RESUMO
Environmental enrichment can increase the occurrence of natural behavior and improve leg health and other animal welfare outcomes in broiler chickens. This study aimed to assess the effects of three environmental enrichments, specifically hay bales, step platforms, and laser lights, on subclinical spondylolisthesis prevalence, productivity, behavior, and gait of broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus). Twenty-four hundred day-old male Ross® AP95 chicks from a commercial hatchery were used in a completely randomized design with four treatments and four replicate pens per treatment. Pens contained either a Control (C) treatment, an environment similar to a commercial broiler chicken system without environmental enrichments, or an environment with either additional hay bales (HB), additional step platforms (SP), or additional laser lights (LL). Performance, yield, behavior (frequencies), gait score, and subclinical spondylolisthesis prevalences were assessed. When raised with SP or LL access, fewer chickens had subclinical spondylolisthesis than chickens without enrichments (C) or with HB access. Chickens with access to SP exhibited higher wing yield and less abdominal fat than animals from the C group. Chickens from the LL and HB treatments explored more and rested less frequently than animals from the C and SP treatments. As chickens aged, they became less active, exploring less and increasing resting and comfort behaviors. Treatments did not affect gait. Gait was not associated with subclinical spondylolisthesis prevalence. Environmental enrichments benefitted chicken health (subclinical spondylolisthesis) and behavior (exploration) without negative consequences for performance and yield.
Assuntos
Galinhas , Espondilolistese , Animais , Masculino , Comportamento Animal , Luz , Prevalência , Espondilolistese/epidemiologiaRESUMO
OBJETIVO: Avaliar casos de espondilolistese traumática do áxis e descrevê-los com relação à epidemiologia, classificação, déficit neurológico, tempo de consolidação e tratamento. MÉTODO: Análise retrospectiva dos prontuários dos pacientes tratado de 2002 a 2010 no IOT-HCFMUSP. Critério de inclusão: fratura da pars interarticularis de C2. RESULTADOS: 68% dos pacientes do sexo masculino com idade média de 39,1 anos. Utilizamos a classificação de Effendi, modificada por Levine-Edwards. Observamos fratura do tipo I em cinco pacientes (31,2%) e tipo II em oito pacientes (50%). Apenas três pacientes (18%) apresentaram fratura do tipo IIa. Não houve casos do tipo III. Mecanismo: Oito acidentes automobilísticos e quatro quedas. Outros mecanismos: atropelamento e mergulho. Tratamento: tração com halo craniano em onze pacientes. Foram usados gesso minerva e halo-gesso. Tempo de consolidação: 3,6 meses. Tempo de seguimento: 9,6 meses. DISCUSSÃO: Nossos resultados confirmam que fratura do enforcado apresenta bom prognóstico. Não houve necessidade de cirurgia em nenhum caso. A incidência de déficit neurológico é baixa. Nenhum paciente apresentou fratura instável, tipo III. CONCLUSÃO: Este trabalho sugere que a espondilolistese traumática do áxis continua sendo uma lesão satisfatoriamente tratada de forma conservadora na maioria dos casos. Nível de Evidência IV, Série de casos.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate cases of traumatic spondylolisthesis of the axis and describe them in relation to epidemiology, classification, neurological deficit, healing time and treatment method. METHOD: A retrospective analysis of the medical records of patients treated between 2002 and 2010 at IOT-FMUSP. Inclusion criteria: pars interarticularis fracture of C2. RESULTS: 68% were male patients, with a mean age of 39.1 years. We used the classification by Effendi, modified by Levine-Edwards. Type I fractures were observed in five patients (31.2%) and type II in eight patients (50%). Only three patients (18%) had type IIa fracture. There were no cases of type III. Mechanism: Eight car accidents and four falls. Other mechanisms: being run over, and diving accidents. Treatment with halo traction was used in eleven patients, using minerva cast and halo-cast. Healing time: 3.6 months. Follow-up time: 9.6 months. DISCUSSION: In general, hangman fracture has a good prognosis, which is confirmed by our results. There was no need for surgery in any of the cases. The incidence of neurological deficit is low. No patient had unstable fracture (type III). CONCLUSION: This paper suggests that traumatic spondylolisthesis of the axis continues to be an injury that is successfully treated by conservative treatment in most cases. Level of Evidence -IV, Case series.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto Jovem , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Vértebra Cervical Áxis/lesões , Espondilolistese/epidemiologia , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/classificação , Imobilização , Traumatismos da Coluna Vertebral , Acidentes por Quedas , Acidentes de Trânsito , Prontuários MédicosRESUMO
Objetivo: Levantamento epidemiológico retrospectivo da prevalência de espondilolistese traumática do áxis no período de cinco anos em HJXXIII ? FHEMIG. Métodos: Foram avaliados 1.136 casos de traumatismo raquimedular admitidos no período em HJXXIII ? FHEMIG. Resultados: 762 ( 67% ) correspondiam a trauma em segmento cervical, 41 casos ( 5,3% ) a ETA. Predomínio em adultos jovens do sexo masculino. A etiologia mais comum foi acidente automobilístico. Segundo classificação de Levine, o tipo de fratura mais comum foi o tipo I (70,8%), seguido pelo tipo II (16%), tipo IIa (9,6%) e tipo III (3,2%). Conclusão: A espondilolistese traumática do áxis geralmente é uma fratura estável, sendo satisfatoriamente tratada por meio de órtese externa. Os déficits neurológicos são incomuns e, quando presentes, geralmente são decorrentes de lesões associadas.
Objective: Retrospective epidemiological survey of prevalence of traumatic spondylolisthesis of axis in period of five years in HJXXIII ? FHEMIG. Methods: 1,336 admitted spine injury cases were evaluated during the period of HJXXIII ? FHEMIG. Results: 762 (67%) were trauma in neck segment, 41 cases (5,3%) to ETA. Predominance in young males. The most common cause was car accident. According to classification of Levine, the type of fracture was the most common type I (70,8%), followed by type II (16%), type IIa (9,6%), and type III (3,2%). Conclusion: The traumatic spondylolisthesis of the axis is generally a stable fracture and satisfactorily trated by external bracing. The neurological deficits are uncommon and when present are usually due to associated injuries.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Vértebra Cervical Áxis/lesões , Espondilolistese/epidemiologia , Traumatismos da Coluna VertebralRESUMO
Eight 28-day-old broiler chickens of both sexes were examined. Clinical signs, gross findings, radiological, and histopathological changes were described. Spondylolisthesis was characterized by dorsal displacement of the sixth and seventh thoracic vertebrae, resulting in compression of the spinal cord. The major clinical manifestation was paraplegia. Risk factors such as genetics, nutrition, stress, rate of growth, and age were discussed.
Assuntos
Espondilolistese/diagnóstico , Espondilolistese/epidemiologia , Aves Domésticas , Paraplegia/complicações , Paraplegia/diagnóstico , Coluna VertebralRESUMO
Eight 28-day-old broiler chickens of both sexes were examined. Clinical signs, gross findings, radiological, and histopathological changes were described. Spondylolisthesis was characterized by dorsal displacement of the sixth and seventh thoracic vertebrae, resulting in compression of the spinal cord. The major clinical manifestation was paraplegia. Risk factors such as genetics, nutrition, stress, rate of growth, and age were discussed.(AU)