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Inflammatory arthritis is documented for the first time in snakes. Ossification of the intervertebral capsule and zygapophyseal joints resulting in segmental vertebral fusion was observed in the aquatic Cretaceous snake Lunaophis aquaticus. Such pathologic alterations are pathognomonic for the spondyloarthropathy form of inflammatory arthritis. A survey of 2144 snakes in recent collections, performed to identify Holocene prevalence, revealed only two occurrences in extant snakes. The findings in Bitis gabonica and Elaphe taeniura were indistinguishable from those noted in Lunaophis aquaticus and identical to those previously recognized in modern varanids. The pathology likely represents a form of reactive arthritis related to enteropathic infection. While the disease probably did not affect general locomotion, its vertebral column position may have compromised mating.

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RESUMOObjetivo:analisar semelhanças e dessemelhanças nos significados do cuidado à saúde de idosos longevos atribuídos por eles e pelos profi ssionais de enfermagem no cenário de uma unidade básica de saúde.Método:pesquisa qualitativa etnográfica, alicerçada no método de Spradley e McCurdy e na antropologia interpretativa de Geertz e Kleinman. Participaram 20 informantes-chaves, as informações foram coletadas por meio da observação participante e entrevista etnográfica no período de março a outubro de 2013 e analisadas em domínios, taxonomias e tema cultural.Resultados:emergiram seis domínios e taxonomias culturais que mostraram razões, atributos e recursos para cuidar, na perspectiva dos idosos e dos profissionais de enfermagem e, por fim, o tema cultural: do real ao ideal - o (des)cuidar da saúde dos idosos longevos.Conclusão:o estudo mostrou o distanciamento entre o cuidado almejado e o realizado à saúde das pessoas com idade mais avançada no cenário estudado.

RESUMENObjetivo:analizar las similitudes y diferencias en los signifi cados del cuidado de salud para los más ancianos asignado por ellos y los profesionales de enfermería en un unidad básica de salud.Método:investigación cualitativa etnográfi ca, basado en método de Spradley y McCurdy y la antropología interpretativa de Geertz y Kleinman. Participaron 20 informantes clave y los datos fueron recolectados a través de la observación participante y entrevistas etnográfi cas en período de marzo a octubre de 2013 y analizados en dominios, taxonomías y tema cultural.Resultados:surgieron seis dominios y taxonomías culturales que mostraron las razones, atributos y recursos para cuidar, en perspectiva de los más ancianos y profesionales de enfermería; fi nalmente, el tema cultural: el real a lo ideal - el (des)cuidado de la salud de los más ancianos.Conclusión:el estudio demostró la distancia entre el cuidado de la salud deseado y real de las personas con edad avanzada en el escenario estudiado.

ABSTRACTObjective:to analyze similarities and dissimilarities in the meanings assigned to health care by long-lived elders and nursing professionals in a healthcare setting.Method:ethnographic qualitative research, based on the Spradley-McCurdy method and the interpretive anthropology of Geertz and Kleinman. The sample consisted of 20 key informants. Data were collected through participatory observation and ethnographic interviews from March to October 2013 and analyzed in domains, taxonomies and cultural themes.Results:Six domains and cultural taxonomies emerged and revealed reasons, attributes, and resources in providing care in relationship to long-lived elders and nursing professionals; fi nally, the following cultural theme emerged: the real to the ideal - the health (un)care of long-lived elders.Conclusion:The study showed the distance between the desired and actual health care provided to aged people in the scenario studied.

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Arthritic lesions have been frequently diagnosed in the fossil record, with spondyloarthropathy (a type of erosive and pan-mammalian arthritis) being one of the most common types described to date for mammals, though not restricted to this group. Here, we identify spondyloarthropathy in fossil bones from the late Pleistocene in Brazil assignable to a large glyptodont individual. Bone erosions in the peripheral joints (viz., the ulna, radius, left femur and tibiae-fibulae) associated with osteosclerosis allow the diagnosis of spondyloarthropathy. The presence of osteophytes in seven bones of the forelimbs (viz., the ulna and radius) and hind limbs (viz., the tibiae-fibulae, left femur and patellae) and a subchondral cyst in one element (viz., the left femur) indicate secondary osteoarthritis. A calcified deposition on the articular surface of the left patella indicates the presence of calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease, which, like the observed osteoarthritic alterations, likely represents a complication of spondyloarthropathy. This is the first report of spondyloarthropathy for xenarthrans.

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The Spondyloarthritis Research and Therapy Network (SPARTAN) is a network of health care professionals who are dedicated to research, awareness and treatment of ankylosing spondylitis and related forms of spondyloarthritis (SpA). Members meet yearly to promote research, education and treatment of SpA. The SPARTAN 2010 meeting was held on July 23 to 24 in Houston, Texas. Major presentations were given on structural bone changes in SpA, the sensitivity and specificity of magnetic resonance imaging in early SpA, mycobacterial infections in this era of modern biologic therapies and findings from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys for ankylosing spondylitis, SpA and inflammatory back pain. Additional country-specific presentations on the epidemiology of SpA were provided by representatives of North America, Central America, Brazil, Argentina, Colombia and Mexico. These topics were all developed into separate contributions contained in this in-issue supplement and summarized herein.

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