RESUMO
Resumen El objetivo fue analizar las formas de afrontamiento de las violencias sexuales en mujeres víctimas sobrevivientes y su participación en los procesos de construcción de paz. Fue una investigación cualitativa a través de la Teoría Fundamentada, con el Interaccionismo Simbólico para originar la teoría, desde los significados que surgen en la interacción entre las personas y su entorno. Se recolectó la información con entrevistas a profundidad. La teoría construida resalta la experiencia de las violencias sexuales, la cual simboliza desazón, exilio, destrucción de sus metas y proyectos, la dificultad para perdonar por la magnitud del daño e incumplimiento de las leyes. Aunado a esto, las condiciones del territorio y su historia influyeron en los significados que las personas participantes asignaron a su experiencia inolvidable por las huellas del dolor; una de las formas de afrontamiento fue poder alzar su voz como un instrumento fundamental para el tránsito de víctimas a la legitimidad como constructoras de paces. Se concluye que, en la unión y en la mutualidad, encontraron la manera de legitimar sus voces y hacerlas oír por sus comunidades. El significado de la paz en las mujeres está representado en el estar en armonía, disfrutar de su cotidianidad, sentirse libres, sentirse importantes y únicas cuando hablan de la historia de dolor.
Abstract The objective was to analyze the ways of coping with sexual violence in surviving female victims and their participation in peacebuilding processes. It was a qualitative investigation through Grounded Theory, with Symbolic Interactionism to originate the theory, from the meanings that arise in the interaction between people and their environment. Information was collected through in-Depth interviews. The constructed theory highlights the experience of sexual violence, which symbolizes embodies the despair, exile, destruction of their goals and projects, the difficulty to forgive for the magnitude of the damage, and non compliance with the laws. In addition to this, the conditions of the territory and its history influenced the meanings that they assigned to their experience, duly unforgettable due to the traces of pain. One of the ways of coping was to be able to raise their voice as a fundamental instrument, for the transit of victims to legitimacy, as peace builders. We conclude that, in union and mutuality, they found the way to legitimize their voices and make them heard by their communities. The meaning of peace in women is represented by being in harmony, enjoying their daily lives, feeling free, feeling important and unique when they talk about their history of pain.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Delitos Sexuais/psicologia , Violência/psicologia , Colômbia , Conflitos Armados/psicologia , Violência contra a Mulher , Exposição à GuerraRESUMO
Abstract: Sulfur mustard is one of the chemical warfare agent. It rapidly reacts with the cutaneous tissues and other tissues, leading to various devastating long-term effects on human health. Mustard-exposed veterans suffer from its chronic skin problems, including itching, burning sensation, and eczema. We aimed to evaluate the protective effects of Myrtus communis L. (myrtle) on chronic skin lesions and quality of life of sulfur mustard-exposed veterans. In this randomized, double-blind clinical trial, 60 sulfur mustard-exposed patients were evaluated. Thirty patients received myrtle essence 5% cream (case group) and 30 patients received Eucerin cream (placebo group) twice in a day for one month. Then, We assessed the chronic skin problems and itching-related parameters (such as the itching time, severity, distribution, frequency, and calculated itching score), duration of sleep, number of waking up at night, and quality of life in the both groups. Our analysis of data revealed that application of myrtle cream effectively decreased skin problems including; itching and burning sensation. Additionally, myrtle markedly decreased skin lesion symptoms such as excoriation in the case group as compared with before treatment. Noticeably, myrtle cream significantly improved quality of life of the patients in the case group. The present study provides more in-depth information regarding the protective role of myrtle on the sulfur mustard-induces skin complication. Also, myrtle effectively improved quality of life of the sulfur mustard-exposed veterans.
Assuntos
Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Dermatopatias/induzido quimicamente , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Substâncias para a Guerra Química/toxicidade , Myrtus communis/uso terapêutico , Fitoterapia , Gás de Mostarda/toxicidade , Prurido/induzido quimicamente , Qualidade de Vida , Veteranos , Indicadores de Qualidade de Vida , Eczema/induzido quimicamente , Exposição à Guerra/efeitos adversos , Irã (Geográfico)RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Traumatic events and violence are widespread public health problems. They do not have limits related to age, sex or socioeconomic level. The prevalence of mental disorders and sociodemographic characteristics were compared in the context of traumatic events and types of violence in the general population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Observational prevalence study with a secondary information source, in the general population aged 13 to 65 years, selected at random. The interview was conducted using the Compositum International Diagnosis Interview which generates psychiatric diagnoses according to the DSM-IV. The variables included were traumatic events grouped into five categories: related to armed conflict, sexual violence, interfamily violence, other types of violence, traumas and some mental disorders. The prevalence of mental disorders was compared in the five categories of traumatic events. Statistical significance was defined as a p value of <0.05. RESULTS: Sexual and interfamily violence were more prevalent in women (p <0.05). In those under age 13, major depression related to armed conflict had a prevalence of 48.3%, with a significant difference from the other trauma groups (p=0.015). All prevalences for childhood-onset disorders showed significantly different prevalences compared with the group for violence related to armed conflict (p <0.05) and suicidal ideation was higher in the sexual violence group (p=0.006). DISCUSSION: High prevalences of mental disorders were found in people who had been exposed to traumatic events and violence. In those who experienced traumatic events related to armed conflict and sexual violence, higher prevalences of certain mental disorders were detected.
Assuntos
Transtornos Mentais/etiologia , Violência/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Transtornos Mentais/diagnóstico , Transtornos Mentais/epidemiologia , Transtornos Mentais/psicologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Fatores de Risco , Ideação Suicida , Transtornos Relacionados a Trauma e Fatores de Estresse/diagnóstico , Transtornos Relacionados a Trauma e Fatores de Estresse/epidemiologia , Transtornos Relacionados a Trauma e Fatores de Estresse/etiologia , Transtornos Relacionados a Trauma e Fatores de Estresse/psicologia , Exposição à Guerra/efeitos adversos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To establish and quantify the effect of the internal armed conflict in Colombia on infant health, particularly birth weight. METHODS: This document explores time differences in relation to the impact of the internal armed conflict in Colombia, measured by municipal homicide rates, on infant health, quantified as infant mortality and birth weight. Based on individual data from the 1995 and 2000 Colombian National Demographic and Health Surveys, along with annual municipal data on violence and economic performance, results obtained from two biological siblings are compared using a maternal fixed logistic regression, as one was born in a violent era and the other during a peaceful moment. RESULTS: Political violence negatively affected infant health outcomes during the peak of violence experienced by Colombia in the 1990s, with worse outcomes for male infants than for females. Controlling fixed maternal effects shows a three times greater probability of being born with low birth in infants born during increased violence, compared to their siblings born in more peaceful times. CONCLUSIONS: These results make visible all the effects of intense and long-lasting armed conflicts, as is the case of Colombia, since not only direct actors involved in conflict are affected, but also infants who show worse health outcomes. These results allows targeting policies for reducing the effects on populations in conflict or during the reconstruction period; in this case, the provision of maternal care during the gestational period and special care for newborns in areas under high violence levels should be a priority.
Assuntos
Peso ao Nascer , Saúde do Lactente/estatística & dados numéricos , Mortalidade Infantil , Recém-Nascido de Baixo Peso , Exposição à Guerra/efeitos adversos , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Irmãos , Violência/estatística & dados numéricos , Exposição à Guerra/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
The impact of the internal armed conflict in Peru (1980-2000) was felt in many regions in this South American country, and especially in rural regions such as the Southern Andean province of Cotabambas in the Apurímac department. This article describes and analyzes the actions and results of a community mental health project in this area that aimed to address the conflict's aftermath. The intervention used participatory strategies to identify the communities' prioritized problems, established actions appropriate to the cultural characteristics of the population, and implemented creative and recreational initiatives that responded to communities' needs. Based on democratic dialogue, horizontal relations, and reciprocity, the targeted communities became protagonists in the process of psychosocial transformation that fostered individual and collective exercise of rights, individual human development, and democratic community building.
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Serviços Comunitários de Saúde Mental/organização & administração , Características de Residência , População Rural , Participação Social/psicologia , Exposição à Guerra , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Participação da Comunidade , Competência Cultural , Feminino , Prioridades em Saúde , Nível de Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Peru , Qualidade de Vida , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The objective of this study is to identify individual, family and/or community responses of resistance within protracted armed conflict. We conducted a case study with members of rural communities in the municipality of San Francisco, in the eastern area of Antioquia, Colombia, combining biographical and ethnographical approaches. The primary results show that, along with the suffering generated by the experience of armed conflict, rural community members also display a repertoire of multiple and diverse resistance strategies. Resistance is for them an active response and a way to re-weave the fabric torn by the experience. As a type of affirmative opposition, resistance is a powerful category for the entire mental health field, in that it highlights the creativity and capacity for transformation of individuals. In this way, the category allows for overcoming the limits of the conventional biomedical view that tends to pathologize individual and social responses in scenarios of severe distress.
Assuntos
Adaptação Psicológica , Saúde Mental , Poder Psicológico , Resiliência Psicológica , Saúde da População Rural , Exposição à Guerra/efeitos adversos , Conflitos Armados , Colômbia , Criatividade , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pesquisa QualitativaRESUMO
El objetivo de este estudio es identificar las respuestas individuales, familiares y/o comunitarias para resistir en un contexto de conflicto armado prolongado. Se realizó un estudio de caso con población campesina de San Francisco, oriente antioqueño colombiano, que combinó los enfoques etnográfico y biográfico. Los principales resultados muestran que, a la par del sufrimiento, los campesinos desplegaron un repertorio de resistencias múltiples y diversas, como expresión de respuesta activa y estrategia para re-tejer los hilos rotos que dejó dicha experiencia. La resistencia, en su carácter de oposición afirmativa, es una categoría potente para el campo de la salud mental, toda vez que resalta la creatividad y la capacidad de transformación de las personas, permitiendo superar los límites de la mirada biomédica convencional que tiende a patologizar las respuestas individuales y sociales en escenarios de sufrimiento intenso.
The objective of this study is to identify individual, family and/or community responses of resistance within protracted armed conflict. We conducted a case study with members of rural communities in the municipality of San Francisco, in the eastern area of Antioquia, Colombia, combining biographical and ethnographical approaches. The primary results show that, along with the suffering generated by the experience of armed conflict, rural community members also display a repertoire of multiple and diverse resistance strategies. Resistance is for them an active response and a way to re-weave the fabric torn by the experience. As a type of affirmative opposition, resistance is a powerful category for the entire mental health field, in that it highlights the creativity and capacity for transformation of individuals. In this way, the category allows for overcoming the limits of the conventional biomedical view that tends to pathologize individual and social responses in scenarios of severe distress.
Assuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Adaptação Psicológica , Saúde Mental , Poder Psicológico , Resiliência Psicológica , Saúde da População Rural , Exposição à Guerra/efeitos adversos , Conflitos Armados , Colômbia , Criatividade , Pesquisa QualitativaRESUMO
Neste artigo discutimos a reconstrução do passado a partir de relato de um ex-guerrilheiro urbano que lutou contra a ditadura militar brasileira, através da concepção da memória como construção e ação social. Para tanto, entrevistamos o ex-guerrilheiro de codinome Jamil Rodrigues, conhecido por ter elaborado as "Teses do Jamil", documento da Vanguarda Popular Revolucionária - VPR, reconhecido como a expressão máxima da estratégia militarista nas práticas da esquerda armada brasileira. Constatamos que houve um processo de transformação; Jamil faz uma interpretação bastante diferenciada de suas antigas teses, em que atenua os aspectos militaristas da luta armada. A sua memória é interessada: seleciona e intensifica as passagens que convergem com seu posicionamento político presente. Concluímos que a construção da memória aparece como produção do novo e está agenciada pelo presente, adotando uma plasticidade contingente ao lugar social que se ocupa na atualidade.
In this article we discuss the reconstruction of the past from report of a former-guerrilla fighter who fought against the Brazilian military dictatorship, through the perspective of the memory as construction and social action. We interviewed the former-guerrilla fighter nicknamed Jamil Rodrigues, known for writing the "Jamil's thesis", document of Revolutionary Popular Vanguard, recognized as the maxim expression of militarist strategy in the practices of the Brazilian armed left. We noted a transformation's process; Jamil does a quite differentiated interpretation of his ancient thesis, reducing the militarist aspects of armed struggle. His memory is interested and it selects and intensifies the passages that converge with his present political position. We conclude that the construction of memory appears as production of the new and is assembled by the present, adopting a contingent plasticity to the social place that is occupied in the present.