RESUMO
O objetivo deste artigo foi comparar o uso da ivermectina e do albendazol em pacientes transplantados e relatar os respectivos sucessos terapêuticos nessa população. Foram analisados artigos que abordassem relatos de casos publicados nos últimos 4 anos no PubMed® relacionando os descritores "transplante de órgãos", "estrongiloidíase" e "tratamento". Foram encontrados e analisados dez relatos de caso que abordaram a estrongiloidíase em situa- ção pós-transplante contemplando 13 indivíduos. Desses, cinco (38,5%) utilizaram ambos os medicamentos, dos quais quatro (80%) se curaram, tendo recebido albendazol e ivermectina por via subcutânea (50%) ou albendazol e ivermectina por vias oral/ subcutânea (50%). O paciente que morreu recebeu albendazol e ivermectina por via subcutânea. Sete (53,8%) indivíduos utiliza- ram apenas ivermectina, dos quais três (42,8%) se curaram tendo recebido o medicamento oral (dois pacientes) ou subcutâneo (um paciente); dois (28,6%) morreram recebendo o medicamento via oral, dois (28,6%) usaram profilaticamente via oral e apenas um não manifestou sintomas. Apenas um (7,7%) indivíduo utilizou somente albendazol via oral tendo sobrevivido à infecção. A uti- lização combinada dos medicamentos ivermectina e albendazol parece ter efeito positivo no tratamento da estrongiloidíase. A administração da ivermectina por via subcutânea apresentou resultados promissores, contudo estudos controlados de siner- gia medicamentosa e vias de administração devem ser realizados para efetiva avaliação.
The objective of this article was to compare the use of ivermec- tin and albendazole in transplanted patients and to report the respective therapeutic successes in this population.Articles ad- dressing case reports published in the last 4 years in the PubMed relating the descriptors "organ transplantation", "strongyloidia- sis", and "treatment" were analyzed. Ten case reports addres- sing strongyloidiasis in a post-transplant situation, covering 13 individuals, were found and analyzed. Of these, five (38.5%) used both drugs of which 4 (80%) were cured having received subcu- taneous albendazole and ivermectin (50%) or oral/subcutaneous albendazole and ivermectin (50%). The patient who died received subcutaneous albenzadole and ivermectin. Seven (53.8%) indi- viduals used only ivermectin, of which three (42.8%) were cured having received the oral (2/3) or subcutaneous (1/3) medication, two (28.6%) died receiving the oral medication, and two (28.6%) used oral medication prophylactically, and only one did not show symptoms. Only one (7.7%) individual used only oral albenzadole and survived the infection. The combined use of the drugs iver- mectin and albendazole seems to have a positive effect on the treatment of strongyloidiasis. The administration of subcuta- neous Ivermectin has shown promising results; however, con- trolled studies of drug synergy and administration routes shall be performed for effective evaluation.
Assuntos
Humanos , Estrongiloidíase/tratamento farmacológico , Ivermectina/uso terapêutico , Albendazol/uso terapêutico , Transplantados , Anti-Helmínticos/uso terapêutico , Estrongiloidíase/prevenção & controle , Administração Oral , Transplante de Medula Óssea , Transplante de Coração , Transplante de Rim , Transplante de Pâncreas , Evolução Fatal , Quimioterapia Combinada , Injeções SubcutâneasRESUMO
Northwestern Argentina is endemic for soil-transmitted helminths, and annual deworming programs are carried out in prioritized areas. High prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis was reported in this area; therefore, control programs including ivermectin are being evaluated. The NIE-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for this purpose. In this community trial, two groups of patients, classified according to housing and living conditions were evaluated. Simultaneous with baseline survey, Group 1 was moved to new households with access to improved water and sanitation facilities (W and S), where deworming (MDA, massive drug administration) took place within 1 month; whereas Group 2 received MDA but remained living with unimproved W and S. The mean time interval between baseline and the follow-up was 331 days for Group 1 and 508 for Group 2. Anti-NIE levels were measured for each individual before and after interventions and follow-up optical density (OD) ratios were calculated to quantify the variation. A significant decrease of the anti-NIE levels between baseline and follow-up was observed in both groups. Nonetheless, the number of patients that achieved the cure criteria (OD ratio < 0.6) was higher in Group 1 than Group 2 with values of 72.7% (24/33) and 45.0% (18/40), respectively (P = 0.0197). Our results support the conclusion that a combined intervention including deworming and improvements in life conditions is more effective, in terms of the proportion of subjects cured than deworming alone. Furthermore, we found that NIE-ELISA is a useful test for assessing the response to treatment and to evaluate the outcome of control intervention programs.
Assuntos
Anti-Helmínticos/uso terapêutico , Saúde Pública/métodos , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Strongyloides stercoralis , Estrongiloidíase/tratamento farmacológico , Estrongiloidíase/prevenção & controle , Adolescente , Animais , Anticorpos Anti-Helmínticos/sangue , Argentina/epidemiologia , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Estrongiloidíase/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Strongyloides stercoralis is a helminth parasite that can infect millions of people worldwide, particularly in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions with poor sanitation. Several aspects of epidemiology, biology and host-parasite interactions of S. stercoralis have been studied, and substantial knowledge has been acquired; however, very few studies on immunotherapeutic control strategies to prevent infection and disease in humans have been conducted. Therefore, this article reviews the current progress and targets toward vaccine and passive immunization approaches for Strongyloides spp.
Assuntos
Strongyloides stercoralis/imunologia , Estrongiloidíase/imunologia , Estrongiloidíase/prevenção & controle , Vacinas/imunologia , Animais , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita/imunologia , Humanos , Imunização Passiva/métodosRESUMO
AIM: Strongyloides stercoralis infection is usually chronic and asymptomatic and may persist undiagnosed for decades. However, in immunocompromised individuals, the infection can cause hyperinfection and dissemination. Therefore, early diagnosis is essential to prevent severe forms of strongyloidiasis. The aims of this study were: (i) to evaluate the frequency of S. stercoralis infection in patients with systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) and (ii) to estimate specific immunoglobulins G (IgG) and E (IgE) production using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. METHODS: Seventy-five SLE patients treated with prophylactic anthelmintic therapy were evaluated using the spontaneous sedimentation (SS), Baermann-Moraes (BM) and agar plate culture (APC) methods. Serum anti-S. stercoralis IgG and IgE antibodies were measured by ELISA. RESULTS: Using parasitological methods, the frequency of intestinal parasites was 10.7%, whereas the frequency of S. stercoralis infection was 1.3%. The sensitivity of the ELISA to detect anti-S. stercoralis IgG and IgE was 80% and 76.9%, respectively. Both assays presented the same specificity of 96.7%. The frequency of anti-S. stercoralis IgG and IgE was 16% and 28%, respectively. Six patients were positive for both antibodies. CONCLUSIONS: Diagnostic approaches using high-sensitivity parasitological methods and the detection of specific antibodies are essential for the diagnosis of strongyloidiasis in immunocompromised patients. Early detection of infection can alter the course of the disease via appropriate treatment, preventing the occurrence of severe strongyloidiasis.
Assuntos
Antinematódeos/administração & dosagem , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/imunologia , Infecções Oportunistas/diagnóstico , Infecções Oportunistas/prevenção & controle , Strongyloides stercoralis/patogenicidade , Estrongiloidíase/diagnóstico , Estrongiloidíase/prevenção & controle , Adulto , Animais , Anticorpos Anti-Helmínticos/sangue , Biomarcadores/sangue , Diagnóstico Precoce , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Feminino , Humanos , Imunoglobulina E/sangue , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/diagnóstico , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infecções Oportunistas/imunologia , Infecções Oportunistas/parasitologia , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Fatores de Risco , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Strongyloides stercoralis/imunologia , Estrongiloidíase/imunologia , Estrongiloidíase/parasitologia , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Few data are available on the epidemiology of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) in indigenous populations of the Peruvian Amazon. While albendazole is being increasingly used in deworming campaigns, few data exist on the impact of mass drug administration in isolated populations. We studied the prevalence of STHs, anemia, and malnutrition in a Matsigenka ethnic group from the Peruvian Amazon. Participants had received two doses of albendazole on consecutive days, 3 months before and again 2 weeks before data collection. Overall, 290 subjects were included. Most were female (53.7%) and 63.9% were ≤19 years old. Half of the participants had helminth infections. Trichiuris (30.2%), hookworm (19.1%), Ascaris (17.7%), and Strongyloides (5.6%) were the most common helminths. Other helminth ova included Capillaria hepatica and Fasciola-like eggs. Subjects of 5-19 years (51.8 %) and 20-35 years (68.6 %) old had helminths more often than those under 5 years (38%) and older than 35 years (41.5%) (P â=â 0.02). Anemia was detected in 41% of children and this was more common in children under 5 years that in those of 5-19 years [odd ratio (OR) = 5.68; 95% CI: 2.71-11.88]. Overall, 72.1% of children were malnourished. Stunting was common in children (70.7%), but wasting was not (2.9%). Despite repeated albendazole administration, this population continued to have a high prevalence of STHs, anemia, and malnutrition. In addition, we detected unusual organisms and organisms that do not respond to albendazole. Further studies are needed to assess the rationale and efficacy of mass chemotherapy for STHs in the Amazon.
Assuntos
Albendazol/administração & dosagem , Anti-Helmínticos/administração & dosagem , Infecções por Nematoides/epidemiologia , Infecções por Nematoides/prevenção & controle , Solo/parasitologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Animais , Ascaríase/epidemiologia , Ascaríase/prevenção & controle , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Esquema de Medicação , Fezes/parasitologia , Feminino , Infecções por Uncinaria/epidemiologia , Infecções por Uncinaria/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Masculino , Infecções por Nematoides/transmissão , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas , Peru/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Saúde Pública , Estrongiloidíase/epidemiologia , Estrongiloidíase/prevenção & controle , Tricuríase/epidemiologia , Tricuríase/prevenção & controleRESUMO
The administration of viable Bifidobacterium animalis was tested to induce resistance against Strongyloides venezuelensis infection in mice. Effects on parasite burden, worm length, egg output, and intestinal mucosal histology were evaluated. The oral administration of B. animalis, strain 04450B, starting 14 days before the inoculation of nematode larvae significantly decreased the worm burden and egg output. In probiotic treated animals, the percent reduction of adult worms in the intestine was of 33% and the reduction of egg production was of 21%, compared with those of the control group. The duodenum villous height and villous/crypt ratio were significantly higher in probiotic-treated mice, indicating that this group could be experiencing less intestinal damage. The present findings revealed that the administration of B. animalis for the amelioration of host response to nematode infections is biologically plausible and could have some potential for impacting public health. Meanwhile, further study is needed to delineate the nature and identity of the factor(s) involved in these beneficial effects.
Os efeitos da administração de Bifidobacterium animalis viáveis sobre a infecção por Strongyloides venezuelensis foram avaliados em camundongos experimentalmente infectados. Os parâmetros analisados incluíram a carga parasitária, o comprimento dos vermes, a quantidade de ovos eliminados e a histologia da mucosa intestinal. A administração oral da cepa 04450B de B. animalis, iniciada 14 dias antes da inoculação de larvas do nematódeo, foi acompanhada de uma redução significativa do número de vermes que se estabeleceu no intestino e do número de ovos eliminados nas fezes. Nos animais tratados com o probiótico, o percentual de redução de vermes adultos no intestino foi de 33% e da produção de ovos foi de 21%, em comparação com os do grupo controle. O comprimento das vilosidades do duodeno e a relação vilus/cripta foram significativamente maiores nos animais tratados, indicando que nestes animais as lesões intestinais foram mais leves. Os resultados do presente trabalho revelaram que a administração de B. animalis com o propósito de modular a resposta do hospedeiro contra infecções por nematódeos é uma possibilidade biologicamente plausível com impacto potencial em saúde pública. No entanto, são ainda necessários mais estudos para esclarecer os mecanismos de ação destes microrganismos e identificar os fatores envolvidos na produção dos efeitos benéficos.
Assuntos
Animais , Camundongos , Bifidobacterium , Enteropatias Parasitárias/prevenção & controle , Probióticos/administração & dosagem , Strongyloides/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Estrongiloidíase/prevenção & controle , Fezes/parasitologia , Enteropatias Parasitárias/parasitologia , Mucosa Intestinal/imunologia , Mucosa Intestinal/parasitologia , Mucosa Intestinal/patologia , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas , Strongyloides/classificaçãoRESUMO
The administration of viable Bifidobacterium animalis was tested to induce resistance against Strongyloides venezuelensis infection in mice. Effects on parasite burden, worm length, egg output, and intestinal mucosal histology were evaluated. The oral administration of B. animalis, strain 04450B, starting 14 days before the inoculation of nematode larvae significantly decreased the worm burden and egg output. In probiotic treated animals, the percent reduction of adult worms in the intestine was of 33% and the reduction of egg production was of 21%, compared with those of the control group. The duodenum villous height and villous/crypt ratio were significantly higher in probiotic-treated mice, indicating that this group could be experiencing less intestinal damage. The present findings revealed that the administration of B. animalis for the amelioration of host response to nematode infections is biologically plausible and could have some potential for impacting public health. Meanwhile, further study is needed to delineate the nature and identity of the factor(s) involved in these beneficial effects.
Assuntos
Bifidobacterium , Enteropatias Parasitárias/prevenção & controle , Probióticos/administração & dosagem , Strongyloides/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Estrongiloidíase/prevenção & controle , Animais , Fezes/parasitologia , Enteropatias Parasitárias/parasitologia , Mucosa Intestinal/imunologia , Mucosa Intestinal/parasitologia , Mucosa Intestinal/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas , Strongyloides/classificaçãoRESUMO
Strongyloides stercoralis infections have a worldwide distribution with a global burden in terms of prevalence and morbidity that is largely ignored. A public health response against soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections should broaden the strategy to include S. stercoralis and overcome the epidemiological, diagnostic, and therapeutic challenges that this parasite poses in comparison to Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworms. The relatively poor sensitivity of single stool evaluations, which is further lowered when quantitative techniques aimed at detecting eggs are used, also complicates morbidity evaluations and adequate drug efficacy measurements, since S. stercoralis is eliminated in stools in a larval stage. Specific stool techniques for the detection of larvae of S. stercoralis, like Baermann's and Koga's agar plate, despite superiority over direct techniques are still suboptimal. New serologies using recombinant antigens and molecular-based techniques offer new hopes in those areas. The use of ivermectin rather than benzimidazoles for its treatment and the need to have curative regimens rather than lowering the parasite burden are also unique for S. stercoralis in comparison to the other STH due to its life cycle, which allows reproduction and amplification of the worm burden within the human host. The potential impact on STH of the benzimidazoles/ivermectin combinations, already used for control/elimination of lymphatic filariasis, should be further evaluated in public health settings. While waiting for more effective single-dose drug regimens and new sensitive diagnostics, the evidence and the tools already available warrant the planning of a common platform for STH and S. stercoralis control.
Assuntos
Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis/métodos , Doenças Negligenciadas/epidemiologia , Doenças Negligenciadas/prevenção & controle , Administração em Saúde Pública/métodos , Estrongiloidíase/epidemiologia , Estrongiloidíase/prevenção & controle , Anti-Helmínticos/uso terapêutico , Quimioterapia Combinada/métodos , Fezes/parasitologia , Saúde Global , Humanos , Microscopia/métodos , Doenças Negligenciadas/diagnóstico , Doenças Negligenciadas/tratamento farmacológico , Parasitologia/métodos , Testes Sorológicos/métodos , Estrongiloidíase/diagnóstico , Estrongiloidíase/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Strongyloides stercoralis (S.stercoralis) is a parasite that infects humans and in conditions of immunodeficiency may disseminate, causing the potentially fatal strongyloides hyperinfection syndrome (SHS). The aim of this review was to investigate the literature evidence on the prophylaxis of SHS in immunosuppressed patients with rheumatological disorders. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The MEDLINE database (from 1966 to 2008) was searched using the following terms: "strongyloidiasis", "disseminated strongyloidiasis", "Strongyloides stercoralis", "Strongyloides stercoralis dissemination", "strongyloides hyperinfection syndrome", "treatment", "prophylaxis", "prevention", "immunocompromised", "immunodepression", "immunosuppressed", "immunosuppression", "corticosteroids", "glucocorticoids", "lupus erythematosus", "rheumatoid arthritis", "rheumatic diseases". A search of the therapeutic studies using the same set of terms was carried out. RESULTS: No study on the prophylaxis of SHS restricted to rheumatic immunosuppressed patients was identified. However, two articles have been published on the prophylaxis of strongyloidiasis in other immunosuppressed patients. Additionally, 13 studies dealing with different therapeutical options for strongyloidiasis were identified and presented. CONCLUSIONS: Since there is no evidence on the prophylaxis of SHS in immunosuppressed rheumatic patients, the suggested regimen for that prophylaxis may rely on the results obtained from therapeutical studies. Ivermectin has the best safety profile, lower cost and best efficacy and should be the drug of choice for the prophylaxis of SHS in such patients. Although a definitive prophylactic regimen has not been defined, the option for 200 microg/kg/day for 2 days, repeated within 2 weeks, seems to be a reasonable approach. Such regimen should be repeated every 6 months in case of persisting immunosuppression in permanent residents of endemic areas.
Assuntos
Doenças Reumáticas/complicações , Strongyloides stercoralis , Estrongiloidíase/prevenção & controle , Superinfecção/prevenção & controle , Animais , Antiparasitários/administração & dosagem , Antiparasitários/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido/imunologia , Ivermectina/administração & dosagem , Ivermectina/uso terapêutico , Doenças Reumáticas/imunologia , Doenças Reumáticas/parasitologia , Strongyloides stercoralis/imunologia , Estrongiloidíase/tratamento farmacológico , Estrongiloidíase/imunologia , Superinfecção/etiologia , Superinfecção/parasitologiaRESUMO
The present study was carried out to investigate the immune response against Strongyloides venezuelensis infection in Balb/c mice previously immunized with larva-antigens or primed with live-larvae. Our results indicate that all primed mice developed a strong protection against challenge infection that remained active for 45 days. In mice primed with live-larvae the challenge infection resulted in great reduction of migrating larvae and the worms were completely eliminated from the small intestine before maturation. The protection pattern did not alter when the primary infection was aborted by drug treatment. In these experimental groups, the challenge infection was accompanied by a type-2 predominant immune response, intense IgE and reactive IgG1 production, and granulocyte infiltration in skin, lungs and intestine. The challenge infection in antigen-immunized mice also resulted in great reduction of migrating larvae. However, the worms that reached the host intestine matured, produced eggs and were eliminated similarly to the ones from nonimmunized mice. Protective mechanisms after immunization with larva antigen were migrating larva-specific and associated with a strong and mixed Th1 and Th2 response, without tissue granulocyte infiltration. In conclusion, protective immunity induced by a previous infection or antigen-immunization are stage-specific and operate through different effector mechanisms.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Anti-Helmínticos/sangue , Granulócitos/imunologia , Linfócitos/imunologia , Strongyloides/imunologia , Estrongiloidíase/prevenção & controle , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Meios de Cultura/química , Peroxidase de Eosinófilo/análise , Fezes/parasitologia , Feminino , Imunoglobulina E/sangue , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Interferon gama/análise , Interleucina-10/análise , Interleucina-4/análise , Mucosa Intestinal/química , Larva , Pulmão/química , Pulmão/parasitologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas , Peroxidase/análise , Pele/química , Baço/imunologia , Estrongiloidíase/imunologiaRESUMO
O Strongyloides stercoralis é um nematóide parasita com distribuição mundial, porém, é encontrado com freqüência em países de clima tropical. Causa uma doença conhecida como estrongiloidíase, geralmente assintomática que, em pacientes imunocomprometidos, pode levar à complicações muitas vezes fatais. Este trabalho relata um caso de síndrome hiperinfecciosa por Strongyloidesstercoralis em uma paciente de 69 anos, com doença broncopulmonar obstrutiva crônica, usuária crônica de terapia com corticosteróide, e apresenta uma revisão da literatura a este respeito. Ressalta-se a importância do diagnóstico e tratamento da estrongiloidíase em pacientes imunocomprometidos, com ênfase àqueles submetidos à terapia com corticosteróide, com a finalidade de prevenir a estrongiloidíase invasiva e disseminada.
Strongyloides stercoralis is a nematoid parasite with world distribution present in higher frequencies in countries with tropical climate. It causes a disease known as strongyloidiasis that, despite generally asymptomatic, can cause complications and many times death in imunocompromised patients. This report presents a case of hiperinfective syndrome by Strongyloides stercoralisin a 69 years old female who has a chronic obstructive bronchopulmonary disease and makes chronic use of corticosteroid therapy. A review of related literature is also presented. The relevance of the diagnosis and treatment of strongyloidiasis in imunocompromised patients, specially those making use of corticosteroid therapy, in order to prevent hyperinfection or invasive strongyloidiasis is also discussed.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Idoso , Corticosteroides/uso terapêutico , Estrongiloidíase/prevenção & controle , Estrongiloidíase/terapia , Infecções Equinas por Strongyloidea , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica , Estrongiloidíase , Strongyloides stercoralisRESUMO
Strongyloides stercoralis infection is a disease caused by an intestinal parasite. This helminth is highly prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas. The preferred treatment is ivermectin, and thiabendazole as a second option available in certain Peruvian institutions. The purpose of the study was to assess the efficacy and tolerability of thiabendazole (25 mg/kg/day) administered twice a day (after meals) for three days in individuals with S. stercoralis chronic infection. The study was conducted at Hospital de La Merced, Province of Chanchamayo, Peru (endemic area), during a 90 day period. The study included 32 individuals (22 female and 10 male, average age +/- SD = 9.31 +/- 8.11 years) with a diagnosed S. stercoralis infection. Follow up tests were eosinophil count, hematocrit, agar plate feces culture, and Baermann technique modified by Lumbreras. Healing rate was 90.6%. The average eosinophil count in healed patients significantly decreased (1168 to 665 eosinophils/cc, p=0.006) as compared to the treatment failure group, which showed a slight increase (618 to 897 eosinophils/cc, p=0.125). Hematocrit increased in both groups (2% and 3%, respectively). Adverse effects were headache, dizziness, and epigastralgia in 6.2% of individuals. It was concluded that the studied scheme showed a high effectiveness rate and was well tolerated. Therefore this scheme may be taken into account for control programs of this parasite in hyperendemic areas.
Assuntos
Antinematódeos/uso terapêutico , Strongyloides stercoralis , Estrongiloidíase/prevenção & controle , Tiabendazol/uso terapêutico , Adolescente , Animais , Criança , Doenças Endêmicas/prevenção & controle , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Peru/epidemiologia , Estrongiloidíase/epidemiologiaRESUMO
A study was conducted to assess the breed resistance against nematode infections in Santa Ines, Ile de France and Suffolk male lambs over a 9-month period in São Paulo state, Brazil. Lambs were born during the winter (year 2000) and were weaned at 2 months of age. The animals were then housed and treated with anthelmintics to eliminate natural infections by gastrointestinal nematodes. In late October 2000, lambs were placed in a paddock, where they stayed until August of the following year. Fecal and blood samples were taken from each animal every 2 weeks. On the same day, a pasture sample was collected to determine the number of infective larvae on the herbage. To prevent deaths, individual treatment with anthelmintics was provided to lambs with fecal egg counts (FEC) higher than 4000 eggs per gram (EPG) or with a packed cell volume (PCV) lower than 21%. In August 2001, all animals were slaughtered and the worms present in samples of the gastrointestinal contents were identified and counted. Most of the Suffolk and Ile de France sheep received three to six anthelmintic treatments over a period of 7 months, while most of the Santa Ines were not treated. Reductions in PCV and plasma protein values associated with high FEC and worm burdens were recorded, particularly, in Suffolk and Ile de France lambs. Haemonchus contortus and Oesophagostomum columbianum burdens and number of nodular lesions caused in the large intestine by O. columbianum larvae were significantly lower in Santa Ines sheep. All three breeds showed similar Trichostrongylus colubriformis worm burdens. The relative resistance of Santa Ines young male sheep was superior to that of Suffolk and Ile de France sheep.
Assuntos
Gastroenteropatias/veterinária , Doenças dos Ovinos/imunologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/parasitologia , Ovinos/imunologia , Strongyloidea/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Estrongiloidíase/veterinária , Abomaso/parasitologia , Animais , Brasil , Fezes/parasitologia , Gastroenteropatias/imunologia , Gastroenteropatias/parasitologia , Gastroenteropatias/prevenção & controle , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Hematócrito/veterinária , Imunidade Inata/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas/veterinária , Poaceae/parasitologia , Ovinos/genética , Doenças dos Ovinos/prevenção & controle , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Estrongiloidíase/imunologia , Estrongiloidíase/parasitologia , Estrongiloidíase/prevenção & controleRESUMO
The larvicidal effects of 11 anthelmintics, 7 pesticides and 4 disinfectants were evaluated with infective larvae of Strongyloides papillosus (SPL) and Strongyloides venezuelensis (SVZ). The lethal concentrations against SPL and SVZ were found to be similar. Three chemicals (dichlorvos, levamisole and trichlorfon) showed highest larvicidal effects. The 50% lethal concentration (LC(50)) values for the three compounds against SPL larvae were 0.08, 0.24, and 0.59 ppm, respectively.
Assuntos
Anti-Helmínticos/farmacologia , Desinfetantes/farmacologia , Fezes/parasitologia , Praguicidas/farmacologia , Strongyloides/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/prevenção & controle , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Strongyloides/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Estrongiloidíase/prevenção & controle , Estrongiloidíase/veterináriaRESUMO
Human strongyloidiasis is an important health problem in the southeast region of Peruvian Amazon, due to its prevalence and long term morbidade. An epidemiological study was conducted in the Peruvian Amazon area of Puerto Maldonado to determine the prevalence of strongyloidiasis in the population. Stool samples were collected from 1,133 patients at the outpatient department of our clinic. Strongyloidiasis affected 221 examined patients (20 percent). Prevalence was highest in males, mostly in children and elderly men. People living in urban and marginal urban areas, those coming from outside the region, and Andean people, showed the highest prevalences. Pre-school children were more likely to be parasitized than older children. The most common symptoms were diarrhea (55 percent), abdominal pain (32 percent) and cough (53 percent). One in 7 (13 percent) affected patients presented with moderate or severe symptoms, including life-threatening complications. Other intestinal parasites were found frequently in patients diagnosed with strongyloidiasis. Improved human waste disposal services are considered to be main requirement to reduce the high prevalence of this disease.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Enteropatias Parasitárias/epidemiologia , Estrongiloidíase/epidemiologia , Estrongiloidíase/prevenção & controle , Prevalência , Strongyloides stercoralis , Peru , Prevenção PrimáriaRESUMO
Repetitive administration of recombinant IL-3 induced protection against Strongyloides ratti but not against Nippostrongylus brasiliensis in C57BL/6 mice. Numbers of S. ratti were negligible from day 4 to day 6 post-infection in mice injected with IL-3, whereas N. brasiliensis burdens were almost equal from day 4 to day 6 between mice injected with IL-3 or with medium. Mice treated with IL-3 and then concurrently infected with S. ratti and N. brasiliensis were protected from intestinal S. ratti but not from N. brasiliensis. The numbers of intestinal mucosal mast cells were increased by the repetitive IL-3 treatment on one day after the final injection and was augmented by subsequent infection with both nematodes.
Assuntos
Interleucina-3/uso terapêutico , Nippostrongylus , Infecções por Strongylida/prevenção & controle , Strongyloides ratti , Estrongiloidíase/prevenção & controle , Animais , Suscetibilidade a Doenças/imunologia , Suscetibilidade a Doenças/prevenção & controle , Fezes/parasitologia , Interleucina-3/farmacologia , Mucosa Intestinal/imunologia , Mucosa Intestinal/parasitologia , Masculino , Mastócitos/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Nippostrongylus/imunologia , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas , Proteínas Recombinantes/farmacologia , Proteínas Recombinantes/uso terapêutico , Infecções por Strongylida/imunologia , Strongyloides ratti/imunologia , Estrongiloidíase/imunologiaRESUMO
In Venezuela, Strongyloides stercoralis is an endemic parasite, but scarce information exists about systemic strongyloidiasis, an opportunistic infection that generally occurs in immunosuppressed patients, especially in those with a defect in cell-mediated immunity. The symptomatology of systemic strongyloidiasis is variable. The syndrome is characterized mostly by gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms. Paralytic ileus and acute respiratory insufficiency can be prominent. Sepsis and meningitis are frequent. The diagnosis can be made by examination of feces, duodenal or jejunal aspirates and sputum. Larvae can also be identified in peritoneal fluid, pleural fluid, lymph nodes, urine specimens and cerebrospinal fluid. Thiabendazole, at standard doses, during at least five to seven days is satisfactory if administered promptly. It is necessary to rule out this parasitoses in patients at risk to avoid fatal outcomes.