RESUMO
Pseudohydnum, commonly known as cat's tongue mushrooms, is a monophyletic assemblage within Auriculariales, which encompasses species with gelatinous basidiomata, spathulate, flabellate, or shell-shaped pileus, hydnoid hymenophore, globose to ellipsoidal basidiospores, and longitudinally cruciate-septate basidia. According to the available literature, 16 species have been described in Pseudohydnum, mostly represented in temperate-boreal forests of the Northern Hemisphere. However, the limited morphological, molecular, and ecological information, especially from the Southern Hemisphere ecosystems, does not presently allow a reliable assessment of its taxonomic boundaries nor provide a complete picture of the species diversity in the genus. In an ongoing effort to examine specimens collected in dense and mixed ombrophilous forest fragments (Atlantic Rainforest domain) from Southeastern and Southern Brazil, additional taxa assigned to Pseudohydnum were identified. Four new species are recognized based mostly on characters of the pileus surface, stipe, hymenium, and basidiospores. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer region ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS barcode), partial nuc rDNA 28S, and partial RNA polymerase II largest subunit (RPB1) sequences supported the description of these new taxa. Here, we propose Pseudohydnum brasiliense, P. brunneovelutinum, P. cupulisnymphae, and P. viridimontanum as new species. Morphological descriptions, line drawings, habitat photos, and comparisons with closely related taxa are provided. A dichotomous key for identification of currently known Southern Hemisphere Pseudohydnum species is presented.
Assuntos
Agaricales , DNA Fúngico , DNA Espaçador Ribossômico , Filogenia , Esporos Fúngicos , DNA Fúngico/genética , Brasil , DNA Espaçador Ribossômico/genética , Esporos Fúngicos/citologia , Esporos Fúngicos/classificação , Agaricales/classificação , Agaricales/genética , Agaricales/isolamento & purificação , Agaricales/citologia , Análise de Sequência de DNA , DNA Ribossômico/genética , Basidiomycota/classificação , Basidiomycota/genética , Basidiomycota/citologia , Basidiomycota/isolamento & purificação , RNA Ribossômico 28S/genética , Carpóforos/citologia , FlorestasRESUMO
Species of the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) family Cortinariaceae (Agaricales, Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) have long been considered impoverished or absent from lowland tropical rainforests. Several decades of collecting in forests dominated by ECM trees in South America's Guiana Shield is countering this view, with discovery of numerous Cortinariaceae species. To date, ~12 morphospecies of this family have been found in the central Pakaraima Mountains of Guyana. Here, we describe three of these as new species of Cortinarius and two as new species of Phlegmacium from forests dominated by the ECM tree genera Dicymbe (Fabaceae subfam. Detarioideae), Aldina (Fabaceae subfam. Papilionoideae), and Pakaraimaea (Cistaceae). Macromorphological, micromorphological, habitat, and DNA sequence data are provided for each new species.
Assuntos
Agaricales , DNA Fúngico , Fabaceae , Micorrizas , Filogenia , Guiana , DNA Fúngico/genética , Micorrizas/classificação , Micorrizas/genética , Agaricales/classificação , Agaricales/genética , Agaricales/isolamento & purificação , Fabaceae/microbiologia , Análise de Sequência de DNA , DNA Espaçador Ribossômico/genética , Cortinarius/classificação , Cortinarius/genética , Cortinarius/isolamento & purificação , Ecossistema , DNA Ribossômico/genética , Esporos Fúngicos/citologia , Esporos Fúngicos/classificaçãoRESUMO
Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar, no âmbito temporal e espacial, a ocorrência de esporotricose humana e animal na região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro no período de 2013 a 2020, além de identificar áreas de priorização no combate à doença.
Assuntos
Esporos Fúngicos/classificação , Esporotricose/prevenção & controle , Esporotricose/veterinária , Doenças dos Animais/prevenção & controle , Esporotricose/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças do Gato/transmissão , Doenças Transmissíveis/veterinária , Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária , Fungos/classificaçãoRESUMO
Chlamydoconidium-producing Trichophyton tonsurans strains isolated in Northeastern Brazil have morphological features different from the classic description of this dermatophyte species. This study investigated the phylogenetic relationship of chlamydoconidium-producing T. tonsurans strains isolated in Northeastern Brazil. Also, the effect of terbinafine and farnesol on mature biofilms of T. tonsurans strains was evaluated. The mass spectra of T. tonsurans strains were investigated by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The ITS and LSU loci regions of rDNA and the partial ß-tubulin gene were sequenced and the phylogenetic tree was analysed. The effects of terbinafine and farnesol on mature T. tonsurans biofilms were evaluated through the analysis of metabolic activity, quantification of biomass and observation by scanning electron microscopy. MALDI-TOF MS spectra of the chlamydoconidium-producing T. tonsurans strains differed from the spectrum of the control strain (ATCC 28942), presenting an intense ion peak at m/z 4155 Da. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the chlamydoconidium-producing strains isolated in Northeastern Brazil are allocated to a single cluster, differing from strains isolated from other countries. As for mature T. tonsurans biofilms, farnesol reduced biomass and metabolic activity by 64.4 and 65.9â%, respectively, while terbinafine reduced the biomass by 66.5â% and the metabolic activity by 69â%. Atypical morphological characteristics presented by chlamydoconidium-producing T. tonsurans strains result from phenotypic plasticity, possibly for adaptation to environmental stressors. Also, farnesol had inhibitory activity against T. tonsurans biofilms, demonstrating this substance can be explored for development of promising anti-biofilm drugs against dermatophytes.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Arthrodermataceae/classificação , Biofilmes/efeitos dos fármacos , Filogenia , Arthrodermataceae/citologia , Arthrodermataceae/efeitos dos fármacos , Arthrodermataceae/fisiologia , Biofilmes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Brasil , DNA Fúngico/genética , DNA Ribossômico/genética , Farneseno Álcool/farmacologia , Proteínas Fúngicas/genética , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização e Dessorção a Laser Assistida por Matriz , Esporos Fúngicos/classificação , Esporos Fúngicos/citologia , Terbinafina/farmacologia , Tubulina (Proteína)/genéticaRESUMO
Entomophthoralean fungi with pathogenic abilities to infect social insects are rare. Here, we describe a fungus isolated from leafcutter ants. Morphologically, the fungus has spherical primary conidia and two types of microconidia: one with the same shape as the primary conidia and another with an elliptical to half-moon shape. The fungus also produces villose conidia known previously only from Conidiobolus coronatus. A multilocus phylogenetic analysis was performed with nuc rDNA sequences from three regions (28S, 18S, and internal transcribed spacer [ITS]). Our isolates are distinguished as a new species, described here as Conidiobolus lunulus, and is more closely related to C. brefeldianus than to C. coronatus, despite the greater morphological resemblance to the latter. Morphological differences, unique phylogenetic placement, and isolation from an altogether new host support this finding. This is the first record of an entomophthoralean species isolated from leafcutter ants.
Assuntos
Formigas/microbiologia , Conidiobolus , Fungos/classificação , Animais , Classificação , Conidiobolus/classificação , Conidiobolus/genética , Conidiobolus/isolamento & purificação , DNA Ribossômico/genética , Genes Fúngicos , Filogenia , Esporos Fúngicos/classificação , Esporos Fúngicos/citologia , Esporos Fúngicos/genética , Esporos Fúngicos/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
A new species and a new genus of a microsporidium Alternosema bostrichidis isolated from an adult Prostephanus truncatus in Mexico and from three species of the genus Dinoderus in Nigeria are described. The microsporidium is monomorphic, monoxenic, and develops in direct contact with host cell cytoplasm. The infection first appears with thoracic muscles, followed by a generalized invasion of the host. All developmental stages are diplokaryotic. Sporogony is disporoblastic. Mature spores are ovoid. Unfixed spores measure 3.7-4.2 × 2.0-2.6 µm, fixed and stained spores 3.5-5.0 × 2.4-2.8 µm. The polaroplast consists of dense lamellae and rare lamellae. The polar tube is slightly anisofilar, consisting of 11-17 coils, with 9-14 proximal (130 nm in diameter) and 2-3 distal coils (120 nm in diameter) arranged in one layer. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based upon a short portion of small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene (Genbank accession # KP455651) placed the new microsporidium within Liebermannia-Orthosomella lineage, which contains multiple undescribed parasites. In particular, A. bostrichidis showed maximal sequence similarity of 95% to Microsporidium sp. BBRE2 (# FJ755987) from Baikalian Diplacanthus brevispinus (Amphipoda: Acanthogammaridae) and Microsporidium sp. Comp CD Van 2 (# KC111784) from compost and soil in Canada. Frequent, devastating epizootics of laboratory cultures of A. bostrichidis support its potential as a biological control agent of grain borers.
Assuntos
Anfípodes/microbiologia , Agentes de Controle Biológico , Besouros/microbiologia , Microsporídios não Classificados/classificação , Microsporídios não Classificados/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Canadá , México , Microsporídios não Classificados/genética , Nigéria , Filogenia , Prevalência , Esporos Fúngicos/classificaçãoRESUMO
Septoglomus mexicanum is here described as a new species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF; Glomeromycota) based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses. It was isolated from rhizospheric soil of two endemic Mexican legumes: Prosopis laevigata and Mimosa luisana, which grow in semiarid regions of central Mexico. Septoglomus mexicanum is characterized by forming globose spores of (154.5-)202.8(-228.9) µm diam and a spore wall consisting of four layers (SWL1-SWL4): outer wall layer (SWL1) hyaline, evanescent, (1.7-)3.2(-4.3) µm thick; SWL2 laminate and smooth, orange to reddish orange, (3.1-)4.5(-6.1) µm thick; SWL3 laminate, smooth, reddish orange to reddish brown, (4.1-)5.1(-5.7) µm thick; and SWL4 hyaline, semiflexible, (0.93-)1.2(-1.4) µm thick. None of the spore wall layers stain with Melzer's reagent. The subtending hypha has a color from yellowish to golden and presents a septum on spore base. Septoglomus mexicanum can be distinguished from all other Septoglomus species by spore size and color, by spore wall structure (four layers), and by color change of the subtending hypha. Phylogenetic analysis based on the AMF extended DNA barcode covering a 1.5-kb fragment of the small subunit (SSU), internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2), and the large subunit (LSU) of rRNA genes places S. mexicanum in the genus Septoglomus, separated from other described Septoglomus species, especially S. turnauae, with whom it could be confused morphologically. All available sequences in public databases suggest that this new fungal species has not yet been previously detected. Thus, there are currently 149 Glomeromycota species registered in Mexico, representing 47.4% of the known species worldwide.
Assuntos
Clima Desértico , Glomeromycota/classificação , Micorrizas/classificação , DNA Fúngico/genética , DNA Espaçador Ribossômico/genética , Fabaceae/microbiologia , Glomeromycota/citologia , Glomeromycota/genética , Glomeromycota/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Hifas/citologia , Hifas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , México , Micorrizas/citologia , Micorrizas/genética , Micorrizas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , RNA Ribossômico/genética , Rizosfera , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Esporos Fúngicos/classificação , Esporos Fúngicos/citologia , Esporos Fúngicos/genética , Esporos Fúngicos/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
We report on the discovery and characterization of a novel Fusarium species that produced yellow-orange pseudoflowers on Xyris spp. (yellow-eyed grass; Xyridaceae) growing in the savannas of the Pakaraima Mountains of western Guyana. The petaloid fungal structures produced on infected plants mimic host flowers in gross morphology. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of full-length RPB1 (RNA polymerase largest subunit), RPB2 (RNA polymerase second largest subunit), and TEF1 (elongation factor 1-α) DNA sequences mined from genome sequences resolved the fungus, described herein as F. xyrophilum, sp. nov., as sister to F. pseudocircinatum within the African clade of the F. fujikuroi species complex. Results of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for mating type idiomorph revealed that single-conidial isolates of F. xyrophilum had only one of the MAT idiomorphs (MAT1-1 or MAT1-2), which suggests that the fungus may have a heterothallic sexual reproductive mode. BLASTn searches of whole-genome sequence of three strains of F. xyrophilum indicated that it has the genetic potential to produce secondary metabolites, including phytohormones, pigments, and mycotoxins. However, a polyketide-derived pigment, 8-O-methylbostrycoidin, was the only metabolite detected in cracked maize kernel cultures. When grown on carnation leaf agar, F. xyrophilum is phenotypically distinct from other described Fusarium species in that it produces aseptate microconidia on erect indeterminate synnemata that are up to 2 mm tall and it does not produce multiseptate macroconidia.
Assuntos
Mimetismo Biológico , Flores , Fusarium/classificação , Poaceae/microbiologia , DNA Fúngico/genética , Proteínas Fúngicas/genética , Fusarium/citologia , Fusarium/genética , Genes Fúngicos Tipo Acasalamento/genética , Genoma Fúngico/genética , Guiana , Filogenia , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Esporos Fúngicos/classificação , Esporos Fúngicos/citologia , Esporos Fúngicos/genéticaRESUMO
Positive feedback between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) and vascular plants can contribute to plant species establishment, but how this feedback affects plant invasion by Prosopis juliflora SW. (DC.), or resistance to invasion by Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir in Brazilian semi-arid region is not well known. In this work, we tested how modified and native AMF communities affect the establishment of P. juliflora and M. tenuiflora plants. We examined the effects of inoculation with modified and native AMF communities on number of AMF spores, root colonization, number of N-fixing nodules, plant dry biomass, plant phosphorous concentration, and plant responsiveness to mycorrhizas of P. juliflora and M. tenuiflora. We found that the modified AMF community enhanced the root colonization, plant dry biomass, and plant phosphorous concentration of invasive P. juliflora, whereas native AMF enhanced M. tenuiflora. Our results demonstrate that the invasive P. juliflora alters soil AMF community composition, and this change generates positive feedback to the invasive P. juliflora itself and decreases AMF associations with native M. tenuiflora.
Assuntos
Fabaceae/microbiologia , Fungos/isolamento & purificação , Mimosa/microbiologia , Micorrizas/isolamento & purificação , Biodiversidade , Brasil , Fabaceae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fungos/classificação , Fungos/genética , Fungos/metabolismo , Espécies Introduzidas , Mimosa/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Micorrizas/classificação , Micorrizas/genética , Micorrizas/metabolismo , Fósforo/metabolismo , Raízes de Plantas/microbiologia , Solo/química , Microbiologia do Solo , Esporos Fúngicos/classificação , Esporos Fúngicos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Esporos Fúngicos/isolamento & purificação , Esporos Fúngicos/metabolismoRESUMO
This work describes a longitudinal study of three consecutive years carried out in the air of agricultural environments located in Northern Patagonia with cold dry desert climate (Köppen: Bwk). This study area comprises a rural valley with unique geographical and climatological conditions. Therefore, the aim of this work is to quantify and determine its fungal diversity, so this knowledge will contribute to detect potential pathogenic and toxic fungi that has been adapted to this type of environment and may overcome the incipient climate change. Samplings were conducted in two geographical zones of the study area and a microflow air sampler was used to isolate fungal taxa. The annual mean fungal counts were found in the order of E+03â¯CFU/m3 of air. The aerial mycoflora revealed a wide biodiversity of at least 28 genera and 50 fungal species. Cladosporium was the most abundant genus (76.97%), followed by Alternaria (12.48%), Epicoccum (4.41%) and Botrytis (1.81%). The rest of the genera were found in relative densities lower than 1%. In terms of species, C. cladosporioides (34.82%), C. limoniforme (21.72%), A. tenuissima (10.94%) and C. asperulatum predominated (9.01%). This is the first report of the air mycoflora of rural environments with cold dry desert climate which provides useful information to take preventive measures to avoid biological damage.
Assuntos
Microbiologia do Ar , Biodiversidade , Mudança Climática , Fungos/fisiologia , Argentina , Clima Desértico , Monitoramento Ambiental , Fungos/classificação , Estudos Longitudinais , Densidade Demográfica , Estações do Ano , Esporos Fúngicos/classificação , Esporos Fúngicos/fisiologiaRESUMO
Stypella vermiformis is a heterobasidiomycete producing minute gelatinous basidiocarps on rotten wood of conifers in the Northern Hemisphere. In the current literature, Stypella papillata, the genus type of Stypella (described from Brazil), is treated as a taxonomic synonym of S. vermiformis. In the present paper, we revise the type material of S. papillata and a number of specimens addressed to S. vermiformis. As a result, the presumed synonymy of S. papillata and S. vermiformis is rejected and the genus Stypella is restricted to the single species S. papillata. Morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies of specimens from the Northern Hemisphere corresponding to the current concept of S. vermiformis uncovered three species from two newly described genera. S. vermiformis s.str. is distributed in temperate Europe and has small-sized basidia and basidiospores, and it is placed in a new genus, Mycostilla. Another genus, Stypellopsis, is created for two other species, the North American Stypellopsis farlowii, comb. nov., and the North European Stypellopsis hyperborea, sp. nov. Basidia and basidiospores of Stypellopsis spp. are larger than in Mycostilla vermiformis but other morphological characters are very similar. In addition, Spiculogloea minuta (Spiculogloeomycetes, Pucciniomycotina) is reported as new to Norway, parasitising basidiocarps of M. vermiformis and Tulasnella spp.
Assuntos
Basidiomycota/classificação , Basidiomycota/genética , Basidiomycota/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Basidiomycota/isolamento & purificação , Brasil , Europa (Continente) , Noruega , Filogenia , Esporos Fúngicos/classificação , Esporos Fúngicos/genética , Esporos Fúngicos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Esporos Fúngicos/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Cortinarius magellanicus Speg. is an edible, ectomycorrhizal fungus, widely distributed in Argentina, Chile and New Zealand. However, earlier studies already indicated that the epithet 'magellanicus' might have been applied in a wide sense, thus circumscribing several species. A neotype was designated by Moser and Horak (1975) due Spegazzini's type was lost. Argentinian Nothofagaceae forests' samples, from autumn of 2017, morphologically recognized as C. magellanicus were used for a phylogenetic analysis, including sequences from type material and closely related species. Our results showed that C. magellanicus represents a complex of species, with at least three phylogenetic lineages, each with strong regionalism and distinct host associations. Cortinarius magellanicus s. str. is restricted to Patagonia of Argentina and Chile. The misidentified reports from New Zealand and Australia represent distinct and different lineages. In the present contribution, the re-description of C. magellanicus is based on neotype material and two new species are proposed. Cortinarius vitreopileatus var. similissimus is described as variety from New Zealand resembling C. magellanicus, however without close phylogenetic relationship to it. The taxonomic delimitation for C. magellanicus species complex is of high relevance due to the abundance of these fungi and their ectomycorrhizal role in Nothofagaceae forests in Gondwanian region.
Assuntos
Cortinarius/isolamento & purificação , Magnoliopsida/microbiologia , Micorrizas/isolamento & purificação , Argentina , Austrália , Chile , Cortinarius/classificação , Cortinarius/genética , Cortinarius/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ecossistema , Florestas , Micorrizas/classificação , Micorrizas/genética , Micorrizas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Nova Zelândia , Filogenia , Esporos Fúngicos/classificação , Esporos Fúngicos/genética , Esporos Fúngicos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Esporos Fúngicos/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
The aim of this study was to investigate the species of conidial fungi associated with leaf litter of Cedrela odorata (Meliaceae), an endangered red cedar species typical of Amazonian terra-firme forests. Conidial fungi were sampled around C. odorata individuals in three forest areas in the municipality of Belém (Pará State, Brazil). A total of 104 species were identified, with 53 new records for the state of Pará, 46 first records for the Brazilian Amazon, including new records for Brazil (Cordana abramovii), for South America (Acarocybiopsis cubitaensis, Xylocladium claviforme) and for the Americas (Dactylaria biguttulata). A review of species of conidial fungi reported on C. odorata is provided, indicating its distribution in Brazil. For each new record in Brazil, South America and the Americas we present a description, illustrations, geographical distribution and taxonomic comments.(AU)
O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as espécies de fungos conidiais associadas com o folhedo de Cedrela odorata, uma espécie de cedro vermelho ameaçada, típica de florestas de terra firme da Amazônia. Fungos conidiais foram amostrados no folhedo ao redor de indivíduos de C. odorata em três áreas florestais no município de Belém (PA). Um total de 104 espécies foi identificado, com 53 novos registros para o Estado do Pará e 46 que representam o primeiro registro para a Amazônia brasileira. Dentre estas, foram encontrados novos registros para o Brasil (Cordana abramovii), para a América do Sul (Acarocybiopsis cubitaensis, Xylocladium claviforme) e para as Américas (Dactylaria biguttulata). Uma revisão das espécies de fungos conidiais relatadas em C. odorata é fornecida, indicando sua distribuição no Brasil. Para cada novo registro no Brasil, América do Sul e Américas apresentamos uma descrição, ilustrações, distribuição geográfica e comentários taxonômicos.(AU)
Assuntos
Ascomicetos/classificação , Fungos Mitospóricos/classificação , Cedrela/microbiologia , Esporos Fúngicos/classificação , Meliaceae/microbiologia , Floresta Úmida , Ecossistema AmazônicoRESUMO
The aim of this study was to investigate the species of conidial fungi associated with leaf litter of Cedrela odorata (Meliaceae), an endangered red cedar species typical of Amazonian terra-firme forests. Conidial fungi were sampled around C. odorata individuals in three forest areas in the municipality of Belém (Pará State, Brazil). A total of 104 species were identified, with 53 new records for the state of Pará, 46 first records for the Brazilian Amazon, including new records for Brazil (Cordana abramovii), for South America (Acarocybiopsis cubitaensis, Xylocladium claviforme) and for the Americas (Dactylaria biguttulata). A review of species of conidial fungi reported on C. odorata is provided, indicating its distribution in Brazil. For each new record in Brazil, South America and the Americas we present a description, illustrations, geographical distribution and taxonomic comments.
O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as espécies de fungos conidiais associadas com o folhedo de Cedrela odorata, uma espécie de cedro vermelho ameaçada, típica de florestas de terra firme da Amazônia. Fungos conidiais foram amostrados no folhedo ao redor de indivíduos de C. odorata em três áreas florestais no município de Belém (PA). Um total de 104 espécies foi identificado, com 53 novos registros para o Estado do Pará e 46 que representam o primeiro registro para a Amazônia brasileira. Dentre estas, foram encontrados novos registros para o Brasil (Cordana abramovii), para a América do Sul (Acarocybiopsis cubitaensis, Xylocladium claviforme) e para as Américas (Dactylaria biguttulata). Uma revisão das espécies de fungos conidiais relatadas em C. odorata é fornecida, indicando sua distribuição no Brasil. Para cada novo registro no Brasil, América do Sul e Américas apresentamos uma descrição, ilustrações, distribuição geográfica e comentários taxonômicos.
Assuntos
Ascomicetos/classificação , Cedrela/microbiologia , Fungos Mitospóricos/classificação , Ecossistema Amazônico , Esporos Fúngicos/classificação , Floresta Úmida , Meliaceae/microbiologiaRESUMO
We present a taxonomic and phylogenetic study of Puccinia species (rust fungi) infecting tribe Lycieae (Solanaceae), with focus on the New World taxa. Phylogenetic analyses using nuclear (nuc) rDNA 5.8S-ITS2 (ITS2) and mitochondrial (mt) cytochrome oxidase subunit 3 (CO3) show that Puccinia species occurring on Lyciae are grouped in two major lineages, one New World and one Old World. We assessed the value of morphological traits and geographic range as important features for discriminating lineages. The morphology of teliospore pedicels and rust geographic ranges explained the relationships within this Puccinia species group. Four Puccinia species are recognized on Lycieae in the New World lineage and four in the Old World lineage. Puccinia tumidipes from North America is resurrected and P. dimidipes described as new from South America. In addition, P. spinulosa from Madagascar is reduced to a synonym of P. engleriana. Descriptions and a dichotomous key are presented for the accepted species.
Assuntos
Basidiomycota/classificação , Basidiomycota/genética , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Solanaceae/microbiologia , Esporos Fúngicos/classificação , Basidiomycota/isolamento & purificação , Basidiomycota/ultraestrutura , DNA Fúngico/genética , DNA Ribossômico , DNA Espaçador Ribossômico/genética , Madagáscar , América do Norte , Filogenia , Análise de Sequência de DNA , América do Sul , Esporos Fúngicos/ultraestruturaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Although airborne fungal diversity in tropical countries is known to be considerable, aerobiological research to-date has identified only a part of the fungal mycobiota that may have an impact both on human health and on crops. Previous studies in Havana city identified only 30 genera and 5 spore types; therefore,new research is required in these latitudes. This study sought to investigate airborne spore levels in Havana, with a view to learning more about local fungal diversity and assessing its influence in quantitative terms. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A Hirst type volumetric sampler was located on the rooftop of a building 35 meters above ground level, in a busy area of the city. Sampling was carried out continuously (operating 24hours/day), at 10 L per minute during the year 2015. The fungal spores were collected on a Melinex tape coated with a 2% silicone solution. The results were expressed as spores per cubic meter (spores/m3) of air when to referring to daily values, and spores count if referring to annual value. RESULTS: Fourteen new genera were identified in the course of volumetric sampling: six produce ascospores and eight conidia. Morphobiometric characteristics were noted for all genera, and airborne concentrations were calculated. These genera accounted for 56.4% of relative fungal frequency over the study year. CONCLUSIONS: Many airbone fungi are primary causes of both respiratory disease and crop damage. These new findings constitute a major contribution to Cuba's aerobiological database.
Assuntos
Microbiologia do Ar , Fungos/isolamento & purificação , Esporos Fúngicos/isolamento & purificação , Poluentes Atmosféricos/classificação , Poluentes Atmosféricos/isolamento & purificação , Cidades , Cuba , Monitoramento Ambiental , Estações do Ano , Esporos Fúngicos/classificaçãoRESUMO
Global trade increases plant introductions, but joint introduction of associated microbes is overlooked. We analyzed the ectomycorrhizal fungi of a Caribbean beach tree, seagrape (Coccoloba uvifera, Polygonacaeae), introduced pantropically to stabilize coastal soils and produce edible fruits. Seagrape displays a limited symbiont diversity in the Caribbean. In five regions of introduction (Brazil, Japan, Malaysia, Réunion and Senegal), molecular barcoding showed that seagrape mostly or exclusively associates with Scleroderma species (Basidiomycota) that were hitherto only known from Caribbean seagrape stands. An unknown Scleroderma species dominates in Brazil, Japan and Malaysia, while Scleroderma bermudense exclusively occurs in Réunion and Senegal. Population genetics analysis of S. bermudense did not detect any demographic bottleneck associated with a possible founder effect, but fungal populations from regions where seagrape is introduced are little differentiated from the Caribbean ones, separated by thousands of kilometers, consistently with relatively recent introduction. Moreover, dry seagrape fruits carry Scleroderma spores, probably because, when drying on beach sand, they aggregate spores from the spore bank accumulated by semi-hypogeous Scleroderma sporocarps. Aggregated spores inoculate seedlings, and their abundance may limit the founder effect after seagrape introduction. This rare pseudo-vertical transmission of mycorrhizal fungi likely contributed to efficient and repeated seagrape/Scleroderma co-introductions.
Assuntos
Basidiomycota/fisiologia , Micorrizas/fisiologia , Polygonaceae/microbiologia , Simbiose , Árvores/microbiologia , Basidiomycota/classificação , Basidiomycota/genética , Basidiomycota/isolamento & purificação , Brasil , Região do Caribe , Japão , Micorrizas/genética , Micorrizas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Micorrizas/isolamento & purificação , Plântula/microbiologia , Plântula/fisiologia , Solo , Esporos Fúngicos/classificação , Esporos Fúngicos/genética , Esporos Fúngicos/isolamento & purificação , Esporos Fúngicos/fisiologia , Árvores/fisiologiaRESUMO
The quality and safety of maize (Zea mays L.) from different grain storage units (GSUs), located in the main producing region of Rondônia State, Northern Brazil, were evaluated. Maize grains (n = 76) stored in four GSUs were collected from July to November 2014 and evaluated for grain damages, humidity, fungi and fumonisins (FBs) content. The climate conditions data were also obtained from plant growing to storage periods. Regarding the moisture content and water activity (aw), these varied from 10.0% to 16.1% and 0.5 to 0.8, respectively. As expected, fungi spores were present in 94.8% of the samples, prevailing Fusarium genera, with a fungi colony maximum of 2.2 × 104 CFU g-1. Regarding FBs, 60.5% of the samples were contaminated, below Brazilian and United States maximum limits, but 9.2% had levels higher than the European legislation.
Assuntos
Contaminação de Alimentos , Fumonisinas/química , Micotoxinas/química , Zea mays/química , Zea mays/microbiologia , Brasil , Qualidade de Produtos para o Consumidor , Armazenamento de Alimentos , Fungos/classificação , Fungos/isolamento & purificação , Esporos Fúngicos/classificação , Esporos Fúngicos/isolamento & purificação , ÁguaRESUMO
AIMS: Fungal diseases are among the main factors limiting high yields of soybean crop. Colletotrichum isolates from soybean plants with anthracnose symptoms were studied from different regions and time periods in Brazil using molecular, morphological and pathogenic analyses. METHODS AND RESULTS: Bayesian phylogenetic inference of GAPDH, HIS3 and ITS-5.8S rDNA sequences, the morphologies of colony and conidia, and inoculation tests on seeds and seedlings were performed. All isolates clustered only with Colletotrichum truncatum species in three well-separated clusters. Intraspecific genetic diversity revealed 27 distinct haplotypes in 51 fungal isolates; some of which were identical to C. truncatum sequences from other regions around the world, while others were related to alternative hosts. Conidia were falcate, hyaline, unicellular and aseptate, formed in acervuli, with variable dimensions. Despite being pathogenic to seedlings by both inoculation methods, variation was observed in the aggressiveness of the tested isolates, which was not correlated with genetic variation. CONCLUSION: The identification of C. truncatum in the sampled isolates was evidenced as being the only causal agent of soybean anthracnose in Brazil until 2007, with relevant genetic, morphological and pathogenic variability as well as a broad geographical origin. The wide distribution of the predominant C. truncatum haplotype indicated the existence of a highly efficient mechanism of pathogen dispersal over long distances, reinforcing the role of seeds as the primary source of disease inoculum. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The characterization and distribution of Colletotrichum species in soybean-producing regions in Brazil is fundamental for understanding the disease epidemiology and for ensuring effective control strategies against anthracnose.
Assuntos
Colletotrichum/isolamento & purificação , Glycine max/microbiologia , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Teorema de Bayes , Brasil , Colletotrichum/classificação , Colletotrichum/citologia , Colletotrichum/genética , DNA Fúngico/genética , DNA Ribossômico , Variação Genética , Geografia , Filogenia , Glycine max/genética , Esporos Fúngicos/classificação , Esporos Fúngicos/citologia , Esporos Fúngicos/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Apple bitter rot (ABR) and Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) can be caused by Colletotrichum fructicola. Although both diseases can occur simultaneously in orchards, some isolates show clear organ specialization. Thus, this work was aimed to compare microscopically the development of preinfective structures of ABR- and GLS isolates and their impact on the enzymatic oxidant defense system during the leaf infection process. On leaves, conidial germlings of GLS-isolate formed appressoria mostly sessile. In contrast, those of ABR-isolate were pedicellate and formed multiple melanized appressoria probably as a sign of unsuccessful infection attempts. Neither ABR- nor GLS isolate triggered hypersensitive response in apple leaves. In overall, the activity of scavenging enzymes was higher and long-lasting in leaves inoculated by GLS- than by ABR isolate and control. Guaiacol peroxidase, catalase, and glutathione reductase had activity peaks within 24 h after inoculation (HAI). Ascorbate peroxidase activity was higher only in GLS-infected leaves at 6 HAI, while superoxide dismutase remained unaltered. A lower level of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was determined in GLS-infected plants at 48 HAI, but the electrolyte leakage markedly increased. Disease symptoms in leaves were only caused by GLS-isolate. Results suggest that the virulent isolate coordinately downregulates the oxidative plant defense responses enabling its successful establishment in apple leaves.