RESUMO
This study was conducted to evaluate effects of two administrations of d-cloprostenol at different intervals to synchronize the time of estrus and ovulation among estrous cyclic goats. In Experiment 1, 32 does were treated with 30⯵gâ¯d-cloprostenol at 7.5 (T7.5, n = 16) or 11.5-day (T11.5, n = 16) intervals. In Experiment 2, the same treatments were administered and there was AI of the does (T7.5, n = 40 and T11.5, n = 38). In Experiment 1, ultrasonic assessments of ovaries were conducted at the time of the second administration of d-cloprostenol, every 12â¯h until detection of ovulation, and 7 days after estrous onset to detect the corpora lutea, as well as for pregnancy diagnosis 40 days after AI. In Experiment 1, the estrous response (90.6%, 29/32) was similar (Pâ¯>â¯0.05) in both groups. Diameter of the largest follicle at the time of administration of the second dose was larger (P = 0.01) in the T7.5 than T11.5 group (7.0 compared with 5.7â¯mm), while the values for ovarian variables were similar (Pâ¯>â¯0.05). In Experiment 2, the greatest (Pâ¯<â¯0.001) synchrony in timing of initiation of estrus in does (T7.5 = 83.3% and T11.5 = 50.0%) occurred after the second day (36-48â¯h). The pregnancy rate tended (P = 0.0836) to be greater for does in the T7.5 (71.4%, 40/56) than T11.5 (55.6%, 30/54) group. With use of both protocols, there were acceptable estrous synchronization and pregnancy rates in estrous cyclic dairy goats.
Assuntos
Cloprostenol/administração & dosagem , Sincronização do Estro/métodos , Cabras , Inseminação Artificial , Taxa de Gravidez , Prenhez , Animais , Indústria de Laticínios , Esquema de Medicação/veterinária , Ciclo Estral/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Inseminação Artificial/métodos , Inseminação Artificial/veterinária , Masculino , Ovulação/efeitos dos fármacos , Gravidez , Prenhez/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
A recrystallized form of enrofloxacin as dehydrate-HCl (enro-C) was assessed for bacteriological and clinical cure efficacies in Holstein-Friesian cows affected of nonsevere clinical mastitis. Treatments were enro-Csusp (n = 81), treated with a pharmaceutical suspension of enro-C/quarter; group enro-Cpd (n = 80) treated as above, but using enro-C powder suspended in water; group CF (n = 65), treated with ceftiofur HCl/quarter; and group enroR (n = 66), treated with standard enrofloxacin solution (5 mg/kg, intramuscular). Cows had a mean milk production of 31 L/day and were 2-3 lactational periods old. Treatments were administered every 24 hr for 3 days. Groups treated with enro-C exhibited statistically significant (p > .05) better clinical cure as compared to groups treated with CF or enroR (95.06%, 96.25%, 67.79%, and 57.55%, for enro-Csusp , enro-Cpd , CF, and enroR , respectively). In contrast, probability of bacteriological cure was not statistically different among treatments. Yet, the outstanding clinical and bacteriological cure rates obtained for enro-C for nonsevere cases of mastitis is superior to previously reported data for parenteral enrofloxacin and other antibacterial-intramammary treatments. Impact of using enro-C on the rate and pattern of bacterial resistance, somatic cell counts and milk electric conductivity, must be studied. Also, the use of enro-C for complicated cases of mastitis should be studied and milk withdrawal times must be accurately established.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Cefalosporinas/uso terapêutico , Fluoroquinolonas/uso terapêutico , Mastite Bovina/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Bovinos , Cefalosporinas/administração & dosagem , Esquema de Medicação/veterinária , Enrofloxacina , Feminino , Fluoroquinolonas/administração & dosagem , Infusões Parenterais/veterinária , Injeções/veterinária , Glândulas Mamárias Animais , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Standard of care treatment for multicentric lymphoma in dogs remains doxorubicin (DOX)-based combination chemotherapy, but owners may hesitate to commit the time and financial resources to complete such a protocol, typically requiring 12-16 visits. Rabacfosadine (RAB), a double prodrug of the nucleotide analog 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl) guanine, has substantial single-agent activity in dogs with lymphoma, and a different mechanism of action than DOX. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy and adverse effect (AE) profile of alternating doses of RAB and DOX in dogs with naïve multicentric lymphoma. ANIMALS: Fifty-four dogs with previously untreated lymphoma. METHODS: Open-label, multicenter prospective clinical trial. Dogs received alternating RAB (1.0 mg/kg IV weeks 0, 6, 12) and DOX (30 mg/m2 IV weeks 3, 9, 15). Dogs that achieved complete response (CR) were followed by monthly evaluations. Complete clinicopathological evaluation and assessment of remission and AEs were performed every 21 days. RESULTS: The overall response rate was 84% (68%; CR; 16%; partial response [PR)]. The overall median progression-free interval (PFI) was 194 days (216 for CR and 63 for PR). Most AEs were mild and self-limiting: gastrointestinal and hematologic AEs were most common. Thirteen dogs experienced dermatologic AEs, and 2 dogs developed grade 5 pulmonary fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Alternating RAB/DOX generally was well tolerated and resulted in PFIs comparable to standard DOX-based multi-agent protocols, with fewer treatment visits. Most adverse events were mild or moderate and self-limiting. Further studies are warranted to explore long-term outcome and other RAB chemotherapy combinations.
Assuntos
Alanina/análogos & derivados , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Doenças do Cão/tratamento farmacológico , Doxorrubicina/uso terapêutico , Linfoma/veterinária , Pró-Fármacos/uso terapêutico , Purinas/uso terapêutico , Alanina/administração & dosagem , Alanina/efeitos adversos , Alanina/uso terapêutico , Animais , Antineoplásicos/administração & dosagem , Antineoplásicos/efeitos adversos , Cães , Doxorrubicina/administração & dosagem , Doxorrubicina/efeitos adversos , Esquema de Medicação/veterinária , Feminino , Linfoma/tratamento farmacológico , Masculino , Pró-Fármacos/administração & dosagem , Pró-Fármacos/efeitos adversos , Purinas/administração & dosagem , Purinas/efeitos adversos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Objectives The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of epidural lidocaine in combination with either methadone or morphine for postoperative analgesia in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Methods Under general anesthesia, 24 cats that underwent ovariohysterectomy were randomly allocated into three treatment groups of eight each. Treatment 1 included 2% lidocaine (4.0 mg/kg); treatment 2 included lidocaine and methadone (4.0 mg/kg and 0.3 mg/kg, respectively); and treatment 3 included lidocaine and morphine (4.0 mg/kg and 0.1 mg/kg, respectively). All drugs were injected in a total volume of 0.25 ml/kg via the lumbosacral route in all cats. During the anesthetic and surgical periods, the physiologic variables (respiratory and heart rate, arterial blood pressure and rectal temperature) were measured at intervals of time zero, 10 mins, 20 mins, 30 mins, 60 mins and 120 mins. After cats had recovered from anesthesia, a multidimensional composite pain scale was used to assess postoperative analgesia 2, 4, 8, 12, 18 and 24 h after epidural. Results The time to first rescue analgesic was significantly ( P <0.05) prolonged in cats that received both lidocaine and methadone or lidocaine and morphine treatments compared with those that received lidocaine treatment alone. All cats that received lidocaine treatment alone required rescue analgesic within 2 h of epidural injections. All treatments produced significant cardiovascular and respiratory changes but they were within an acceptable range for healthy animals during the surgical period. Conclusions and relevance The two combinations administered via epidural allowed ovariohysterectomy with sufficient analgesia in cats, and both induced prolonged postoperative analgesia.
Assuntos
Anestésicos Locais/administração & dosagem , Gatos/cirurgia , Lidocaína/administração & dosagem , Dor Pós-Operatória/veterinária , Analgésicos Opioides/administração & dosagem , Anestesia Geral/veterinária , Animais , Gatos/fisiologia , Esquema de Medicação/veterinária , Quimioterapia Combinada/veterinária , Feminino , Histerectomia/veterinária , Injeções Epidurais/veterinária , Metadona/administração & dosagem , Morfina/administração & dosagem , Ovariectomia/veterinária , Medição da Dor/veterinária , Dor Pós-Operatória/prevenção & controle , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
This article reports orthodontic treatment of a case of hypodontia of five premolars in an 11-year-old female patient with a positive tooth size-arch length discrepancy in both dental arches. The patient had a straight profile with balanced facial growth. Setup manufacture revealed the possibility of achieving ideal occlusion by mesializing permanent molars up to 15 mm, in addition to keeping a primary molar in the dental arch. With the aid of absolute anchorage, the proposed mechanics was performed and the occlusion predicted in the setup was achieved, while profile and facial growth pattern were maintained. The use of miniscrews for extensive orthodontic movements was successful. Furthermore, one primary molar was extensively mesialized. The indication of gingivoplasty to correct gingival smile proved effective. This is considered a useful technique for orthodontists.
Este artigo apresenta o tratamento ortodôntico de um caso com hipodontia de cinco pré-molares, em uma paciente, de 11 anos de idade, com discrepância positiva de modelo em ambas as arcadas. A paciente apresentava perfil reto, com crescimento facial equilibrado. Por meio da confecção de set-up, verificou-se a possibilidade de se estabelecer uma oclusão ideal por meio da mesialização, de até 15mm, dos molares permanentes e manutenção de um molar decíduo no arco. Com o auxílio de ancoragem absoluta, foi realizada a mecânica proposta, alcançando-se a oclusão prevista em set-up, além da manutenção do perfil e do padrão de crescimento facial. A utilização de mini-implantes para grandes movimentos ortodônticos foi favorável, incluindo a extensa mesialização de um molar decíduo. A indicação da gengivoplastia para correção do sorriso gengival se mostrou acertada, sendo essa uma técnica de grande auxílio à Ortodontia.
Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Feminino , Masculino , Doenças do Cão/induzido quimicamente , Hidromorfona/efeitos adversos , Náusea/veterinária , Quinuclidinas/uso terapêutico , Vômito/veterinária , Analgésicos Opioides/efeitos adversos , Antieméticos/administração & dosagem , Antieméticos/uso terapêutico , Doenças do Cão/tratamento farmacológico , Esquema de Medicação/veterinária , Náusea/induzido quimicamente , Náusea/tratamento farmacológico , Quinuclidinas/administração & dosagem , Vômito/induzido quimicamente , Vômito/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Nonresectable mast cell tumors (MCT) in dogs remain a therapeutic challenge, and investigation of novel combination therapies is warranted. Intermittent administration of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) combined with cytotoxic chemotherapy may effectively chemosensitize canine MCT while decreasing cost and adverse effects associated with either agent administered as monotherapy. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: The primary study objectives were to (1) identify the maximally tolerated dose (MTD), (2) determine the objective response rate (ORR) and (3) describe the adverse event profile of pulse-administered toceranib phosphate (TOC) combined with lomustine. ANIMALS: Forty-seven client-owned dogs with measurable MCT. METHODS: Toceranib phosphate was given PO on days 1, 3 and 5 of a 21-day cycle at a target dosage of 2.75 mg/kg. Lomustine was given PO on day 3 of each cycle at a starting dosage of 50 mg/m(2) . All dogs were concurrently treated with diphenhydramine, omeprazole, and prednisone. RESULTS: The MTD of lomustine was established at 50 mg/m(2) when combined with pulse-administered TOC; the dose-limiting toxicity was neutropenia. Forty-one dogs treated at the MTD were evaluable for outcome assessment. The ORR was 46% (4 complete response, 15 partial response) and the overall median progression-free survival (PFS) was 53 days (1 to >752 days). On multivariate analysis, variables significantly associated with improved PFS included response to treatment, absence of metastasis, and no previous chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Combined treatment with pulse-administered TOC and lomustine generally is well tolerated and may be a reasonable treatment option for dogs with unresectable or metastatic MCT.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos Alquilantes/uso terapêutico , Doenças do Cão/tratamento farmacológico , Indóis/uso terapêutico , Lomustina/uso terapêutico , Mastocitose/veterinária , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/antagonistas & inibidores , Pirróis/uso terapêutico , Animais , Antineoplásicos Alquilantes/administração & dosagem , Doenças do Cão/genética , Cães , Esquema de Medicação/veterinária , Quimioterapia Combinada , Feminino , Indóis/administração & dosagem , Lomustina/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Mastocitose/tratamento farmacológico , Mastocitose/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-kit/genética , Pirróis/administração & dosagemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To compare two concentrations of ropivacaine administered for tumescent local anesthesia (TLA) in dogs undergoing mastectomy. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective randomized clinical study. ANIMALS: Seventeen bitches of various breeds, aged 12 ± 2 years and weighing 10 ± 6.5 kg requiring total unilateral or bilateral mastectomy. METHODS: Dogs were premedicated with acepromazine (0.04 mg kg(-1) ) and morphine (0.4 mg kg(-1) ) intramuscularly. Anesthesia was induced with propofol (2.5 mg kg(-1) ) and midazolam (0.2 mg kg(-1) ) intravenously, followed by intubation and maintenance with isoflurane and TLA. Dogs were randomly allocated to receive TLA either with 0.1% ropivacaine (group G1) or with 0.05% ropivacaine (group G05). TLA was performed by insertion of a multihole needle under the skin and infusion of ropivacaine and lactated Ringer's solution at a fixed volume of 15 mL kg(-1) . Ropivacaine concentrations in arterial blood were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Post-operative pain was assessed using two scales (University of Melbourne pain scale and a modified composite measure pain scale) and von Frey filaments, 4 hours after TLA and at 1 hour intervals until sensitivity was regained. A score above 30% of the maximum possible score was considered a positive indicator of pain. RESULTS: Peak plasma concentrations of ropivacaine were measured 240 minutes after TLA in G1. Low concentrations were measured in G05 for 60 minutes, with subsequent increase. Analgesic rescue and return of sensitivity occurred at 7 ± 2.3 and 7 ± 1.9 hours (mean ± SD) after TLA for G1 and G05, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Tumescent local anesthesia with ropivacaine provided satisfactory post-operative analgesia that lasted for several hours, with no difference in duration between the concentrations. No serious side effects were attributed to TLA. Results indicated that 0.05% ropivacaine provided adequate analgesia for mastectomy, however, more studies are required to support this conclusion.
Assuntos
Analgesia/veterinária , Anestesia Local/veterinária , Doenças do Cão/cirurgia , Mastectomia/veterinária , Amidas/administração & dosagem , Amidas/sangue , Período de Recuperação da Anestesia , Animais , Doenças do Cão/sangue , Cães , Esquema de Medicação/veterinária , Feminino , Dor Pós-Operatória/prevenção & controle , Dor Pós-Operatória/veterinária , RopivacainaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To investigate an infusion of propofol for anesthesia in comparison to tiletamine-zolazepam anesthesia, evaluating physiological variables and recovery in squirrel monkeys. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective non-blinded randomized study. ANIMALS: Eight healthy squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus), aged 3 years and weighing 0.340-0.695 kg. METHODS: Premedication was intramuscular midazolam (0.5 mg) and meperidine (4 mg). Anesthesia was induced with intravenous (IV) propofol (4 mg kg(-1) minute(-1) ) and maintained with propofol starting at 0.4 mg kg(-1) minute(-1) (PRO, n = 4) or IV tiletamine-zolazepam (5 mg kg(-1) ) and maintained with supplementary doses of TZ (TZ, n = 4). Cardiopulmonary variables were measured continuously. Arterial blood gases and lactate concentration were measured at the end of anesthesia. Quality and times of recovery were determined. Repeatedly measured data for significant differences were tested between groups with t-test and within groups by anova. RESULTS: Median time for induction of anesthesia in PRO was 180 seconds. Mean maintenance infusion rate of propofol was 0.43 ± 0.05 mg kg(-1) minute(-1) , varying during the 1 hour period. One monkey died after administration of TZ; others required 1, 4, or 8 supplemental doses. Cardiopulmonary variables were similar between groups, but hypotension was recorded. Recovery times to ventral recumbency in PRO (32 ± 17 minutes) and TZ (84 ± 11 minutes) and normal ambulation in PRO (58 ± 22 minutes) and TZ (358 ± 109minutes) were significantly different (p < 0.05). Recovery quality was superior in PRO, with less ataxia and fewer unsuccessful attempts to stand. Lactate concentration was not different between treatments. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Cardiopulmonary variables were similar between protocols, aside from the higher incidence of hypotension in PRO, indicating that further studies with a larger number of animals are required. Compared to tiletamine-zolazepam, propofol anesthesia provided faster and superior anesthetic recovery in these animals.
Assuntos
Anestesia Intravenosa/veterinária , Saimiri/cirurgia , Período de Recuperação da Anestesia , Anestésicos Intravenosos/administração & dosagem , Animais , Esquema de Medicação/veterinária , Combinação de Medicamentos , Masculino , Propofol/administração & dosagem , Estudos Prospectivos , Tiletamina/administração & dosagem , Zolazepam/administração & dosagemRESUMO
A insuficiência cardíaca é frequente em cães, e sua prevalência aumenta com a maior idade dos animais,sendo a doença valvular crônica a doença cardíaca mais comumente diagnosticada. A alteração estrutural da válvula mitral que ocorre na doença valvular crônica acarreta na queda no débito cardíaco e ativação mecanismos compensatórios que mantém a perfusão sanguínea dos órgãos durante um certo tempo. O tratamento da insuficiência cardíaca tem sido direcionado para o controle da ativação excessiva desses mecanismos, sendo que a terapia com vários fármacos têm se mostrado eficaz. Com esta revisão pretende-se descrever os impactos deletérios da ativação crônica dos mecanismos compensatórios da insuficiência cardíaca e relatar os fármacos que atualmente são utilizados em cada estágio da evolução da doença e seu efeito farmacológico.(AU)
Heart tailure is common in dogs, and its prevalence increases with greater age of the animals, the disease is chronic valvular heart disease most commonly diagnosed. The structural change that occurs in the mitral valvular disease, chronic causes the decrease in cardiac output and activation of compensatory mechanisms which maintain the perfusion of organs during a certain time. The treatment of heart failure has been directed at controlling the excessive activation of these mechanisms, and therapy with several drugs have been proven effective. With this revision is intended to describe the deleterious effects of chronic activation of compensatory mechanisms of heart failure and report the drugs that are currently used at every stage of the disease and its pharmacological effect.(AU)
La insuficiencia cardíaca es común en los perros, y su prevalencia aumenta con la mayor edad de los animales, la enfermedad es la enfermedad cardíaca valvular crónica más comúnmente diagnosticado. El cambio estructural que se produce en la enfermedad valvular mitral, crónica causa la disminución en el gasto cardiaco y la activación de los mecanismos compensatorios que mantienen la perfusión de órganos durante un cierto tiempo. El tratamiento de la insuficiencia cardíaca se ha dirigido a controlar la activación excesiva de estos mecanismos, y la terapia con varios fármacos han demostrado ser eficaces. Con esta revisión se pretende describir los efectos deletéreos de la activación crónica de los mecanismos de compensación de la insuficiencia cardíaca y reportar los fármacos que se utilizan actualmente en cada etapa de la enfermedad y su efecto farmacológico.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Insuficiência Cardíaca/terapia , Insuficiência Cardíaca/veterinária , Valva Mitral/patologia , Esquema de Medicação/veterinária , Tratamento Farmacológico/veterináriaRESUMO
A insuficiência cardíaca é frequente em cães, e sua prevalência aumenta com a maior idade dos animais,sendo a doença valvular crônica a doença cardíaca mais comumente diagnosticada. A alteração estrutural da válvula mitral que ocorre na doença valvular crônica acarreta na queda no débito cardíaco e ativação mecanismos compensatórios que mantém a perfusão sanguínea dos órgãos durante um certo tempo. O tratamento da insuficiência cardíaca tem sido direcionado para o controle da ativação excessiva desses mecanismos, sendo que a terapia com vários fármacos têm se mostrado eficaz. Com esta revisão pretende-se descrever os impactos deletérios da ativação crônica dos mecanismos compensatórios da insuficiência cardíaca e relatar os fármacos que atualmente são utilizados em cada estágio da evolução da doença e seu efeito farmacológico.
Heart tailure is common in dogs, and its prevalence increases with greater age of the animals, the disease is chronic valvular heart disease most commonly diagnosed. The structural change that occurs in the mitral valvular disease, chronic causes the decrease in cardiac output and activation of compensatory mechanisms which maintain the perfusion of organs during a certain time. The treatment of heart failure has been directed at controlling the excessive activation of these mechanisms, and therapy with several drugs have been proven effective. With this revision is intended to describe the deleterious effects of chronic activation of compensatory mechanisms of heart failure and report the drugs that are currently used at every stage of the disease and its pharmacological effect.
La insuficiencia cardíaca es común en los perros, y su prevalencia aumenta con la mayor edad de los animales, la enfermedad es la enfermedad cardíaca valvular crónica más comúnmente diagnosticado. El cambio estructural que se produce en la enfermedad valvular mitral, crónica causa la disminución en el gasto cardiaco y la activación de los mecanismos compensatorios que mantienen la perfusión de órganos durante un cierto tiempo. El tratamiento de la insuficiencia cardíaca se ha dirigido a controlar la activación excesiva de estos mecanismos, y la terapia con varios fármacos han demostrado ser eficaces. Con esta revisión se pretende describir los efectos deletéreos de la activación crónica de los mecanismos de compensación de la insuficiencia cardíaca y reportar los fármacos que se utilizan actualmente en cada etapa de la enfermedad y su efecto farmacológico.
Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Esquema de Medicação/veterinária , Insuficiência Cardíaca/terapia , Insuficiência Cardíaca/veterinária , Valva Mitral/patologia , Tratamento Farmacológico/veterináriaAssuntos
Criação de Animais Domésticos/métodos , Camelídeos Americanos , Escabiose/veterinária , Animais , Animais Domésticos , Animais Selvagens , Antiparasitários/administração & dosagem , Antiparasitários/efeitos adversos , Antiparasitários/uso terapêutico , Camelídeos Americanos/parasitologia , Esquema de Medicação/veterinária , Resistência a Medicamentos , Feminino , Ivermectina/administração & dosagem , Ivermectina/efeitos adversos , Ivermectina/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Peru/epidemiologia , Escabiose/tratamento farmacológico , Escabiose/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Objectives were to investigate progesterone concentrations and fertility comparing 2 different intervals from PGF(2α) treatment and induced ovulation in an estrogen-based ovulation synchronization protocol for timed artificial insemination (TAI) or timed embryo transfer (TET) in lactating dairy cows. A total of 1,058 lactating Holstein cows [primiparous (n=371) and multiparous (n=687)], yielding 34.1 ± 0.33 kg of milk/d at various days in milk were randomly assigned to receive treatment with PGF(2α) on either d 7 or 8 of the following protocol: d 0: 2mg of estradiol benzoate + controlled internal drug release device; d 8: controlled internal drug release device removal + 1.0mg of estradiol cypionate; d 10: TAI or d 17: TET. Only cows with a corpus luteum at d 17 received an embryo and all cows received GnRH at TET. Pregnancy diagnoses were performed by detection (transrectal ultrasonography) of an embryo on d 28 or a fetus on d 60. Fertility [pregnancy per artificial insemination (P/AI) or pregnancy per embryo transfer (P/ET)] was affected by breeding technique (AI vs. ET) and time of PGF(2α) treatment (d 7 vs. 8) at the 28-d pregnancy diagnosis for TAI [32.9% (238) vs. 20.6% (168)] and TET cows [47% (243) vs. 40.7% (244)] and at the 60-d pregnancy diagnosis for TAI [30% (238) vs. 19.2% (168)] and TET cows [37.9% (243) vs. 33.5% (244)]. The progesterone (P4) concentration at d 10 altered fertility in TAI cows, with higher P/AI in cows with P4 concentration <0.1 ng/mL compared with cows with P4 concentration ≥ 0.1 ng/mL, and in ET cows, with higher P/ET in cows with P4 concentration <0.22 ng/mL compared with cows with P4 concentration ≥ 0.22 ng/mL. Prostaglandin F(2α) treatment at d 7 increased the percentage of cows with P4 <0.1 ng/mL on d 10 [39.4 (85) vs. 23.2 (54)]. Reducing the period between PGF(2α) and TAI from 72 to 48 h in dairy cows resulted in a clear reduction in fertility in cows bred by TAI and a subtle negative effect in cows that received TET. The earlier PGF(2α) treatment benefits are most likely mediated through gamete transport, fertilization, or early embryo development and a more subtle effect of earlier PGF(2α) treatment that may be mediated through changes in the uterine or hormonal environment that manifests itself after ET on d 7.
Assuntos
Dinoprosta/farmacologia , Transferência Embrionária/veterinária , Estrogênios/farmacologia , Inseminação Artificial/veterinária , Animais , Bovinos , Preparações de Ação Retardada , Dinoprosta/administração & dosagem , Esquema de Medicação/veterinária , Transferência Embrionária/métodos , Estrogênios/administração & dosagem , Detecção do Estro , Sincronização do Estro/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Inseminação Artificial/métodos , Lactação , Ovulação/efeitos dos fármacos , Gravidez/efeitos dos fármacosAssuntos
Amoxicilina/farmacocinética , Antibacterianos/farmacocinética , Antieméticos/farmacologia , Cães/sangue , Metoclopramida/farmacologia , Administração Oral , Amoxicilina/administração & dosagem , Amoxicilina/sangue , Animais , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Antibacterianos/sangue , Antieméticos/administração & dosagem , Esquema de Medicação/veterinária , Interações Medicamentosas , Meia-Vida , Taxa de Depuração Metabólica/efeitos dos fármacos , Metoclopramida/administração & dosagemRESUMO
This study investigated the sedative, cardiopulmonary, and gastrointestinal effects produced by buprenorphine and xylazine given in combination to horses. Six healthy adult horses underwent 4 randomized treatments, with an interval of 1 wk between treatments. A control group was given a saline solution intravenously (IV) and the experimental groups received buprenorphine [10 µg/kg bodyweight (BW)] in combination with 1 of 3 different doses of xylazine: 0.25 mg/kg BW (BX25), 0.50 mg/kg BW (BX50), or 0.75 mg/kg BW (BX75), all of them by IV. Cardiopulmonary parameters were evaluated for 120 min after the drugs were administered and intestinal motility was observed for 12 h after treatment. Sedation was found to be dose-dependent in all groups receiving buprenorphine and xylazine and it was observed that the heart rate decreased in the first 5 min and increased at the end of the sedation period. Arterial blood gas tension analyses showed minimal alterations during the experiment. Gastrointestinal hypomotility was observed for up to 8 h. The combination of buprenorphine and 0.50 mg/kg BW of xylazine (BX50) provided a 30-minute period of sedation without intense ataxia and maintained cardiopulmonary parameters within acceptable limits for the species.
Assuntos
Agonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos alfa 2/farmacologia , Analgésicos Opioides/farmacologia , Buprenorfina/farmacologia , Frequência Cardíaca/efeitos dos fármacos , Cavalos , Hipnóticos e Sedativos/farmacologia , Taxa Respiratória/efeitos dos fármacos , Xilazina/farmacologia , Agonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos alfa 2/administração & dosagem , Analgésicos Opioides/administração & dosagem , Animais , Gasometria/veterinária , Bradicardia/induzido quimicamente , Bradicardia/veterinária , Buprenorfina/administração & dosagem , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Esquema de Medicação/veterinária , Quimioterapia Combinada/veterinária , Feminino , Motilidade Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipnóticos e Sedativos/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Tempo , Xilazina/administração & dosagemRESUMO
Enrofloxacin (EFX) is often used empirically to prevent uterine infections in mares in order to improve efficiency on Commercial Embryo Transfer Farms. This study investigated the uterine distribution of EFX and its metabolite ciprofloxacin (CFX) in mares and assessed the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of EFX against various common pathogens as a basis for establishing a rational dosing schedule. Plasma and uterine pharmacokinetic (PK) studies were performed in two groups (n = 5) of healthy mares following intravenous (i.v.) administration of EFX at either 2.5 and at 5 mg/kg bodyweight. Plasma and endometrial tissue samples, taken before for up to 48 h after treatment were analysed by Reverse Phase HPLC. MIC values for wild strains of Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive bacteria (beta-haemolytic streptococci) ranged from 0.25-2 and 1.5-3.0 microg/mL respectively. In terms of tissue distribution, the sum of the endometrial concentrations of the parent drug (EFX) and its active metabolite (CFX) (in terms of AUC), exceeded those in plasma by 249% and 941% following administration of EFX at 2.5 and 5 mg/kg respectively. After i.v. treatment with EFX at 5 mg/kg, endometrial concentrations of EFX and CFX above the MIC value were detected for 36-48 and 22-43 h posttreatment for Gram-negative and -positive isolates respectively. Concentrations above MIC were maintained for much shorter periods at the lower (2.5 mg/kg) treatment dose. Based on these results, a conventional dose (5 mg/kg) of EFX given prebreeding followed by two further doses at 36-48 h postbreeding are proposed as a rational strategy for using of EFX as a preventative therapy against a variety of common bacterial strains associated with equine endometritis.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Endometrite/veterinária , Fluoroquinolonas/uso terapêutico , Doenças dos Cavalos/prevenção & controle , Animais , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Antibacterianos/análise , Antibacterianos/farmacocinética , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/veterinária , Cromatografia de Fase Reversa/veterinária , Ciprofloxacina/metabolismo , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Esquema de Medicação/veterinária , Endometrite/prevenção & controle , Endométrio/química , Enrofloxacina , Feminino , Fluoroquinolonas/administração & dosagem , Fluoroquinolonas/análise , Fluoroquinolonas/farmacocinética , Cavalos , Injeções Intravenosas/veterinária , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/veterináriaRESUMO
To evaluate ovarian response in Angus cows previously treated with progesterone (P4), animals were randomly assigned to two groups: T600 group (n=14), 600 mg of P4/day. P4 was injected from days 3 to 7 of the estrous cycle. On day 7, superovulatory treatments began. The control group (n=12) was given vehicle only. The superovulatory treatments in the control group began on days 7-9 of the estrous cycle. The superovulatory total treatment dose of 400mg NIH FSH P1 was given twice a day over a 4-day period. Ultrasonography of the ovaries was conducted 3 days preceding the initiation of superovulatory treatment, every 24h. In both groups, an additional ultrasonographic evaluation was made at 24h after the end of superovulatory treatment. Blood samples were collected 4 days preceding the initiation of superovulatory treatment, every 24h. Additional samples were taken from the P600 group for 12 day after of initiation of superovulatory treatment every 24h, except on the fifth day after the initiation of superovulatory treatment. In the P600 group, P4 concentrations were greater than in the control group (P<0.01) and remained over 1 ng/ml up to day 11 after beginning of superovulatory treatment. The diameter of the dominant follicle was larger in the animals of the control group (P<0.01). Cows of the P600 group had a greater number of Class I (3-4mm) follicles (P<0.01). A significant day and treatment effect (P<0.01) were observed in Class II (5-9 mm) follicles. Effects due to treatment on the number of Class III follicles (P<0.05) were observed. In the P600 group, no estrous post-superovulatory was observed and there were no ovulations that occurred. Conversely, 100% of the cows of the control group showed estrous. In the P600 group, there were a greater number of Class III follicles (P<0.01) and a lesser number of Class II follicles (P<0.05) at 24h after the end of superovulatory. In the control group, 66.7% of the cows responded to superovulatory treatments. In conclusion, the daily administration of 600 mg of P4, from days 3 to 7 of the estrous cycle, produces an increase of plasma concentrations of this hormone from day 4, resulting in changes in follicular dynamics (absence of follicles greater than 10mm of diameter and an increase of the population of Class I follicles). As to the ovarian stimulation using Folltropin V in animals receiving a daily injection of 600 mg of P4 from days 3 to 7 of the estrous cycle, a greater population of follicles>or=10mm developed by 24h after superovulatory treatments were completed.
Assuntos
Bovinos/fisiologia , Ovário/efeitos dos fármacos , Progesterona/administração & dosagem , Progesterona/farmacologia , Superovulação/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Esquema de Medicação/veterinária , Ciclo Estral , Feminino , Progesterona/sangueRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate diagnostic testing that could be used to establish an early diagnosis of cardiotoxicosis induced by long-term administration of doxorubicin. ANIMALS: 13 adult mixed-breed dogs. Procedures-7 dogs were administered doxorubicin chloride (30 mg/m(2), IV, q 21 d for 168 days [cumulative dose, 240 mg/m(2)]), and 6 dogs received saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (5 mL, IV, q 21 d for 168 days; control group). Echocardiography, ECG, arterial blood pressure, plasma renin activity (PRA), and plasma concentrations of norepinephrine and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) were assessed before each subsequent administration of doxorubicin and saline solution. RESULTS: Dogs that received doxorubicin had a significant decrease in R-wave amplitude, compared with values for the control group, from 30 to 210 mg/m(2). Doxorubicin-treated dogs had decreases in fractional shortening and left ventricular ejection fraction evident as early as 30 mg/m(2), but significant differences between groups were not detected until 90 mg/m(2)was reached. There was also a significant increase in PRA (>or= 120 mg/m(2)) and left ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic dimensions (>or= 60 and >or= 180 mg/m(2), respectively). Systemic arterial pressure, remaining echocardiographic variables, and concentrations of norepinephrine and BNP had significant variations, but of no clinical importance, during doxorubicin administration. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Doxorubicininduced cardiotoxicosis developed at 120 mg/m(2), but there were no clinical signs of dilated cardiomyopathy or congestive heart failure. Echocardiography and determination of PRA were able to detect early cardiac alterations during the development of dilated cardiomyopathy, despite apparently differing degrees of sensitivity to development of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicosis.
Assuntos
Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Doxorrubicina/administração & dosagem , Doxorrubicina/efeitos adversos , Saúde , Coração/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurotransmissores/metabolismo , Animais , Antibióticos Antineoplásicos/administração & dosagem , Antibióticos Antineoplásicos/efeitos adversos , Cães , Esquema de Medicação/veterinária , Ecocardiografia/veterinária , Eletroencefalografia/veterinária , Coração/fisiologiaRESUMO
The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether the time of day of single intravenous doses of gentamicin affects the drug's pharmacokinetics in dogs maintained under a 12 h light (08:00 to 20:00 h), 12 h dark (20:00 to 08:00 h) cycle. Using a crossover design, 6 mixed-breed male dogs received a single dose of 2 mg/kg of gentamicin at 8:00 or 20:00 h. Serial blood samples were collected and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated following each timed dose. The concentration of the antibiotic was lower following the 08:00 h compared to the 20:00 h administration. When gentamicin was administered at 20:00 h, the initial concentration, mean residence time, and area under the disposition curve were significantly higher (p < 0.05) and the apparent volume of distribution of the central compartment, apparent volume of distribution, apparent volume of distribution at steady-state, and total body clearance (1.73+/-0.55 at 20:00 h versus 3.31+/-0.67 L/min/kg at 08:00 h) were significantly lower than for the 08:00 h administration (p < 0.05). Our results show that the pharmacokinetics of gentamicin exhibits significant temporal variation when administered to dogs at different times of day.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacocinética , Cães/metabolismo , Gentamicinas/farmacocinética , Animais , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Área Sob a Curva , Estudos Cross-Over , Esquema de Medicação/veterinária , Gentamicinas/administração & dosagem , MasculinoRESUMO
(1) In order to make trimethoprim (TMP) available to broilers throughout the day, a sustained release formulation (SRF) of the drug in the form of granules was added to the water tank that supplies drinking water. (2) Broilers were initially dosed with sulphachloropiridazine-TMP (SCP-TMP 5:1) and then further medicated throughout the day, achieving in the end a dose of 30 mg/kg each of SCP and TMP (group A). Group B received a preparation with the same dose of SCP and TMP (1:1) as group A, but administered as a single dose without the SRF of TMP. Group C received the customary SCP-TMP 5:1 preparation (30 and 6 mg/kg, respectively). Water tanks were completely consumed in 3 to 4 h. (3) Broilers were bled at different times and concentration of antibacterial activity in serum determined by correlating the composite antibacterial activity of SCP and TMP with actual concentrations of these drugs by means of a microbiological agar diffusion assay. (4) Time vs serum concentrations of activity were higher in group B; the increments in the maximum serum concentration for group B over groups A and C being 39 and 67%, respectively. (5) However, the sustained concentration of activity over time, measured as the area under the cu)rve, was highest in group A. Group B had higher values for area under the curve than group C. (6) An additional dose of TMP to achieve 30 mg/kg of both SCP and TMP improves the serum concentration of this combination over the customary 5:1 proportion. The best values for sustaining antibacterial activity were obtained using a 1:1 ratio as in group A. The use of a SRF as in group A may translate into better clinical results.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos/administração & dosagem , Galinhas/sangue , Sulfacloropiridazina/administração & dosagem , Trimetoprima/administração & dosagem , Água , Absorção , Animais , Anti-Infecciosos/sangue , Disponibilidade Biológica , Preparações de Ação Retardada , Esquema de Medicação/veterinária , Combinação de Medicamentos , Sulfacloropiridazina/sangue , Trimetoprima/sangueRESUMO
Dezesseis cabras nulíparas da raça Saanen foram distribuídas em dois grupos de tratamentos (T1 e T2) para sincronização da ovulação. Inicialmente, ambos os tratamento consistiram na aplicação concomitante do dispositivo de liberação controlada de drogas (CIDR-G®), de 5mg de dinoprost e de 1mg de cipionato de estradiol (CE) (dia 0). No quarto dia aplicaram-se 250UI de eCG e no quinto dia retirou-se o CIDR-G®. As cabras do T1 (n=8) receberam 1mg de CE 24 horas depois da retirada do CIDR-G® e as do T2 (n=8) receberam 250UI de hCG 30 horas após. Sete cabras do T1 e oito do T2 entraram em estro depois da retirada do CIDR-G®. Cabras que receberam hCG permaneceram em estro por 42,0± 6,9 horas e as que receberam CE por 45,0± 5,5 horas (P>0,05). As características ovulatórias não foram influenciadas pelos tratamentos. O intervalo da retirada do CIDR-G® à ovulação para ambos os protocolos de sincronização da ovulação não diferiu (P>0,05) entre tratamentos. As ovulações promovidas pelo CE ocorreram em menor intervalo de tempo.