RESUMO
Resumo Objetivo analisar os estilos e fatores intervenientes na gestão e liderança de enfermeiros em três países, Brasil, Portugal e Espanha, à luz da Burocracia Profissional. Método estudo exploratório e descritivo de abordagem qualitativa realizado em três hospitais universitários localizados em diferentes países: Brasil, Espanha e Portugal. Participaram da pesquisa 30 enfermeiros. Os dados foram coletados por meio de um roteiro de coleta de dados com questões sociodemográficas e entrevistas analisadas com auxílio do software WebQda. Resultados diferentes percepções sobre os elementos integradores da participação foram reveladas nos três países, destacando-se a comunicação em diversas óticas. Verificou-se algumas convergências em relação ao trabalho em equipe, sendo a confiança o elemento que impulsiona e motiva a equipe. Sinaliza-se para uma relação participativa no desenvolvimento do trabalho. Conclusão e implicações para a prática foi possível identificar, nos três países, a importância da comunicação no processo de gestão, bem como dos estilos de gestão e de liderança, como elementos que oportunizam a atuação da equipe. Também foi evidenciada a presença de fatores intervenientes de relevância, tais como escuta, clima organizacional, relação interpessoal, transparência no trabalho e delegação de funções, os quais envolvem a burocracia profissional em que o conhecimento do enfermeiro possibilita o exercício de suas habilidades de forma horizontalizada e participativa.
Resumen Objetivo analizar los estilos y factores implicados en la gestión y el liderazgo de enfermeros en tres países, Brasil, Portugal y España, a la luz de la Burocracia Profesional. Método estudio descriptivo exploratorio con abordaje cualitativo realizado en tres hospitales universitarios ubicados en diferentes países: Brasil, España y Portugal. Treinta enfermeros participaron en la investigación. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de un script de recopilación de datos con preguntas sociodemográficas y entrevistas analizadas con la utilización del software WebQda. Resultados se revelaron diferentes percepciones sobre los elementos integradores de la participación en los tres países, destacando la comunicación desde diferentes perspectivas. Se constataron algunas convergencias en relación al trabajo en equipo, siendo la confianza el elemento que impulsa y motiva al equipo. Se advierte una relación participativa en el desarrollo del trabajo. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica se pudo advertir, en los tres países, la importancia de la comunicación en el proceso de gestión, así como los estilos de gestión y liderazgo, como elementos que permiten mejorar el desempeño del equipo. También se evidenciaron factores intervinientes relevantes, como la escucha, el clima organizacional, la relación interpersonal, la transparencia en el trabajo y la delegación de funciones, que conforman la burocracia profesional en la cual el conocimiento de los enfermos les permite el despliegue de sus competencias de manera horizontal y participativa.
Abstract Objective to analyze the styles and factors involved in nurses' management and leadership in three countries, Brazil, Portugal and Spain, in the light of Professional Bureaucracy. Method a descriptive and exploratory study with a qualitative approach carried out in three university hospitals located in different countries, namely: Brazil, Spain and Portugal. Thirty nurses participated in the research. Data was collected through a collection script with sociodemographic questions and interviews analyzed using the WebQda software. Results different perceptions about the integrating elements of participation in the three countries were revealed, highlighting communication from different perspectives. Some convergences in relation to teamwork were verified, where trust was the element that drives and motivates the team. It is a participatory relationship in the development of work. Conclusion and implications for the practice in the three countries, it was possible to identify the importance of communication in the management process, as well as the management and leadership styles, as elements that favor performance of the team. Presence of relevant intervening factors was also evidenced, such as choice, organizational climate, interpersonal relationships, transparency in work and delegation of functions, which involves professional bureaucracy in which the nurses' knowledge allows them to exercise their skills in a horizontal and participatory manner.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Gestão em Saúde , Capacidade de Liderança e Governança , Liderança , Enfermeiras e Enfermeiros , Equipe de Assistência ao Paciente , Portugal/etnologia , Prática Profissional , Qualidade da Assistência à Saúde , Espanha/etnologia , Brasil/etnologia , Autonomia Profissional , Comunicação , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Educação Continuada , Integralidade em Saúde , Relações InterprofissionaisRESUMO
The Mexican-Mestizo population arose following European contact with the Americas due to the admixture of principally Spaniards, Native Americans, and Africans around 500 years ago. Because the paternal lineage distribution of the Mexican population has been poorly investigated, this study inferred the haplogroups of ten populations based on 1859 haplotypes (Y-STR data) using two haplogroup predictor programs. In the Mexican population sample, we found predominantly European ancestry (50.1%), followed by Native American (32.5%), Eurasian (13.4%), African (2.1%), East African-South Eurasian (1.3%), and Asian (0.6%) ancestries. In general, our results support a contrary north-to-south gradient throughout the Mexican territory of European and Native-American ancestries, respectively. Moreover, the presence of West-European R1b and Sub-Saharan African E1b1a haplogroups agrees with historical and genetic data of gene flow during the European conquest. This study represents the effort to analyze these paternal lineages on a large scale by taking advantage of Y-STR haplotype data to determine the distribution and ancestry proportions in this country.
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Cromossomos Humanos Y/genética , Haplótipos/genética , África/etnologia , Ásia/etnologia , População Negra/genética , Simulação por Computador , Europa (Continente)/etnologia , Fluxo Gênico , Frequência do Gene , Genética Populacional , Geografia Médica , Humanos , Indígenas Norte-Americanos/genética , Masculino , Casamento , México , Herança Paterna/genética , Projetos Piloto , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Espanha/etnologia , População Branca/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: With structured interviews being an established method for assessing one's exposure to traumatic brain injury across their lifetime, effective assessment tools are needed to serve the large population of Spanish speakers in the U.S. and abroad. OBJECTIVE: To obtain preliminary evidence of validity for a Spanish version of a web-based, structured interview designed to assess lifetime exposure to TBI. METHODS: A sample of 720 Spanish-speaking individuals between the ages of 18 through 65 from the continental U.S. (34.3%), South America (30.8%), the Caribbean (12.6%), Spain (12.4%), and Mexico and Central America (9.9%) completed an online survey containing the Ohio State University Traumatic Brain Injury Identification Method (Self-Administered-Brief; OSU TBI-ID SAB), Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory, and PROMIS Cognitive Concerns Scale. RESULTS: Indices of severity of worst TBI, time since most recent TBI, and multiple injuries demonstrated expected relationships with neurobehavioral symptoms such that greater symptom reporting was observed among those who had more severe injuries, more recent injuries, and multiple injuries over a period of time. CONCLUSIONS: Findings provide preliminary evidence of validity for three of the indices derived from OSU TBI-ID SAB among Spanish-speaking individuals. Further study is needed to assess other aspects of this instrument to pave the way for further epidemiological studies involving lifetime exposure to TBI among Spanish-speaking individuals across the U.S., Spain, and Latin America.
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Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas/diagnóstico , Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas/etnologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , América Central/etnologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México/etnologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , América do Sul/etnologia , Espanha/etnologia , Inquéritos e Questionários/normas , Estados Unidos/etnologia , Índias Ocidentais/etnologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
RESUMEN OBJETIVO Analizar la influencia de cambios socio-políticos, educativos y feministas de España en el mantenimiento de lactancia materna. MÉTODO Revisión histórico-descriptiva de documentación en bases de datos, Boletines Oficiales del Estado, del Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo y Bienestar Social. RESULTADOS La lactancia materna es un fenómeno complejo influenciado por factores demográficos, biológicos, sociales y psicológicos. Ha cambiado a lo largo de la historia y, evolucionado con los movimientos feministas. La incorporación de la mujer al mercado laboral (s.XIX), produjo una modificación en el rol familiar y pareja. La sociedad del siglo XXI reclama a los poderes públicos la conciliación personal y laboral para la crianza de sus hijos. CONCLUSIONES E IMPLICACIÓN PARA LA PRÁCTICA Han sido múltiples los factores y procesos evolutivos para la situación socio-cultural de la mujer en la lactancia materna. Actualmente sigue siendo complicado compaginar gestación y crianza con el empleo, las redes formales e informales permiten avances en políticas sanitarias.
RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar a influência das mudanças sócio-políticas, educativas e feministas em Espanha na manutenção do aleitamento materno. MÉTODO Revisão histórico-descritiva da documentação em bases de dados, Boletins Oficiais do Estado, do Ministério da Saúde e do Consumo e da Previdência Social. RESULTADOS O aleitamento materno é um fenómeno complexo influenciado por factores demográficos, biológicos, sociais e psicológicos. Ela mudou ao longo da história e evoluiu com os movimentos feministas. A incorporação das mulheres ao mercado de trabalho (século XIX), produziu uma modificação no papel da família e do casal. A sociedade do século XXI exige do poder público a conciliação pessoal e laboral para a educação dos seus filhos. CONCLUSÕES E IMPLICAÇÕES PARA A PRÁTICA Tem havido múltiplos factores e processos evolutivos para a situação sociocultural das mulheres em aleitamento materno. Hoje em dia, ainda é complicado combinar gravidez e educação com emprego, e as redes formais e informais permitem avanços nas políticas de saúde.
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the influence of socio-political, educational and feminist changes in Spain on the maintenance of breastfeeding. METHOD Historical-descriptive review of documentation in databases, Official State Bulletins, of the Ministry of Health and Consumer Affairs and Social Welfare. RESULTS Breastfeeding is a complex phenomenon influenced by demographic, biological, social and psychological factors. It has changed throughout history and evolved with the feminist movements. The incorporation of women to the labor market (19th century), produced a modification in the family and couple role. The society of the 21st century demands from the public authorities the personal and labor conciliation for the upbringing of their children. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATION FOR PRACTICE There have been multiple factors and evolutionary processes for the socio-cultural situation of women in breastfeeding. Nowadays, it is still complicated to combine pregnancy and upbringing with employment, and formal and informal networks allow advances in health policies.
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Humanos , Feminino , Aleitamento Materno , Feminismo/história , Espanha/etnologia , Mulheres Trabalhadoras/legislação & jurisprudência , Direitos da Mulher/história , Poder FamiliarRESUMO
Tacuarembó is a department located in northeastern Uruguay, whose population is the result of several migration waves from Europe and Near East, as well as Africans and Afro-descents mostly from Brazil; these waves settled with the territory's various Native ethnic groups (Charrúa, Minuán, and Guaraní). In the past, this population has been the focus of genetic studies showing this trihybrid origin, with greater contributions of Natives and Africans than in other Uruguayan regions. In this study we analyzed eight Alu insertions (A25, ACE, APOA1, B65, D1, F13B, PV92, TPA25) to provide valuable information for ancestrality and genetic differentiation and to compare with both previous studies on the Tacuarembó population and Alu frequencies in other Uruguayan populations. The European contribution to Alu and classical markers was almost equal to that of a previous study using 22 classical markers (63% vs. 65%), while African contribution was higher (30% vs. 15%), and Native American contribution shows an important difference in Alu: 7% versus 20%. We found no significant differences in genetic differentiation between Tacuarembó and Montevideo but significant differences between Tacuarembó and Basque descendants from Trinidad. Our results support previous findings obtained with classical markers that demonstrate the trihybrid composition of the Tacuarembó population, correlated with historical records. Thus, Alu insertions provide interesting information in light of the admixture process in the Uruguayan population.
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Elementos Alu/genética , Etnicidade/genética , Testes Genéticos/métodos , Brasil/etnologia , Europa (Continente)/etnologia , Feminino , Frequência do Gene , Variação Genética , Genética Populacional/métodos , Humanos , Masculino , Oriente Médio/etnologia , Grupos Populacionais/genética , Espanha/etnologia , Uruguai/etnologiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Ecuadorians are the largest immigrant group in Spain. In countries with preclinical programs of xenotransplantation (XenoTx), it is important to know the population attitude toward them; however, in the Ecuadorian population it is not known. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the attitude toward XenoTx of organs among the Ecuadorian population residing in Spain. METHODS: Population under study. Ecuadorians residing in Spain. INCLUSION CRITERIA: Sample of population over 15 years stratified by age and sex. Instrument valuation. Validated questionnaire of attitude towards xenotransplantation PCID-XenoTx-Ríos. Setting for the study. Random selection of people to survey based on stratification. RESULTS: Of the 461 respondents, 36% are in favor of XenoTx if the results were similar to those obtained with humans, 15% against, and 49% undecided. If the results were worse than with human organs, 11% would be in favor, 26% against, and 63% undecided. The variables associated with this attitude are age (P = .018), marital status (P = .026), studies (P < .001), comment with family (P = .001), couple attitude (P = .039), attitude toward cadaveric donation (P < .001), previous experience with donation (P = .001), consider the possibility of needing a transplant in the future (P < .001), and attitude toward related living donation (P < .001). In the multivariate analysis, these data persist: university studies (odds ratio [OR] = 3.875; P = .007); in favor of cadaveric organ donation (OR = 2.840; P < .001); previous relationship with donation and organ transplantation (OR = 1.901; P = .026); and consider the possibility of needing a transplant in the future (OR = 4.329; P = .002). CONCLUSIONS: The attitude toward XenoTx among Ecuadorian residents in Spain is unfavorable and is conditioned by different psychosocial variables.
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Emigrantes e Imigrantes , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde/etnologia , Transplante Heterólogo , Adulto , Equador , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Transplante de Órgãos , Espanha/etnologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Obtenção de Tecidos e ÓrgãosRESUMO
The simulation scenarios are increasingly being used to assess professional competences in health sciences at university level. The objective of this study was to explore the effect of differences in the stress psychophysiological response of Psychology degree students from Spain and Colombia undergoing to clinical practice. Multiple psychophysiological measures were obtained in a sample of 25 Colombian and Spanish Psychology students undergoing to simulation scenario. Differences in the initial level of stress and habituation process as reported by self-reported and psychophysiological measurements as discussed. Differences in stress-related psychological traits are also analyzed and further discussed.
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Comparação Transcultural , Estresse Psicológico/etnologia , Adulto , Colômbia/etnologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Projetos Piloto , Espanha/etnologia , Estresse Psicológico/fisiopatologia , Estresse Psicológico/psicologia , Estudantes , Universidades , Adulto JovemRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Pre-exposure prophylaxis is defined as the use of antiretroviral drugs to prevent HIV acquisition in uninfected individuals. Recognizing the increasing use of informal pre-exposure prophylaxis in Portugal, CheckpointLX, a community clinic targeted to men who have sex with men in Lisbon, Portugal, began offering counselling and follow-up services prior to formal introduction. This study aims to characterize pre-exposure prophylaxis users attending CheckpointLX before formal pre-exposure prophylaxis introduction in Portugal, and those who were referred to pre-exposure prophylaxis in the National Health Service following formal approval of pre-exposure prophylaxis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data was collected by peer counsellors between May 2015 and September 2018 and inserted in a database. Medical care followed the European AIDS Clinical Society recommendations for pre-exposure prophylaxis eligibility, initiation and follow-up. For formal pre-exposure prophylaxis, the General-Directorate for Health's Pre-exposure Prophylaxis guidelines checklist was used. RESULTS: Until the end of May 2018, CheckpointLX had a total of 90 appointments for wild pre-exposure prophylaxis, of which 64 (71%) were first time visits. As for the 380 service users referred to the National Health Service, most were Portuguese (n = 318, 84%), and the mean age was 31 (8.9) years old. Condomless sex in the last six months with partners of unknown HIV status was the most common eligibility criteria (n = 59, 83%). DISCUSSION: Pre-exposure prophylaxis delivery should be complemented with effective information on the importance of immunization and education on safer practices of drug administration, in the scope of broader preventive sexual health care. CONCLUSION: Much remains to be done in Portugal to ensure that pre-exposure prophylaxis is available to those who need it the most. Offering pre-exposure prophylaxis at community clinics could be a first step.
Introdução: A profilaxia pré-exposição pode ser definida como o uso de medicamentos anti-retrovirais para prevenir a aquisição do VIH em indivíduos não infectados. Reconhecendo o uso crescente da profilaxia pré-exposição informal em Portugal, o CheckpointLX, uma clínica comunitária destinada a homens que têm sexo com homens em Lisboa, Portugal, começou a oferecer aconselhamento e serviços de acompanhamento antes da introdução formal. Este estudo pretende caracterizar os utilizadores da profilaxia pré-exposição que frequentam o CheckpointLX antes da introdução formal da profilaxia pré-exposição em Portugal, e aqueles que foram encaminhados para a profilaxia pré-exposição no Serviço Nacional de Saúde após a aprovação formal da profilaxia pré-exposição. Material e Métodos: Os dados foram colhidos por pares entre maio de 2015 e setembro de 2018 e inseridos numa base de dados. Os cuidados médicos seguiram as recomendações da European AIDS Clinical Society para elegibilidade, iniciação e acompanhamento da profilaxia pré-exposição. Para a profilaxia pré-exposição formal, foi utilizada a lista de verificação da Norma de Profilaxia Pré-exposição da Direção-Geral da Saúde. Resultados: Até ao final de maio de 2018, o CheckpointLX fez um total de 90 consultas para o wild pre-exposure prophylaxis, das quais 64 (71%) foram primeiras consultas. Quanto aos 380 utilizadores referenciados ao Serviço Nacional de Saúde, a maioria era de nacionalidade portuguesa (n = 318, 84%) e a idade média era de 31 (8,9) anos. Sexo sem preservativo nos últimos seis meses com parceiros com estatuto VIH desconhecido foi o critério de elegibilidade mais reportado (n = 59, 83%). Discussão: A dispensa da profilaxia pré-exposição deve ser complementada com informações eficazes sobre a importância da imunização e da educação em práticas mais seguras de administração de medicamentos, no âmbito de cuidados de saúde sexual preventivos mais amplos. Conclusão: Ainda há muito a ser feito em Portugal para garantir que a profilaxia pré-exposição esteja disponível para aqueles que mais dela precisam. Oferecer profilaxia pré-exposição em clínicas comunitárias pode ser um primeiro passo.
Assuntos
Antirretrovirais/administração & dosagem , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Homossexualidade Masculina/estatística & dados numéricos , Profilaxia Pré-Exposição/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Brasil/etnologia , Lista de Checagem , Preservativos/estatística & dados numéricos , Hospitais Especializados/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Portugal , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Encaminhamento e Consulta/estatística & dados numéricos , Aconselhamento Sexual/estatística & dados numéricos , Espanha/etnologia , Vacinação/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine whether or not cultural differences influence beliefs about the necessity of taking prescribed psychiatric drugs and concern about their adverse effects in psychiatric outpatients in Spain, Argentina, and Venezuela. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 1,372 adult psychiatric outpatients using 2,438 psychotropic drugs and was designed to assess outpatients' beliefs about their prescribed medication. Patients completed sociodemographic, clinical questionnaires, and the Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire Specific Scale and registered scores ranging from 1 to 5 on each of two subscales: concern and necessity. A "necessity-concern differential" was obtained by calculating the difference (range -4 to +4). RESULTS: The global score, including all drugs in the total sample, had a mean necessity score of 3.50 ± 0.95, a mean concern score of 2.97 ± 0.99, and a mean differential score of 0.54 ± 1.42. The concern and necessity mean scores varied significantly across these three culturally Hispanic countries, probably across drug classes, and were associated with treatment duration. On the other hand, age and education played a very limited role. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding the diverse effects of culture and society on these attitudes is highly relevant for the development of responsive mental health services in multicultural societies.
Assuntos
Comparação Transcultural , Cultura , Etnofarmacologia/métodos , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Transtornos Mentais/etnologia , Psicotrópicos/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Argentina/etnologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Transtornos Mentais/tratamento farmacológico , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Espanha/etnologia , Venezuela/etnologiaRESUMO
The present study examined measurement invariance of the 48-item, 8-factor, Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire (YAACQ) across nationality in college students from the United States, Spain, and Argentina. We also compared latent mean differences and criterion-related validity (i.e., correlation with other alcohol-related outcomes) across countries. Last month drinkers (1,511) from the United States (n = 774, 70.5% female), Argentina (n = 439, 50.6% female), and Spain (n = 298, 72.1% female) completed an online survey measuring alcohol use, drinking motives, college alcohol beliefs, and negative alcohol-related consequences. Multigroup confirmatory factor analyses supported configural and scalar invariance of a 47-item, 8-factor YAACQ across countries. Overall, the correlation analysis supported criterion-related validity (i.e., strong bivariate correlations between the 8 subscales and alcohol consumption, drinking motives and college alcohol beliefs) across countries. Some nonsignificant bivariate correlations and differences in the magnitude of the correlations across countries are discussed. Our findings expand previous work, mostly focused on U.S. samples, by supporting the YAACQ as an adequate measure to assess alcohol-related consequences in youths across countries marked by unique cultural traditions, attitudes, and policies pertaining to alcohol. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Assuntos
Consumo de Álcool na Faculdade/etnologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Álcool/diagnóstico , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Álcool/etnologia , Comparação Transcultural , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica/normas , Psicometria/normas , Adulto , Argentina/etnologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Psicometria/instrumentação , Espanha/etnologia , Estudantes , Estados Unidos/etnologia , Universidades , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The first thirty years of the 19th century meant for Mexico years of independence, of an armed struggle, and a strong political instability as well. In those days Mexican society faced personal concerns, and collective problems, and the Spanish Peninsular had to make decisions in the presence of the independence movement. Those who did not accept this movement and fought against it, decided, in some cases, to voluntarily leave their second homeland. Others expressed themselves in favor of one or another political stance and faced the banishment. That is the case of two Spanish physicians: one of them, after expressing himself openly in his writings against the insurrection, accepted that the movement was irreversible and that the only solution to his stance was abandoning Mexico voluntarily. The other was forced into exile due to his ideology. In this article we studied their parallel paths, and we were aware that their life trajectories, by definition, never intersected. They never run into each other during their Mexican stay, but they agreed in the support of their ideologies and in their contributions to medicine. The reader will find information on their personal and professional lives, in their Spain before they moved to Mexico, during their stay in this country, and then in their return to their homeland.
Los primeros treinta años del siglo XIX significaron para México tiempos en pro de la Independencia, de la lucha armada y también fueron tiempos de fuerte inestabilidad política. Los societarios padecieron inquietudes personales y problemas colectivos y los españoles peninsulares tuvieron que tomar decisiones frente al movimiento independentista. Quienes no lo aceptaron y lo combatieron, decidieron, en algunos casos, dejar voluntariamente la que ya era su segunda patria. Otros se manifestaron en favor de una u otra postura política y enfrentaron el destierro. Es el caso de dos médicos españoles: uno de ellos, después de manifestarse en sus escritos contra la insurrección, aceptó que el movimiento era irreversible y la única solución a su postura fue el abandono voluntario de México. El otro sufrió el destierro obligado debido a su ideología. Aquí estudiamos sus trayectorias paralelas, conscientes de que estas líneas, por definición, nunca se entrecruzan. Ellos no coincidieron durante su estancia mexicana, pero sí en el sostenimiento de sus ideologías y en sus aportes a la medicina. El lector encontrará información sobre sus vidas personales y profesionales en su España antes de pasar a México, durante su estancia en este país y en su retorno a la patria de origen.
Assuntos
Médicos/história , História do Século XIX , Humanos , México , Espanha/etnologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Previous research has identified different, but not mutually exclusive, etiological pathways (i.e., the positive affect regulation pathway, the negative affect regulation pathway and the deviance proneness pathway) to alcohol use and misuse in which personality characteristics play a key role. OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to simultaneously and cross-culturally examine all these personality pathways to alcohol use in a large sample of young adult drinkers (N = 1280) from the US, Argentina, and Spain. METHOD: Structural equation modeling was conducted to test the models. Multi-group models were conducted to test model invariance across countries and gender groups. RESULTS: In the whole sample, low conscientiousness and extraversion were related to alcohol outcomes through enhancement drinking motives (i.e., positive affect regulation pathway), low emotional stability was related through coping drinking motives (i.e., negative affect regulation pathway), and low conscientiousness and low agreeableness were related through antisocial behavior (i.e., deviance proneness pathway). The model was invariant between gender groups. Some minor, yet significant, differences across countries arose. Specifically, antisocial behavior was a significant mediator of the association between agreeableness and alcohol use, but only in the US subsample. CONCLUSIONS: The present findings suggest that risky-personality pathways for alcohol use and alcohol-related problems may be generalized across gender groups and cultures in young adults.
Assuntos
Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/etnologia , Alcoolismo/etnologia , Transtorno da Personalidade Antissocial/etnologia , Comparação Transcultural , Personalidade , Adolescente , Adulto , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/psicologia , Alcoolismo/diagnóstico , Alcoolismo/psicologia , Transtorno da Personalidade Antissocial/diagnóstico , Transtorno da Personalidade Antissocial/psicologia , Argentina/etnologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Motivação/fisiologia , Personalidade/fisiologia , Comportamento Social , Espanha/etnologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Estados Unidos/etnologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
In Sweden, leishmaniasis is an imported disease and its epidemiology and incidence were not known until now. We conducted a retrospective, nationwide, epidemiological study from 1993 to 2016. Probable cases were patients with leishmaniasis diagnoses reported to the Swedish Patient registry, collecting data on admitted patients in Swedish healthcare since 1993 and out-patient visits since 2001. Confirmed cases were those with a laboratory test positive for leishmaniasis during 1993-2016. 299 probable cases and 182 confirmed cases were identified. Annual incidence ranged from 0.023 to 0.35 per 100 000 with a rapid increase in the last 4 years. Of 182 laboratory-verified cases, 96 were diagnosed from 2013 to 2016, and in this group, almost half of the patients were children under 18 years. Patients presented in different healthcare settings in all regions of Sweden. Cutaneous leishmaniasis was the most common clinical manifestation and the majority of infections were acquired in Asia including the Middle East, specifically Syria and Afghanistan. Leishmania tropica was responsible for the majority of cases (42%). A combination of laboratory methods increased the sensitivity of diagnosis among confirmed cases. In 2016, one-tenth of the Swedish population were born in Leishmania-endemic countries and many Swedes travel to these countries for work or vacation. Swedish residents who have spent time in Leishmania-endemic areas, could be at risk of developing disease some time during their lives. Increased awareness and knowledge are needed for correct diagnosis and management of leishmaniasis in Sweden.
Assuntos
Doenças Transmissíveis Importadas/epidemiologia , Doenças Transmissíveis Importadas/parasitologia , Leishmania tropica , Leishmaniose Cutânea/epidemiologia , Leishmaniose Cutânea/parasitologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Ásia/etnologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Doenças Transmissíveis Importadas/diagnóstico , Feminino , Grécia/etnologia , Humanos , Incidência , Lactente , Leishmaniose Cutânea/diagnóstico , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Sistema de Registros , Estudos Retrospectivos , América do Sul/etnologia , Espanha/etnologia , Suécia/epidemiologia , Viagem/estatística & dados numéricos , Trabalho/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The information we obtain from how speakers sound-for example their accent-affects how we interpret the messages they convey. A clear example is foreign accented speech, where reduced intelligibility and speaker's social categorization (out-group member) affect memory and the credibility of the message (e.g., less trustworthiness). In the present study, we go one step further and ask whether evaluations of messages are also affected by regional accents-accents from a different region than the listener. In the current study, we report results from three experiments on immediate memory recognition and immediate credibility assessments as well as the illusory truth effect. These revealed no differences between messages conveyed in local-from the same region as the participant-and regional accents-from native speakers of a different country than the participants. Our results suggest that when the accent of a speaker has high intelligibility, social categorization by accent does not seem to negatively affect how we treat the speakers' messages.
Assuntos
Comparação Transcultural , Idioma , Memória/fisiologia , Fonética , Percepção da Fala/fisiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Cognição/fisiologia , Cuba/etnologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , América do Sul/etnologia , Espanha/etnologia , Fala/fisiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Nacido en Petilla de Aragón, España, Santiago Ramón y Cajal posiblemente sea, por el volumen significativo y trascendencia de su obra, el más relevante neurocientífico de la historia. En conmemoración a la celebración en 2016 de la tercera jornada científica de la cátedra Santiago Ramón y Cajal, es objetivo de este trabajo rendir tributo al histólogo, patólogo, y neurocientífico. Se recogen de manera historiográfica momentos trascendentales de la vida y obra del sabio español, relacionados con su intensa labor investigativa, que lo llevaron al planteamiento de la teoría neuronal, la obtención del premio Nobel, la trascendencia de sus descubrimientos, así como los principales momentos de su estancia en Cuba (AU).
Born in Petilla de Aragón, Spain, Santiago Ramón y Cajal is probably, the most relevant neuroscientist of the history, due to the significant volume and transcendence of his work. Commemorating the celebration of the third scientific event of the Cathedra Santiago Ramón y Cajal in 2016, the aim of this work is rendering homage to the outstanding histologist, pathologist and neuroscientist. In a historiographical way, some significant moments of the Spanish scholar's life and work are mentioned here, related to its intense research work that lead him to postulate the neuronal theory and obtaining the Nobel prize; the transcendence of his discoveries and the main moments of his staying in Cuba are also brought about (AU).
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Médicos , Rememoração Mental , Neurociências/história , Neuroanatomia , Prêmio Nobel , Faculdades de Medicina , Espanha/etnologia , Biografias como Assunto , Cuba/etnologia , Domínios Científicos , Academias e Institutos/história , Instalações de Saúde/história , História da Medicina , Corpo Clínico/história , Sistema Nervoso/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
Though problematic hoarding is believed to be a universal human behavior, investigations of clinically-defined hoarding disorder (HD) have been confined almost exclusively to Western countries. The current investigation sought to describe and directly compare the features of individuals meeting diagnostic criteria for HD across four distinct cultural settings. Participants were 82 individuals meeting DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for HD, recruited and assessed by trained clinicians at one of four project sites: London, Barcelona, Fukuoka, and Rio de Janeiro. A series of semi-structured interviews and self-report scales were administered, including assessments of socio-demographic characteristics, psychiatric comorbidity, and severity of hoarding and related features. Results indicate that the severity and core features of HD, as well as the cognitions and behaviors commonly associated with this condition, are largely stable across cultures. However, some differences in patient demographics-in particular age, marital status, and clinical expression-as well as comorbid psychiatric features also emerged. These findings confirm that HD, as defined in DSM-5, exists and presents with similar phenomenology across the studied cultures. Future, more fine-grained, research will be needed to study the features of the disorder in additional cultures (e.g., non-industrialized nations) and to evaluate the impact of these cultural aspects on the design of interventions for the disorder.
Assuntos
Comparação Transcultural , Transtorno de Acumulação/etnologia , Adulto , Idoso , Brasil/etnologia , Feminino , Humanos , Japão/etnologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Espanha/etnologia , Reino Unido/etnologiaRESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The different species of the genus Datura have been used traditionally by some pre-Columbian civilizations, as well as in medieval rituals linked to magic and witchcraft in both Mexico and Europe. It is also noteworthy the use of different alkaloids obtained from the plants for medicinal purposes in the treatment of various groups of diseases, especially of the respiratory and muscularskeletal systems. AIM OF THE STUDY: A review of the ethnobotanical uses of the genus Datura in Mexico and Spain has been conducted. We focus on the medicinal and ritualistic uses included in modern ethnobotanical studies, emphasizing the historical knowledge from post-colonial American Codices and medieval European texts. Datura's current social emergency as a drug of recreation and leisure, as well as its link to crimes of sexual abuse is also considered. The work is completed with some notes about the distribution and ecology of the different species and a phytochemical and pharmacological review of Datura alkaloids, necessary to understand their arrival in Europe and the ethnobotanical uses made since then MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature review and compilation of information on traditional medicinal uses of the genus has been carried out from the main electronic databases. Traditional volumes (codices) have also been consulted in libraries of different institutions. Consultations have been made with the National Toxicological Services of Spain and Mexico for toxicological data. RESULTS: A total of 118 traditional uses were collected in both territories, 111 medicinal ones to be applied in 76 conditions or symptoms included in 13 pathological groups. Although there are particular medicinal uses in the two countries, we found up to 15 similar uses, of which 80% were previously mentioned in post-Colonial American codices. Applications in the treatment of asthma and rheumatism are also highlighted. Apart from medicinal uses, it is worth noting their cultural and social uses, in the case of Mexico relating to diseases such as being scared, astonishment or falling in love, and in the case of Spain, as a recreational drug and lately, for criminal purposes. CONCLUSIONS: This review highlights the variety of uses traditionally given to the different species in both territories. The fact that most of the coincident or similar uses in both countries also appear in the classical codices can be found an example of the flow, not only of the plants from America to Europe, but also of their associated information. It is also relevant that particular uses have derived in both countries, reflecting the difference in the cultural factors and traditions linked to rituals and cultural practices. Finally, the significant growth of Datura consumption in recent years as a drug of leisure and recreation, as well as in crimes of sexual submission, should be considered as research of maximum relevance in the field of forensic botany and toxicology.
Assuntos
Datura , Etnobotânica/métodos , Drogas Ilícitas/toxicidade , Medicina Tradicional/métodos , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Animais , Datura/genética , Etnobotânica/tendências , Humanos , Drogas Ilícitas/química , Drogas Ilícitas/isolamento & purificação , Medicina Tradicional/tendências , México/etnologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Transtornos Respiratórios/tratamento farmacológico , Transtornos Respiratórios/etnologia , Solanaceae/genética , Espanha/etnologia , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
Como modalidad de investigación narrativa, la autoetnografía enfatiza la parte más personal del proceso de investigación. En este artículo, el relato autoetnográfico se utiliza para reflexionar sobre el trabajo de campo de un estudio etnográfico previo desarrollado en el polideportivo de una prisión de máxima seguridad española. Los datos recogidos en aquella ocasión han sido reexaminados ahora para explicitar críticamente los pasos dados. De este modo, se ponen de manifiesto tanto los dilemas éticos enfrentados, las complejas relaciones sociales que el proceso de investigación encerró, así como la falibilidad de las decisiones tomadas(AU)
Como uma forma de pesquisa narrativa, autoetnografía enfatiza a parte mais pessoal do processo de investigação. Neste artigo, a história autoetnografica é usada para refletir sobre o trabalho de campo de um estudo etnográfico anterior realizado no pavilhão desportivo de uma prisão espanhola de segurança máxima. Os dados recolhidos nesse momento são re-analisados para fazer crítica explícita das decisões tomadas. Assim, eles revelam os dilemas éticos enfrentados, as relações sociais complexas que surgem durante o processo de pesquisa e a falibilidade das decisões tomadas(AU)
As a type of narrative inquiry, autoethnography emphasizes the more personal side of the research process. In this paper, the autoethnographic story is used to reflect upon a previous ethnographic study carried out in the sports hall of a maximum security Spanish prison. Data gathered in the ethnographic study are re-analyzed to make critically explicit the decisions taken. Therefore, ethical dilemmas and complex social relations arise during the research process, while fallibility of decisions taken are highlighted(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Antropologia Cultural , Prisioneiros , Prisões , Espanha/etnologia , EsportesRESUMO
Anthropometric literature on the American territories of the Hispanic monarchy before their independence is still scarce. We attempt to expand the field with a case study that includes some important novelties. Albeit our main source, the military records of the Censo de Revillagigedo (conducted in the early 1790s), has already been used, the sample size and the geographical scope are unprecedented: 19,390 males of four ethnicities (castizos, españoles, mestizos, and mulatos) aged from 16 to 39 from 24 localities, including towns and villages scattered across central regions of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. We build a database that, complemented with information on resource endowments obtained from other sources, permits to analyze the determinants of height. Our results show the importance of spatial differences as well as the significance of ethnicity, occupation, rurality, age and resource endowments as determinants of height. Unprivileged mulatos are only 0.5cm shorter than, assumedly privileged, españoles in the "first world" (El Bajío) and 1.3cm taller in the "second world" (Eastern Central Highlands). In turn, living in the "first world" implies being between nearly 1.5cm and 5cm taller than the inhabitants of the "second world". Our estimates of physical statures are placed within an international comparative context and offer a relatively "optimistic" picture.
Assuntos
Antropometria/história , Estatura/etnologia , Etnicidade/história , Militares/história , Fatores Socioeconômicos/história , Adolescente , Adulto , Agricultura/história , Agricultura/estatística & dados numéricos , População Negra/etnologia , População Negra/história , População Negra/estatística & dados numéricos , Estatura/fisiologia , Etnicidade/estatística & dados numéricos , História do Século XVIII , Humanos , Indígenas Norte-Americanos/etnologia , Indígenas Norte-Americanos/história , Indígenas Norte-Americanos/estatística & dados numéricos , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Militares/estatística & dados numéricos , Mineração/história , Mineração/estatística & dados numéricos , População Rural/história , População Rural/estatística & dados numéricos , Espanha/etnologia , População Urbana/história , População Urbana/estatística & dados numéricos , População Branca/etnologia , População Branca/história , População Branca/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Maternal lineages of West Eurasian and North African origin account for 11.5% of total mitochondrial ancestry in Puerto Rico. Historical sources suggest that this ancestry arrived mostly from European migrations that took place during the four centuries of the Spanish colonization of Puerto Rico. This study analyzed 101 mitochondrial control region sequences and diagnostic coding region variants from a sample set randomly and systematically selected using a census-based sampling frame to be representative of the Puerto Rican population, with the goal of defining West Eurasian-North African maternal clades and estimating their possible geographical origin. Median-joining haplotype networks were constructed using hypervariable regions 1 and 2 sequences from various reference populations in search of shared haplotypes. A posterior probability analysis was performed to estimate the percentage of possible origins across wide geographic regions for the entire sample set and for the most common haplogroups on the island. Principal component analyses were conducted to place the Puerto Rican mtDNA set within the variation present among all reference populations. Our study shows that up to 38% of West Eurasian and North African mitochondrial ancestry in Puerto Rico most likely migrated from the Canary Islands. However, most of those haplotypes had previously migrated to the Canary Islands from elsewhere, and there are substantial contributions from various populations across the circum-Mediterranean region and from West African populations related to the modern Wolof and Serer peoples from Senegal and the nomad Fulani who extend up to Cameroon. In conclusion, the West Eurasian mitochondrial ancestry in Puerto Ricans is geographically diverse. However, haplotype diversity seems to be low, and frequencies have been shaped by population bottlenecks, migration waves, and random genetic drift. Consequently, approximately 47% of mtDNAs of West Eurasian and North African ancestry in Puerto Rico probably arrived early in its colonial history.