RESUMO
Exposure to pesticides may increase the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to oxidation of cell membrane lipids and proteins. Although fruit bats are potentially exposed to pesticides during their entire lifespan, the impacts of this exposure are still poorly investigated. We examined the effects of low, commercially recommended concentrations (0, 1.05 and 2.1 g/l) of an organochlorine insecticide endosulfan (EDS) formulation on oxidative responses in the liver and kidneys of Neotropical fruit bats (Artibeus lituratus), as well as possible liver morphological alterations following a 35-day oral exposure. Superoxide dismutase activity was significantly decreased upon exposure to 1.05 g/l of EDS in the liver and kidneys, catalase was decreased in the liver of 2.1 g/l EDS-exposed bats, while glutathione S-transferase was increased in the liver of 2.1 g/l EDS-exposed bats. Protein carbonyls increased following the exposure to the highest EDS dose tested. Endosulfan-induced morphological alterations in the liver included cell degeneration and cell death, with apparent cytoplasm lipid accumulation (steatosis) and pyknotic nuclei, karyolysis and deposit of collagen fibres. Our findings suggest that exposure to low concentrations of EDS induced a certain extent of oxidative damage in fruit bats, which may have led to liver morphological alterations.
Assuntos
Quirópteros/fisiologia , Endossulfano/efeitos adversos , Inseticidas/efeitos adversos , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Catalase/metabolismo , Glutationa Transferase/metabolismo , Rim/efeitos dos fármacos , Rim/metabolismo , Peroxidação de Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/citologia , Masculino , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismoRESUMO
Agricultural activities associated mainly with soybean crops affect the natural environment and wildlife by habitat destruction and the extensive use of agrochemicals. The aim of this study was to evaluate immunotoxic effects of the insecticides cypermethrin (CYP) and endosulfan (END) in Caiman latirostris analyzing total blood cell count (TWBC) and differential white blood cell count (DWBC) after in ovo and in vivo exposure. Eggs (in ovo) and hatchlings (in vivo) from nests harvested in natural habitats were artificially incubated and reared under controlled conditions in the Proyecto Yacaré (Gob.Santa Fe/MUPCN) facilities. Exposure of embryos was performed by topication on the eggshell during the first stage of development. The treatments were distilled water (negative control; NC), ethanol (vehicle control; VC), four groups treated with different concentrations of CYP and four groups with END. In vivo exposure was performed by immersion; treatments were NC, VC, two groups exposed to CYP and two to END. After embryonic exposure to the insecticides, no differences were found in TWBC or DWBC among the neonates exposed to pesticides versus controls. In the in vivo scenario, similar results were obtained for TWBC, but DWBC data showed differences between NC hatchlings and CYP-1 hosts for heterophil, lymphocyte and monocyte levels, and between NC and END-1 hosts for lymphocyte and monocyte levels. Research on the effects of pesticide exposure on this species is of special interest not only to assess the impact on caiman populations, but also to further characterize the species as a potential sentinel of ecosystem health.
Assuntos
Jacarés e Crocodilos/imunologia , Endossulfano/administração & dosagem , Inseticidas/administração & dosagem , Leucócitos/imunologia , Óvulo/imunologia , Piretrinas/administração & dosagem , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Endossulfano/efeitos adversos , Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Inseticidas/efeitos adversos , Contagem de Leucócitos , Piretrinas/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Neonatal exposure to a low dose of endosulfan may disrupt the expression of Wnt7a and ß-catenin during uterine development leading to the failure of uterine functional differentiation during implantation. New-born female Wistar rats were treated with vehicle, endosulfan (600 µg/kg/d, E600) or diethylstilbestrol (0.2 µg/kg/d, DES) on postnatal days (PNDs) 1, 3, 5 and 7. Subsequently, uterine histomorphology and the protein expression of Wnt7a and ß-catenin were evaluated on PND8, PND21 and gestational day (GD) 5 (pre-implantation period). In the E600 rats, Wnt7a and ß-catenin protein expression was increased in the epithelium on PND8, and Wnt7a expression was decreased in the endometrial glands on PND21. On GD5, the number of uterine glands was decreased in the E600-and DES-treated rats. In addition, Wnt7a expression was decreased in all uterine compartments, and ß-catenin expression was increased in the luminal and glandular epithelia of the E600-and DES-treated rats. Disruption of Wnt7a and ß-catenin uterine expression in the prepubertal and adult females altered the uterine preparation for embryo implantation, which could be associated with the subfertility triggered by endosulfan.
Assuntos
Endossulfano/efeitos adversos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/metabolismo , Útero/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Wnt/metabolismo , beta Catenina/metabolismo , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Diferenciação Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Dietilestilbestrol/toxicidade , Endossulfano/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Útero/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Útero/metabolismoRESUMO
An evaluation of the Potential Dermal Exposure of workers to endosulfan and procymidone at the mix/load and application stages was done in small floricultural production units in Argentina. Seven experiments were performed with different operators under typical greenhouse conditions, based on the whole body dosimetry methodology. These results indicate that the mean Potential Dermal Exposure of the application step was 45.0 ± 55.0 mL h(-1) with the highest proportion on torso, head, arms and hands. When the mix/load and application stages were compared, the first was found to contribute the most to the total exposure. Also, the Margin of Safety for the different operations was calculated, and a pesticide surrogate was developed and used to make comparative evaluations of hand exposure for different groups of operators. These results emphasize the importance of the mix/load stage in the exposure process.
Assuntos
Flores , Exposição Ocupacional/análise , Praguicidas/efeitos adversos , Agricultura/métodos , Argentina , Compostos Bicíclicos com Pontes/efeitos adversos , Endossulfano/efeitos adversos , Fungicidas Industriais/efeitos adversos , Jardinagem/métodos , Humanos , Inseticidas/efeitos adversos , Exposição Ocupacional/prevenção & controle , Medição de RiscoRESUMO
Amostras de solo arenoso tratado com o produto formulado thiodan 35 EC(350g/L), aplicado por pulverizaçäo sob condiçöes de boa prática agrícola nas dosagens simples e dupla de 6,0 e 12,0L/ha., 7,65 e 15,3L/ha, enviadas por uma Estaçäo Experimental em Cosmópolis Estado de Säo Paulo foram coletadas e analisadas a fim de serem avaliados os teores de resíduo de endosulfan, em três níveis de profundidade, após um determinado período de 14, 90, 180, 570 e 930 dias. O método de análise utilizado foi o descrito por Mitchell, com modificaçöes que permitiram obter melhores recuperaçöes nas amostras testemunhas fortificadas ao nível de 0,01mg/kg de + e ß endodulfan e de 0,02mg/kg de sulfato de endosulfan 86,0, 82,0 e 80,0(por cento), respectivamente. Na profundidade de 0-30cm foi determinado o metabólito sulfato, em 100,0(por cento) das amostras (0,01-0,35mg/kg), o isômetro ß em 88,9(por cento) (<0,01-0,21mg/kg) e o + endosulfan em 66,7(por cento) (<0,01-0,11mg/kg). Na profundidade de 30-60cm as amostaras analisadas mostraram que 66,7(por cento)(0,01-0,07mg/kg) continham o sulfato, 44,4(por cento)(<0,1 - 0,02mg/kg) o ß e 33,3(por cento) (<0,01 - 0,02mg/kg) o +. As amostras de solo colhidas na profundidade de 60-90cm näo apresentaram resíduos ao nível do limite de determinaçäo de 0,1mg/kg(ppm) para os isômeros e metabólito, exceto em uma com valor de 0,01mg/kg(ppm) para o sulfato. Os valores de endosulfan encontrados descresceram no solo arenoso estudado à medida que aumentou a profundidade.