RESUMO
The mammalian evolutionary tree has lost several major clades through recent human-caused extinctions. This process of historical biodiversity loss has particularly affected tropical island regions such as the Caribbean, an area of great evolutionary diversification but poor molecular preservation. The most enigmatic of the recently extinct endemic Caribbean mammals are the Nesophontidae, a family of morphologically plesiomorphic lipotyphlan insectivores with no consensus on their evolutionary affinities, and which constitute the only major recent mammal clade to lack any molecular information on their phylogenetic placement. Here, we use a palaeogenomic approach to place Nesophontidae within the phylogeny of recent Lipotyphla. We recovered the near-complete mitochondrial genome and sequences for 17 nuclear genes from a â¼750-year-old Hispaniolan Nesophontes specimen, and identify a divergence from their closest living relatives, the Solenodontidae, more than 40 million years ago. Nesophontidae is thus an older distinct lineage than many extant mammalian orders, highlighting not only the role of island systems as "museums" of diversity that preserve ancient lineages, but also the major human-caused loss of evolutionary history.
Assuntos
Evolução Biológica , Eulipotyphla/classificação , Eulipotyphla/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNA/métodos , Animais , Biodiversidade , DNA Antigo/análise , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Genoma Mitocondrial , Filogenia , Índias OcidentaisRESUMO
Knowledge of the feeding ecology of fish is essential for understanding the functioning of freshwater communities. Here we report on an analysis of the diet of Pachyurus bonariensis Steindachner, 1879, a freshwater sciaenid. Fish were collected bimonthly from December 1999 to January 2002 at three locations along the Ibicuí River in the Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. At each location, the specimens were collected in both lentic and lotic environments. The stomachs of 324 fish were analysed for contents and fullness. The main items were Ephemeroptera, Diptera (larvae), Trichoptera and Odonata. Annelida, plant matter, Decapoda, Diptera (pupae), Coleoptera and Mollusca were present in small amounts. The fish consumed smaller amounts of food in winter than in other seasons. The most important source of dietary variation for P. bonariensis was the ontogenetic, related to intrinsic biological characters. However, spatial variation was also found, suggesting that this species can adapt its diet to environmental changes. Although P. bonariensis showed ontogenetic and spatial variations in the main items consumed, the main items were always insects, characterising P. bonariensis as a fish with an insectivorous feeding habit in the Ibicuí River.(AU)
A ecologia alimentar de uma espécie é muito importante para o entendimento do funcionamento das comunidades de água doce. Neste trabalho analisamos a dieta de Pachyurus bonariensis, um sciaenídeo restrito a ambientes dulceaquícolas. Os peixes foram coletados bimestralmente de dezembro de 1999 a janeiro de 2002 em três locais do rio Ibicuí no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Em cada local os espécimes foram coletados em ambiente lótico e lêntico. Estômagos de 324 indivíduos foram analisados quanto ao seu conteúdo e grau de repleção. Os principais itens foram Ephemeroptera, Diptera (larva), Trichoptera e Odonata. Os itens Anellida, matéria vegetal, Decapoda, Diptera (pupas), Coleoptera e Mollusca estiveram presentes em menor quantidade. No inverno os peixes consumiram menor quantidade de alimento, quando comparado com as demais estações. A principal fonte de variação na dieta desse sciaenídeo foi proveniente de mudanças ontogenéticas, relacionadas a fatores biológicos intrínsecos. Entretanto também foi observada variação espacial na dieta de P. bonariensis, sugerindo que essa espécie pode adaptar sua dieta a mudanças ambientais. Apesar de P. bonariensis apresentar mudanças ontogenéticas e espaciais na sua dieta, os principais itens foram sempre insetos, caracterizando essa espécie como um peixe com hábitos insetívoros no rio Ibicuí.(AU)