RESUMO
Parasitism is one of the most important diseases in nonhuman primates (NHP). Parasitism by Prosthenorchis elegans can be a threat to health and conservation of NHP in Costa Rica. Surgical management of intestinal acanthocephalan infection in two squirrel monkeys (Saimiri oerstedii) and one white-faced monkey (Cebus imitator) is described as an alternative to the lack of pharmacologic control options when there is a high burden of parasites present. A complete physical evaluation, including medical ultrasound techniques, allow for diagnosis of the parasite and its lesions. When animals present with a high burden of parasites, surgical management has shown to promote good health outcomes and increase the probability of survival.
Assuntos
Enteropatias , Animais , Costa Rica , Enteropatias/parasitologia , Enteropatias/veterinária , Exame Físico , Primatas/parasitologiaRESUMO
Cattle production in extensive systems favours the occurrence of gastrointestinal nematodes, and the use of nematophagous fungi complements the control strategies for these nematodes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the fungi Arthrobotrys cladodes and Pochonia chlamydosporia in the biological control of gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes in grazing cattle. Twenty-four calves were randomly divided into four groups and allocated to independent paddocks from February 2018 to January 2019. In the first group, the animals received pellets containing P. chlamydosporia. In the second group, the animals received pellets containing A. cladodes. In the third group, the animals received pellets containing a combination of the fungi A. cladodes and P. chlamydosporia. In the control group, the animals received pellets without fungus. The combined use of A. cladodes and P. chlamydosporia showed greater efficacy in the biological control of bovine gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes than the same fungi used separately. The parasite load was lower and weight gain was greater (P ⩽ 0.05) in the groups of cattle treated with nematophagous fungi. Therefore, the use of A. cladodes and P. chlamydosporia is promising in the biological control of nematodiosis in cattle.
Assuntos
Ascomicetos/química , Agentes de Controle Biológico/uso terapêutico , Doenças dos Bovinos/prevenção & controle , Hypocreales/química , Enteropatias/veterinária , Infecções por Nematoides/veterinária , Controle Biológico de Vetores , Animais , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Enteropatias/parasitologia , Enteropatias/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Nematoides/parasitologia , Infecções por Nematoides/prevenção & controle , Distribuição AleatóriaRESUMO
Parasitic infections caused by protozoan belonging to genus Eimeria are considered important for the poultry industry, due to their severe intestinal lesions and high mortality rates, causing significant economic losses. Although several mechanisms of coccidiosis pathogenesis are known, the effects of this infection on intestinal enzymes linked to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) metabolism, as creatine kinase (CK), adenylate kinase (AK), and pyruvate kinase (PK), remain unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether coccidiosis impairs enzymes linked ATP metabolism in the intestine of chicken chicks. For this, 42 animals that were 2 days old were divided into two groups: uninfected (the negative control group) and experimentally infected on second day of life (the positive control group). On days 5, 10, and 15 post-infection (PI), fecal samples were collected for oocyst counts; intestinal tissue was collected in order to evaluate CK, AK, and PK activities, as well as parameters of the oxidative stress and histopathology. On days 10 and 15 PI, infected animals showed high counts of oocysts in fecal samples and intestinal lesions compared to the control group. Cytosolic CK activity was higher in infected animals on days 10 and 15 PI compared to the control group, while mitochondrial CK activity was lower on days 5, 10, and 15 PI. Also, AK activity was lower in infected animals on days 10 and 15 PI compared to control group, while no differences were observed between groups regarding PK activity. In relation to parameters of oxidative stress, intestinal lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species levels were higher in infected animals on days 10 and 15 PI compared to the control group, while non-protein thiol levels were lower on day 10 PI. On the 15th day, infected animals had lower body weight (P < 0.05). Based on this evidence, inhibition of mitochondrial CK activity causes an impairment of intestinal energetic homeostasis possibly through depletion on ATP levels, although the cytosolic CK activity acted as an attempt to restore the mitochondrial ATP levels through a feedback mechanism. Moreover, the impairment on energy metabolism appears to be mediated by excessive production of intestinal ROS, as well as oxidation of lipids and thiol groups.
Assuntos
Trifosfato de Adenosina/metabolismo , Adenilato Quinase/metabolismo , Galinhas/parasitologia , Coccidiose/veterinária , Creatina Quinase/metabolismo , Eimeria/metabolismo , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Piruvato Quinase/metabolismo , Animais , Coccidiose/metabolismo , Metabolismo Energético/fisiologia , Glicólise/fisiologia , Homeostase , Enteropatias/parasitologia , Intestinos/parasitologia , Intestinos/patologia , Mitocôndrias/enzimologia , Estresse Oxidativo , Fosforilação , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/parasitologia , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Aumento de PesoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: According to national epidemiological surveillance records, in Mexico six intestinal infectious diseases (IID) are among the top infectious communicable diseases. However, their incidence, relative importance, and spatial patterns have not been studied in detail. AIMS: We examine the epidemiology of IID due to bacteria and protozoa to identify which diseases are most important at two spatial scales, what is their integrated importance locally, and how their incidence correlates with Human Development Index (HDI). METHODS: We retrieved yearly number of new cases of eight IID from the national epidemiological morbidity report from 2003 to 2012 at the national level, by state, and to assess such information at a higher spatial resolution we included the municipalities for Mexico City. However, no comparisons were made to other municipalities due to unavailability of data. We compared incidence, obtained the disease-specific relative importance, and inspected spatial patterns for the integrated incidence. Finally, we tested whether HDI is correlated with incidence. RESULTS: We found that, except for two diseases, the relative importance of the other six IID contrasted not only between the national level and Mexico City, but also among states and municipalities in Mexico City. Besides, at both scales the distribution of the incidence showed disease-specific spatial patterns. Finally, there was a lack of consistent correlation between HDI and individual IID at both scales. CONCLUSION: Our results emphasize the need for local disease-focused selective models for control and prevention of IID. The maps displaying our analyses of epidemiological similarities may be used in orienting such effort.
Assuntos
Infecções Bacterianas/epidemiologia , Enteropatias/epidemiologia , Infecções por Protozoários/epidemiologia , Bactérias , Cidades , Humanos , Incidência , Enteropatias/microbiologia , Enteropatias/parasitologia , México/epidemiologiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and etiological profile of enteropathogens in children from a daycare center. METHODS: From October 2010 to February 2011 stool samples from 100 children enrolled in a government daycare center in the municipality of São José do Rio Preto, in the state of São Paulo, were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 246 bacteria were isolated in 99% of the fecal samples; 129 were in the diarrheal group and 117 in the non-diarrheal group. Seventy-three strains of Escherichia coli were isolated, 19 of Enterobacter, one of Alcaligenes and one of Proteus. There were 14 cases of mixed colonization with Enterobacter and E. coli. Norovirus and Astrovirus were detected in children with clinical signs suggestive of diarrhea. These viruses were detected exclusively among children residing in urban areas. All fecal samples were negative for the presence of the rotavirus species A and C. The presence of Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba coli, Endolimax nana and hookworm was observed. A significant association was found between food consumption outside home and daycare center and the presence of intestinal parasites. CONCLUSIONS: For children of this daycare center, intestinal infection due to pathogens does not seem to have contributed to the occurrence of diarrhea or other intestinal symptoms. The observed differences may be due to the wide diversity of geographical, social and economic characteristics and the climate of Brazil, all of which have been reported as critical factors in the modulation of the frequency of different enteropathogens.
Assuntos
Fezes , Enteropatias/microbiologia , Enteropatias/parasitologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Creches , Pré-Escolar , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Diarreia/microbiologia , Diarreia/parasitologia , Fezes/microbiologia , Fezes/parasitologia , Fezes/virologia , Humanos , Enteropatias/virologia , Enteropatias Parasitárias/etiologia , Fatores Socioeconômicos , População UrbanaRESUMO
Introduction: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and etiological profile of enteropathogens in children from a daycare center. Methods: From October 2010 to February 2011 stool samples from 100 children enrolled in a government daycare center in the municipality of São José do Rio Preto, in the state of São Paulo, were collected and analyzed. Results: A total of 246 bacteria were isolated in 99% of the fecal samples; 129 were in the diarrheal group and 117 in the non-diarrheal group. Seventy-three strains of Escherichia coli were isolated, 19 of Enterobacter, one of Alcaligenes and one of Proteus. There were 14 cases of mixed colonization with Enterobacter and E. coli. Norovirus and Astrovirus were detected in children with clinical signs suggestive of diarrhea. These viruses were detected exclusively among children residing in urban areas. All fecal samples were negative for the presence of the rotavirus species A and C. The presence of Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba coli, Endolimax nana and hookworm was observed. A significant association was found between food consumption outside home and daycare center and the presence of intestinal parasites. Conclusions: For children of this daycare center, intestinal infection due to pathogens does not seem to have contributed to the occurrence of diarrhea or other intestinal symptoms. The observed differences may be due to the wide diversity of geographical, social and economic characteristics and the climate of Brazil, all of which have been reported as critical factors in the modulation of the frequency of different enteropathogens.
Introdução: O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência e o perfil etiológico de enteropatógenos em crianças de uma creche. Métodos: No período de outubro de 2010 a fevereiro de 2011 foram coletadas e analisadas amostras de fezes de 100 crianças matriculadas em creche do governo no município de São José do Rio Preto, Estado de São Paulo. Resultados: Um total de 246 bactérias foram isoladas em 99% das amostras de fezes; 129 eram diarreicas e 117 não-diarreicas. Foram isoladas setenta e três cepas de Escherichia coli, 19 de Enterobacter, uma de Alcaligenes e uma de Proteus. Foram detectados 14 casos de colonização mista com Enterobacter e de E. coli. Norovírus e Astrovirus foram detectados em crianças com sinais clínicos sugestivos de diarréia. Estes vírus foram detectados exclusivamente entre as crianças residentes em áreas urbanas. Todas as amostras fecais foram negativas para a presença das espécies de rotavírus A e C. Foi observada a presença de Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba coli, Endolimax nana e ancilostomídeos. Foi encontrada associação significativa entre o consumo de alimentos fora do centro da casa e creche e a presença de parasitos intestinais. Conclusões: Para as crianças desta creche, a infecção intestinal por patógenos não parece ter contribuido para a ocorrência de diarreia ou outros sintomas intestinais. As diferenças observadas podem ser atribuídas à grande diversidade de características geográficas, sociais e econômicas e o clima do Brasil, as quais tem sido relatadas como fatores críticos para a modulação da frequência de diferentes enteropatógenos.
Assuntos
Pré-Escolar , Humanos , Fezes , Enteropatias/microbiologia , Enteropatias/parasitologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Creches , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Diarreia/microbiologia , Diarreia/parasitologia , Fezes/microbiologia , Fezes/parasitologia , Fezes/virologia , Enteropatias Parasitárias/etiologia , Enteropatias/virologia , Fatores Socioeconômicos , População UrbanaRESUMO
Cytokines are small cell-signaling proteins that play an important role in the immune system, participating in intracellular communication. Four candidate genes of the cytokine family (IL2, IL4, IL13, and IFNG) were selected to identify Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) that might be associated with resistance to gastrointestinal endoparasites in goats. A population of 229 goats, F2 offspring from an F1 intercross was produced by crossing pure Saanen goats, considered as susceptible to gastrointestinal endoparasites, with pure Anglo-Nubian goats, considered resistant. Blood was collected for DNA extraction and fecal samples were also collected for parasite egg count. Polymorphisms were prospected by sequencing animals with extreme phenotype for fecal egg count (FEC) distribution. The association between SNPs and phenotype was determined by using the Fisher exact test with correction for multiple tests. Three of the 10 SNPs were identified as significant (P ≤ 0.03). They were found in intron 1 of IL2 (ENSBTA00000020883), intron 3 of IL13 (ENSBTA00000015953) and exon 3 of IFNG (ENSBTA00000012529), suggesting an association between them and gastrointestinal endoparasite resistance. Further studies will help describe the effects of these markers accurately before implementing them in marker assisted selection. This study is the pioneer in describing such associations in goats.
Assuntos
Enteropatias/genética , Infecções por Nematoides/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Alelos , Animais , Citocinas/genética , Loci Gênicos , Genótipo , Cabras , Enteropatias/parasitologia , Infecções por Nematoides/parasitologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: While in developed countries the prevalence of allergic diseases is rising, inflammatory diseases are relatively uncommon in rural developing areas. High prevalence rates of helminth and protozoan infections are commonly found in children living in rural settings and several studies suggest an inverse association between helminth infections and allergies. No studies investigating the relationship between parasitic infections and atopic diseases in rural children of developing countries under the age of 2 years have been published so far. We performed a cross-sectional survey to investigate the association of helminth and protozoan infections and malnutrition with recurrent wheezing and atopic eczema in Warao Amerindian children in Venezuela. METHODS: From August to November 2012, 229 children aged 0 to 2 years residing in the Orinoco Delta in Venezuela were enrolled. Data were collected through standardized questionnaires and physical examination, including inspection of the skin and anthropometric measurements. A stool sample was requested from all participants and detection of different parasites was performed using microscopy and real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: We observed high prevalence rates of atopic eczema and recurrent wheezing, respectively 19% and 23%. The prevalence of helminth infections was 26% and the prevalence of protozoan infections was 59%. Atopic eczema and recurrent wheezing were more frequently observed in stunted compared with non-stunted children in multivariable analysis (OR 4.3, 95% CI 1.3 - 13.6, p = 0.015 and OR 4.5, 95% CI 0.97 - 21.2, p = 0.055). Furthermore, recurrent wheezing was significantly more often observed in children with protozoan infections than in children without protozoan infections (OR 6.7, 95% CI 1.5 - 30.5). CONCLUSIONS: High prevalence rates of atopic eczema and recurrent wheezing in Warao Amerindian children under 2 years of age were related to stunting and intestinal protozoan infections respectively. Helminth infections were not significantly associated with either atopic eczema or recurrent wheezing.
Assuntos
Dermatite Atópica/epidemiologia , Helmintíase/epidemiologia , Infecções por Protozoários/epidemiologia , Sons Respiratórios/etiologia , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Enteropatias/parasitologia , Masculino , Desnutrição/epidemiologia , Saúde da População Rural , População Rural , Inquéritos e Questionários , Venezuela/epidemiologia , Venezuela/etnologiaRESUMO
We report on the intestinal helminth fauna of 56 South American sea lions, Otaria flavescens, and 5 South American fur seals, Arctocephalus australis, from northern Patagonia, Argentina. A total of 97,325 helminth specimens were collected from sea lions. Gravid individuals were represented by 6 species of parasites: 1 digenean (Ascocotyle (Ascocotyle) patagoniensis), 1 cestode (Diphyllobothrium spp.), 3 nematodes (Uncinaria hamiltoni, Contracaecum ogmorhini s.s., Pseudoterranova cattani) and 1 acanthocephalan (Corynosoma australe). In addition, third-stage larvae of 2 nematodes (Contracaecum sp. and Anisakis sp. type I) and 3 juvenile acanthocephalans (Andracantha sp., Profilicollis chasmagnathi and Corynosoma cetaceum) were also collected. Andracantha sp., C. ogmorhini s.s. and P. chasmagnathi represent new host records. A total of 1516 helminth specimens were collected from fur seals. Gravid individuals were represented by three species of parasites, namely, Diphyllobothrium spp., C. ogmorhini s.s. and C. australe. In addition, larvae of Contracaecum sp. and P. cattani, juveniles of C. cetaceum and immature cestodes (Tetrabothriidae gen. sp.) were also collected. Corynosoma australe was the most prevalent and abundant parasite in both hosts, accounting for >90% of all specimens. Sea lions and furs seals from northern Patagonia harbour the intestinal helminth communities that could be predicted for otariids, i.e. the combination of species of the genera Corynosoma, Diphyllobothrium, Pseudoterranova, Contracaecum and, in pups, Uncinaria. Additionally, both species of otariid are apparently unsuitable hosts (i.e. non-hosts) for as many as five parasite taxa. The inclusion or exclusion of these species affects estimation of species richness at both component community (11 versus 6 species in sea lions; 7 versus 3 species in fur seals) and infracommunity (mean: 3.1 versus 2.6 in sea lions; 2.2 versus 1.7 species) levels. Information about the reproductive status of helminth species is often lacking in parasitological surveys on otariids and other marine vertebrates, but it is of significance to improve precision in parascript studies or ecological meta-analyses.
Assuntos
Otárias/parasitologia , Helmintíase Animal/parasitologia , Helmintíase/parasitologia , Helmintos/classificação , Helmintos/isolamento & purificação , Enteropatias/parasitologia , Enteropatias/veterinária , Leões-Marinhos/parasitologia , Animais , Argentina , Biodiversidade , Feminino , Helmintos/anatomia & histologia , Enteropatias Parasitárias , Masculino , MicroscopiaRESUMO
The principal health problem in small ruminants is helminthiasis and the rapid development of nematode resistance to anthelminthics has limited the success of control in several countries, stimulating the search for alternatives. In this study, extracts of immature fruits of the mango Mangifera indica L. var Ubá were evaluated for inhibition of larval development and fecal egg count reduction in sheep naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes. In the phytochemical analyses, tannins and flavonoids were the metabolites identified. Aqueous extracts of immature fruits at 100 mg ml(-1) showed 100 % inhibition of larval development. The LC(90) of the extract was 35.9 mg ml(-1) and the in vivo anthelminthic efficacy at 0.740 g kg(-1) (BW, orally) was 53 %. The identification of larvae showed that 99.8 % were Haemonchus spp. In vitro and in vivo results indicate that this fruit could assist ovine nematode control.
Assuntos
Anti-Helmínticos/administração & dosagem , Trato Gastrointestinal/parasitologia , Haemonchus/efeitos dos fármacos , Mangifera/química , Extratos Vegetais/administração & dosagem , Animais , Anti-Helmínticos/isolamento & purificação , Anti-Helmínticos/farmacologia , Fezes/parasitologia , Hemoncose/tratamento farmacológico , Hemoncose/parasitologia , Hemoncose/veterinária , Haemonchus/isolamento & purificação , Helmintíase/tratamento farmacológico , Helmintíase/parasitologia , Enteropatias/tratamento farmacológico , Enteropatias/parasitologia , Enteropatias/veterinária , Enteropatias Parasitárias , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Ovinos , Doenças dos Ovinos/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças dos Ovinos/parasitologiaRESUMO
A major problem faced in sheep rearing has been the rapid acquisition of anthelminthic-resistant populations of gastrointestinal nematodes. In the search for alternatives, aqueous extract of the peel of Caryocar brasiliense was evaluated for larval development inhibition, egg-hatching inhibition, and fecal nematode egg count reduction in sheep. For in vivo analysis, the doses were calculated according to a 10% lethal dose derived from acute toxicity tests in mice, and the efficacy was evaluated for two periods following oral administration of the extract. Egg-hatching inhibition at concentrations of 15 and 7.5 mg/ml was significantly higher than observed in negative controls with distilled water. For larval development inhibition, all concentrations showed anthelminthic activity significantly higher than controls and were not significantly different from ivermectin treatment. The LC(90) of larval development inhibition was 53.19 mg/ml. In vivo analysis for first and second weeks after treatment found 32.2% and 33% anthelminthic efficacy, respectively.
Assuntos
Anti-Helmínticos/farmacologia , Ericales/química , Helmintíase Animal/parasitologia , Enteropatias/veterinária , Nematoides/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Nematoides/parasitologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Animais , Anti-Helmínticos/administração & dosagem , Anti-Helmínticos/efeitos adversos , Anti-Helmínticos/isolamento & purificação , Fezes/parasitologia , Helmintíase/parasitologia , Enteropatias/parasitologia , Enteropatias Parasitárias , Camundongos , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas , Extratos Vegetais/administração & dosagem , Extratos Vegetais/efeitos adversos , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Ovinos , Análise de SobrevidaRESUMO
Resistance to anthelminthics is common due to intensive and incorrect use. In searching for alternatives, extracts of banana plant were evaluated for egg hatching inhibition and fecal egg count reduction of sheep nematodes. Aqueous extracts of the leaf, pseudostem, and heart of the banana plant cv. Prata anã were tested at concentrations of 0.31, 0.62, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg ml(-1) in egg hatching inhibition tests. For in vivo analysis, aqueous extracts were evaluated at dosages calculated according to the 10% lethal dose derived from acute toxicity testing in mice. Efficacy was evaluated at two time periods following oral administration. For the banana extracts at 2.5 mg ml(-1), egg hatching was significantly fewer than the negative control, with an LC(50) and LC(90) of 0.19 and 0.84 mg ml(-1), respectively. In vivo analysis for weeks 1 and 2 following a single treatment with aqueous leaf extract showed 33.1% and 32.5% anthelminthic efficacy, respectively. Further research on higher dosages with more frequent administration is needed to evaluate the potential for utilizing banana plant residues in gastrointestinal nematode control.
Assuntos
Anti-Helmínticos/farmacologia , Helmintíase Animal/parasitologia , Enteropatias/veterinária , Musa/química , Nematoides/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Nematoides/parasitologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Animais , Anti-Helmínticos/administração & dosagem , Anti-Helmínticos/efeitos adversos , Anti-Helmínticos/isolamento & purificação , Fezes/parasitologia , Helmintíase/parasitologia , Enteropatias/parasitologia , Enteropatias Parasitárias , Camundongos , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas , Extratos Vegetais/administração & dosagem , Extratos Vegetais/efeitos adversos , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Ovinos , Análise de SobrevidaRESUMO
Studies focusing on communities of helminths from Brazilian lizards are increasing, but there are many blanks in the knowledge of parasitic fauna of wild fauna. This lack of knowledge hampers understanding of ecological and parasitological aspects of involved species. Moreover, the majority of research has focused on parasitic fauna of lizards from families Tropiduridae and Scincidae. Only a few studies have looked at lizards from the family Leiosauridae, including some species of Enyalius. This study presents data on the gastrointestinal parasite fauna of Enyalius perditus and their relationships with ecological aspects of hosts in a disturbed Atlantic rainforest area in the state of Minas Gerais, south-eastern Brazil. Two nematode species, Oswaldocruzia burseyi [(Molineidae) and Strongyluris oscari (Heterakidae) were found. Nematode species showed an aggregated distribution in this host population, with O. burseyi being more aggregated than S. oscari. The present study extends the range of occurrence of O. burseyi to the Brazilian continental area.
Assuntos
Ascaridídios/isolamento & purificação , Enteropatias/veterinária , Molineoidae/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Nematoides/veterinária , Ortópteros/parasitologia , Animais , Ascaridídios/classificação , Brasil , Feminino , Helmintíase/parasitologia , Enteropatias/parasitologia , Enteropatias Parasitárias , Masculino , Molineoidae/classificação , Infecções por Nematoides/parasitologiaRESUMO
This study applied a socioeconomic questionnaire designed to evaluate the frequency of intestinal parasites and characterize epidemiological, nutritional, and immunological variables in 105 HIV/AIDS patients - with and without parasitic infections, attending the Day Hospital in Botucatu, UNESP, from 2007 to 2008. Body mass index was calculated and the following tests performed: parasitological stool examinations; eosinophil, IgE, CD4+ T and CD8+ T lymphocyte cell counts; albumin test; viral load measure; and TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-5 and IL-10 cytokine levels. Results were positive for parasitic intestinal infections in 12.4% of individuals. Most patients had good socioeconomic conditions with basic sanitation, urban dwellings, treated water supply and sewage, good nutritional and immunological status and were undergoing HAART. Parasites were found at the following frequencies: Entamoeba - five patients (38.5%), Giardia lamblia - four (30.7%), Blastocystis hominis - three (23.0%), Endolimax nana - two (15.4%), and Ascaris lumbricoides - one (7.7%). There were no significant differences between the two groups for eosinophils, albumin, IgE, CD4+ T and CD8+ T lymphocytes, INF-γ, IL-2, or IL-10. Most patients also showed undetectable viral load levels. Significant differences were found for TNF-α and IL-5. These results show the importance of new studies on immunodeficient individuals to increase understanding of such variables.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Doenças Parasitárias/epidemiologia , Avaliação Nutricional , Inquéritos e Questionários , Fatores Imunológicos , Enteropatias/parasitologia , HIVRESUMO
As enteroparasitoses ainda hoje constituem um grave problema de saúde pública, e os manipuladores de alimentos por sua vez, podem ser considerados potenciais transmissores das mesmas, uma vez que estes indivíduos podem ser portadores assintomáticos de microorganismos patogênicos ou não, e conseqüentemente, através de hábitos higiênicos inadequados, contaminam os alimentos por eles preparados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um levantamento sobre os treinamentos recebidos pelos manipuladores, seu conhecimento prévio sobre verminoses, execução de outras atividades antes da manipulação dos alimentos, além da realização periódica de exames de fezes. O estudo foi conduzido através da aplicação de um questionário e envolveu 116 manipuladores. Constatou-se que a maioria dos indivíduos entrevistados (78, 4 por cento) recebeu treinamento antes de assumirem seus cargos e 69,0 por cento realiza exames de fezes periodicamente. Apenas 25 por cento dos indivíduos realizam outras atividades antes da manipulação dos alimentos. Apesar dos bons índices encontrados no que se refere ao recebimento de treinamento e realização periódica de exames de fezes,a Vigilância Sanitária deveria agir com mais rigor no que se refere ao cumprimento do Programa de Controle Médico de Saúde Ocupacional, verificando com mais freqüência como está a saúde do manipulador nos estabelecimentos que comercializam alimentos.
Assuntos
Enteropatias/parasitologia , Contaminação de Alimentos , Manipulação de Alimentos , Serviços de Alimentação , Brasil , Capacitação em ServiçoRESUMO
As enteroparasitoses ainda hoje constituem um grave problema de saúde pública, e os manipuladores de alimentos por sua vez, podem ser considerados potenciais transmissores das mesmas, uma vez que estes indivíduos podem ser portadores assintomáticos de microorganismos patogênicos ou não, e conseqüentemente, através de hábitos higiênicos inadequados, contaminam os alimentos por eles preparados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um levantamento sobre os treinamentos recebidos pelos manipuladores, seu conhecimento prévio sobre verminoses, execução de outras atividades antes da manipulação dos alimentos, além da realização periódica de exames de fezes. O estudo foi conduzido através da aplicação de um questionário e envolveu 116 manipuladores. Constatou-se que a maioria dos indivíduos entrevistados (78, 4 por cento) recebeu treinamento antes de assumirem seus cargos e 69,0 por cento realiza exames de fezes periodicamente. Apenas 25 por cento dos indivíduos realizam outras atividades antes da manipulação dos alimentos. Apesar dos bons índices encontrados no que se refere ao recebimento de treinamento e realização periódica de exames de fezes,a Vigilância Sanitária deveria agir com mais rigor no que se refere ao cumprimento do Programa de Controle Médico de Saúde Ocupacional, verificando com mais freqüência como está a saúde do manipulador nos estabelecimentos que comercializam alimentos.(AU)
The intestinal parasitosis still constitute a serious problem in the public health, and they may be considerably transmitted by the food handling, since these individuals may be or not carriers of pathogens microorganism without symptom, and consequently, through unsuitable hygienic habits, contaminate the food they prepare. The aim of this work was to carry out a survey about the training received by the food handling, their previous knowledge about the parasites, the activities done before handling the food, besides the periodic feces tests done. The study was led through a questionnaire application involving 116 food handling. It was noticed that most of the interviewed individuals (78%) received training before being hired to their post and 69,0% make feces tests periodically. Only 25% of the individuals made other activities before handling the food. Despite finding good rates in regard to the training received and the periodic feces test done, there should be a severe action on the part of the Sanitary Vigilance referring to the compliance of the Occupational Health Control Program (Programa de Controle Médico de Saúde Ocupacional" - a medical check up done upon entering or terminating into a company) as well as a frequent check on the health of the food handling in the establishments that sell and buy food . (AU)
Assuntos
Serviços de Alimentação , Manipulação de Alimentos , Contaminação de Alimentos , Enteropatias/parasitologia , Capacitação em Serviço , BrasilAssuntos
Colonoscopia , Enteropatias/diagnóstico , Enteropatias/parasitologia , Idoso , Animais , Ascaris lumbricoides , Enterobíase/diagnóstico , Enterobíase/parasitologia , Enterobius , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infestações por Ácaros/diagnóstico , Infestações por Ácaros/parasitologiaRESUMO
Toxocara canis infection in dogs is a public health problem in most countries, although it has been poorly documented in many of them. The main objective of the present work was to investigate the epidemiology of infection in the canine populations from two areas of Buenos Aires of different socioeconomic status and urban conditions: a middle-income neighbourhood (MIN) and a low-income neighbourhood (LIN). This study evaluated the prevalence of infection in dogs by parasitological and serological techniques in both areas, and described the relationship between the infection and different epidemiological variables for each neighbourhood. A cross-sectional study was carried out after a house-to-house census was completed. During August 1999, a sample of households was selected at random (nMIN=53 and nPA=52). In each house, one dog was randomly chosen for the collection of fresh faeces and blood. The dog owners were interviewed utilising a questionnaire about dogs on sex, recent anthelmintic treatment, degree of confinement, control by the dog's owner (whether the dog goes out of the house accompanied or not, leashed or unleashed), defecation site, defecation substratum and number of dogs in the house. The diagnostic techniques were concentration-sedimentation formalin/ether method and ELISA test. The parasitological prevalences in dogs were 9% (5/53) in MIN and 19% (10/52) in LIN, and serological prevalences were 22% (2/9) in MIN and 40% (15/37) in LIN. In MIN, the patent infection of males was significantly higher than that of females. In LIN, puppies less than 1 year old were the most prevalent age class. Our serological results showed that the positivity of adult dogs was more frequent in LIN than in MIN. The density of puppies with patent infection was seven times higher in LIN than in MIN, when combining coprological analysis and the estimated age structure obtained by the census.
Assuntos
Doenças do Cão , Enteropatias , Toxocara canis , Toxocaríase , Animais , Cães , Feminino , Masculino , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/sangue , Argentina/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/parasitologia , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/veterinária , Fezes/parasitologia , Enteropatias/epidemiologia , Enteropatias/parasitologia , Enteropatias/veterinária , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas/veterinária , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Classe Social , Toxocara canis/isolamento & purificação , Toxocaríase/sangue , Toxocaríase/epidemiologia , Toxocaríase/parasitologia , População Urbana , HumanosRESUMO
It is known that soil is a recipient of solid wastes able to contain enteric pathogens in high concentrations. Although the role of soil as a reservoir of certain bacterial pathogens is not in question, recent findings show that soil may have a larger role in the transmission of enteric diseases than previously thought. Many of the diseases caused by agents from soil have been well characterized, although enteric diseases and their link to soil have not been so well studied. Gastrointestinal infections are the most common diseases caused by enteric bacteria. Some examples are salmonellosis ( Salmonella sp.), cholera ( Vibrio cholerae), dysentery ( Shigella sp.) and other infections caused by Campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia sp. and Escherichia coli O157:H7 and many other strains. Viruses are the most hazardous and have some of the lowest infectious doses of any of the enteric pathogens. Hepatitis A, hepatitis E, enteric adenoviruses, poliovirus types 1 and 2, multiple strains of echoviruses and coxsackievirus are enteric viruses associated with human wastewater. Among the most commonly detected protozoa in sewage are Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis and Cryptosporidium parvum. This article reviews the existing literature of more than two decades on waste disposal practices that favor the entry of enteric pathogens to soil and the possible consequent role of the soil as a vector and reservoir of enteric pathogens.
Assuntos
Enteropatias/microbiologia , Enteropatias/parasitologia , Microbiologia do Solo , Animais , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Diarreia/etiologia , Surtos de Doenças , Humanos , Enteropatias/virologia , Eliminação de Resíduos/normas , Microbiologia da ÁguaRESUMO
The study investigated the prevalence, risk factors, and nutritional consequences of intestinal parasitic infections (IPI) in rural Ecuadorian children. A total of 244 children aged 0.2-14 years were studied. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire, anthropometry, and laboratory analysis of blood and fecal samples. The results showed that 90 per cent of the subjects were infected with at least one pathogenic IPI: 51 per cent with helminths, 37.6 per cent with protozoa, and 21.4 per cent with both. Giardia-infected children had a risk for stunted growth that was twice that of other children (51.7 vs. 33.1 per cent; OR = 2.16, 95 per cent CI = 1.13-4.15; p = 0.01). They also had significantly reduced mean hemoglobin levels compared with their non-infected counterparts (11.8 +/- 1.5 vs. 12.2 +/- 1.4 g/dl; p = 0.023). However, the proportion diagnosed with iron-deficiency anemia was slightly, but not significantly, increased (29.4 vs. 24.3 per cent). The most consistent predictor of Giardia and other protozoal IPI risk was a high intra-/peri-domicilliary concentration of domestic animals. Children who lived in such households had an infection risk that was two to five times greater than that of their non-infected counterparts. The data indicate that Giardia intestinalis infection has an adverse impact on child linear growth and hemoglobin. They also suggest that domestic animals may be an important reservoir for Giardia and other intestinal protozoal infections observed in the Ecuadorian children studied.