and evoked transiente otoacoustic emissions before and after 5 hours of exposure to high sound pressure levels (between 80 and 90 dB). RESULTS: For pure-tone audiometry the largest changes occurred at high frequencies--from 3 KHz to 8 KHz after exposure. The evoked transient otoacoustic emissions showed reduced reproductibility from 1 KHz to 4 KHz after exposure to noise. CONCLUSION: We noted that both pure-tone audiometry and evoked transient otoacoustic emissions had a role in detecting statistically significant changes in the auditory threshold and in reproductibility, after exposure to high sound pressure levels.

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A exposição ao ruído produz um efeito deletério sobre a saúde auditiva de trabalhadores. OBJETIVO: Realizar um estudo utilizando audiometria tonal e EOAT pré e pós-exposição a níveis elevados de pressão sonora, buscando informações para estabelecer a eficiência dos testes para detectar pequenas mudanças temporárias no limiar. Forma de Estudo: Coorte Transversal. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: A amostra compôs-se de trinta indivíduos otologicamente normais, com idade variando de 20 a 35 anos. Os testes audiometria tonal liminar e EOAT foram realizados em cabina acústica, pré e pós-exposição de 5 horas, a níveis elevados de pressão sonora (entre 80 a 90 dB). RESULTADOS: Na audiometria tonal liminar as maiores mudanças dos limiares auditivos ocorreram nas freqüências altas (3000 a 8000 Hz) pós-exposição a níveis elevados de pressão sonora. Os achados referentes às EOA revelaram que existe uma piora da reprodutibilidade nas freqüências de 1000 a 4000 Hz das EOAT, quando os trabalhadores foram expostos a níveis elevados de pressão sonora. CONCLUSÃO: Notamos que tanto a audiometria tonal liminar quanto às EOAT evidenciaram sensibilidade para detectar mudanças temporárias, estatisticamente significantes, nos limiares de audibilidade e reprodutibilidade, respectivamente, após a exposição a níveis elevados de pressão sonora.

Exposure to noise has a harmful effect on the auditory health of workers. AIM: The main goal of this paper was to establish the role of pure-tone audiometry and evoked transient otoacoustic emissions in the detection of small temporary auditory changes after exposure to high sound pressure levels. Study Design: a cross-sectional cohort study. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 30 otologically normal subjects aged between 20 and 35 years were submitted to pure-tone audiometry and evoked transiente otoacoustic emissions before and after 5 hours of exposure to high sound pressure levels (betweeen 80 and 90 dB). RESULTS: For pure-tone audiometry the largest changes occurred at high frequencies - from 3 KHz to 8 KHz after exposure. The evoked transient otoacoustic emissions showed reduced reproductibility from 1 KHz to 4 KHz after exposure to noise. CONCLUSION: We noted that both pure-tone audiometry and evoked transient otoacoustic emissions had a role in detecting statistically significant changes in the auditory threshold and in reproductibility, after exposure to high sound pressure levels.

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Part II, continuation of a previous paper, describes the significant hearing threshold shift found during the third year of the long-term study, which continued to be present in the fourth year, in a number of adolescents classified as Subgroup 2, who showed a higher mean HTL in the middle and especially in the high frequency ranges than the rest of the studied adolescents, classified as Subgroup 1. In both subgroups, the subjects showed high participation in recreational activities; nevertheless, the adolescents in Subgroup 2 showed higher participation in some of them in the last year of the study. From the beginning of the study, the mean HTL of the adolescents in Subgroup 2 was higher than the mean HTL of the adolescents in Subgroup 1. The exposure to high sound levels during leisure activities can be a cause of permanent hearing damage among young people with 'tender ears'.

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O presente trabalho objetivou estudar a Perda Auditiva Induzida pelo Ruído (PAIR), dando um enfoque especial sobre a mudança temporária no limiar (TTS-Temporary threshold Shift). Através da avaliaçäo auditiva pré e pós uma jornada de nove horas de trabalho, de 37 sujeitos expostos a níveis de ruído que variaram de 95 a 110 dBA, buscou-se verificar a presença de TTS; determinar seu padräo audiométrico; observar a existência de relaçäo entre TTS e PTS (Permanent Threshold Shift - Mudança Permanente no Limiar), bem como avaliar a eficácia do Programa de Conservaçäo Auditiva (PCA) utilizado pelas empresas. Os sujeitos foram dividios em dois grupos, de acordo com o tempo de serviço. O grupo 1 foi composto por sujeitos com tempo de serviço menor ou igual a dez anos e o grupo 2, por sujeitos com tempo de serviço maior maior do que dez anos. Apesar de ter-se detectado alguns valores de TTS em todas as frequências testadas, para ambos os grupos, a TTS só foi estatisticamente significativa (P < 0,05) nas frequências de 250, 500 e 1000 Hz para os indivíduos enquadrados no grupo 2. No grupo I, a ausência de TTS estatisticamente significativa pode estar relacionada tanto com uma proteçäo adequada e eficaz do Equipamento de Proteçäo Auditiva Individual (EPI) quanto como o insuficiente tamanho da amostra. Para os indivíduos do grupo 2, a presença de TTS estatisticamente significativa nas frequências mais graves e sua ausência nas frequências acima de 2000Hz, pode estar relacionada tanto com uma insuficiente proteçäo do EPI auditivo quanto com a hipótese de que a mudança no limiar assintótica (ATS - Asymptotic threshold Shift) ocasionadas por um dado som é o limite superior para a PTS ocasionada pelo mesmo tipo de som

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Se realizó la prueba de Fowler (ABLB) a 37 sujetos, otológica y audiológicamente normales, a los que se provocó una hipoacusia de transmisión unilateral mediante la inserción de un protector auditivo. Lo mismo se efectuó en 26 pacientes portadores de una otitis media crónica unilateral en que se condicionó qu el umbral para la vía ósea del oído afectado fuera de 15 dB o menos. Se encontró, según el criterio empleado, porcentajes variables de pruebas con reclutamiento positivo. Consideramos estos porcentajes como falsos positivos. Pensamos que la prueba de Fowler, así como cualquiera otra prueba clínica, es sugerente de lesión coclear pero no excluyente de lesión neural. Por ello nos permitimos recomendar que a pesar que algunas pruebas audiométricas indiquen lesión sensorial, debe completarse el examen con las pruebas de deterioro tonal o fatiga auditiva

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