RESUMO
La cavidad oral es la puerta de entrada tanto de nutrientes como de enfermedades e infecciones, en pacientes que tienen algún tipo de discapacidad es aun mßs importante mantener una buena salud oral que determine una mejor salud general. El Autismo es un Síndrome no una enfermedad, en la gran mayoría de los casos congénito, que afecta las relaciones sociales y afectivas así como la capacidad de comunicación de los individuos. Los profesionales que trabajemos alrededor de el tendremos la importante misión de darle una mejor calidad de vida. Para lograr esto es indispensable que el profesional se informe sobre el síndrome, sus características, sus antecedentes, etc. para así poder tratar a cada individuo como único, ya que en este tipo de pacientes descubriremos que no existe un caso igual a otro y deberemos adecuarnos a cada uno en particular, utilizando todos los recursos de los que podamos valernos para lograr resultados positivos. El manejo Psicológico debe realizarse desde la primera sesión y no dejar de hacerse hasta la última, debemos tener en consideración los datos consignados en la historia clinica, mantener contacto permanente con el o los médicos que tratan al paciente así como conel terapeuta físico, del lenguaje u ocupacional dependiendo de cada caso. El paciente autista debe familiarizarse con el profesional, el staff del consultorio, los colores, olores y ruidos propios del ambiente odontológico, debemos recordar que este tipo de pacientes son muy susceptibles a cambios de cualquier tipo a pesar de que en muchos casos pueden parecer abstraídos en su propio mundo 3. Es por esto que nuestro abordaje debe ser realizado de afuera hacia adentro, nunca acercarnos directamente a la cavidad oral e ir avanzando de acuerdo a como el paciente reaccione ante cada uno de nuestros movimientos.
The oral cavity is the main entrance for nutrients as well as for illness and infections, in patients who have any type of disability it is extremely important to maintain a good oral health which will determine a good general health. Autism is a syndrome, not an illness, most of the times congenital and which interferes with social and affective relations as well as the person communication. As Dental Care providers we all have the responsibility to improve their life condition into a better one. It is very important for Dental Care Providers to be appropriate informed about this syndrome, it will be the only way to treat each patient as a unique person because we will learn and notice that every case is different and each patient will need to be treated with all the medical resources as possible to obtain a positive result. The patient psychological management needs to be treated since the first visit, all the patient medical history and information is essential and will be considered for the treatment. Keep in touch with the patient's general care provider as well as the physical or the speech therapist depending on each case. It will help for a better understanding of the patient needs. The autistic patient needs to be involved and comfortable with the medical provider and office staff, the space, colours and noises to be found the dental office. Remember that, this type of patient is extremely sensitive to any changes surrounding, although they may look totally inside of their own world. This is why we will need to approach to the patient from the outside to the inside, never go directly to their oral cavity; all movements and actions will need to be done depending on the patient's reaction.
Assuntos
Humanos , Comunicação , Esquizofrenia Infantil/psicologia , Relações Dentista-Paciente , Transtorno Autístico/psicologia , Transtorno de Movimento EstereotipadoRESUMO
After presenting an historical overview of the development of the concept of childhood psychosis, this paper discusses the various etiologies which have been offered to explain severe disturbances of childhood. Reference is made to the nature/nurture polemic. In spite of the general belief that the etiology is biologically determined, particularly in infantile autism, the actual evidence tends to be meagre. Furthermore, the literature includes a number of studies which have been found to be methodically weak and which seem to disclaim the intellectual and socioeconomic superiority of the parents of autistic children, contrary to Kanner's original finding that such superiority exists. The link between social class and autism, according to Cantwell's review, does not appear to fit a purely biological causation of autism. This remains an awkward finding which still demands an explanation. The contention of this paper is that contradictory findings could be explained, as stated by Kanner, by the 'inordinate' use of the label 'autism' to include various types of children's severe disorders, even brain-damaged children. Furthermore this review emphasizes the fact that a total neglect of sociocultural variables in the study of such children has led to confounding results. A careful reading of the literature and correspondence with numerous psychiatrists around the world have led the author to believe that infantile autism is more prevalent in highly technological countries where there is extensive geographical and economic mobility coupled with the nuclearization of the family. This paper offers supportive evidence for this speculation.
Assuntos
Transtorno Autístico/psicologia , Cultura , Esquizofrenia Infantil/psicologia , Negro ou Afro-Americano/psicologia , Transtorno Autístico/etiologia , Transtorno Autístico/genética , População Negra , Criança , Educação Infantil , Etnicidade/psicologia , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Itália/etnologia , Judeus/psicologia , Transtornos Neuróticos/psicologia , Apego ao Objeto , Pais/psicologia , Porto Rico/etnologia , Religião e Psicologia , Projetos de Pesquisa/normas , Esquizofrenia Infantil/etiologia , Esquizofrenia Infantil/genética , Classe Social , Reino Unido/etnologiaRESUMO
I have tried to summarize the different points of view in regard to clinical diagnosis of child psychosis. The main purpose is to reach a more universal agreement to base a diagnosis that allows us not only to facilitate an early diagnosis but also its treatment and above all better bases for research. Infantile psychosis varies at different levels of growth, according to age, however it is considered that psychosis in children is basically a disturbance in ego-functions. This is clearly evident in the thinking process, in affect, perception, motility, language, individualization, disturbance of object relations, and lost of contact with reality. The basic points for the diagnosis of child psychosis proposed by the "Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry" and initially studied by the English working party headed by Goldberg and col. are discussed: disturbances of their interpersonal relationships, indifference or preoccupation with inanimate objects, lack or failure in speech development, alteration in sensorial perception, bizarre or stereotyped behavior, resistance to change routines or change of environment, poor personal identification, crises of anger or panic which are not predictable and finally an uneven intellectual development.