RESUMO
Metabolic syndrome is a multifactorial disorder originating from central obesity through a high caloric intake and a sedentary lifestyle. Metabolic syndrome increases the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) disease, converting it to one of the costliest chronic diseases, which reduces life quality. A strategy proposed by the food industry to reduce this problem is the generation of low-caloric products using sweeteners, which are compounds that can substitute sucrose, given their sweet taste. For many years, it was assumed that sweeteners did not have a relevant interaction in metabolism. However, recent studies have demonstrated that sweeteners interact either with metabolism or with gut microbiota, in which sweet-taste receptors play an essential role. This review presents an overview of the industrial application of most commonly consumed sweeteners. In addition, the interaction of sweeteners within the body, including their absorption, distribution, metabolism, gut microbiota metabolism, and excretion is also reviewed. Furthermore, the complex relationship between metabolic syndrome and sweeteners is also discussed, presenting results from in vivo and clinical trials. Findings from this review indicate that, in order to formulate sugar-free or noncaloric food products for the metabolic syndrome market, several factors need to be considered, including the dose, proportions, human metabolism, and interaction of sweeteners with gut microbiota and sweet-taste receptors. More clinical studies, including the metabolic syndrome, are needed to better understand the interaction of sweeteners with the human body, as well as their possible effect on the generation of dysbiosis.
Assuntos
Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Síndrome Metabólica/prevenção & controle , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismo , Edulcorantes/química , Edulcorantes/classificação , Edulcorantes/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/prevenção & controle , Disbiose/metabolismo , Humanos , Síndrome Metabólica/dietoterapia , Obesidade/prevenção & controle , Edulcorantes/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Los carbohidratos simples como el azúcar, se encuentran en una gran cantidad de alimentos como tortas,caramelos, helados, refrescos, gaseosas y bocadillos. Los edulcorantes son sustancias artificiales que se clasifican en nutritivos, y no nutritivos o no calóricos. Para que los edulcorantes fueran aprobados por la Food Drugs Administration (FDA), han pasado por una serie de pruebas farmacológicas y toxicológicas paradeterminar si su uso es seguro. Las dosis o cantidades seguras de consumo se denominan ingesta diariaaceptable o admisible que puede ser consumida por las personas en forma mantenida sin riesgo apreciable para la salud. Su uso de manera moderada, puede ser de gran utilidad en el manejo de una dieta balanceada o con disminución en las calorías totales, para conservar el peso adecuado o controlar la ganancia y mantenerniveles de glicemia lo más cercano a lo normal. Aún queda mucho por investigar en relación con los edulcorantes y los datos hasta el momento indican que son seguros.
Carbohydrates as the simple sugar found in a variety of foods such as cakes, candy, ice cream, soft drinks and snacks. Artificial sweeteners are substances that are classified as nutritive and non-nutritive or non-caloric. For sweeteners are approved by the Food Drugs Administration (FDA), have gone through a series of pharmacological and toxicological tests to determine if their use is safe. Safe doses or quantities ofconsumption are called acceptable daily intake or intake (ADI) that can be consumed by people in theform maintained without appreciable health risk. Its use in moderation, can be very useful in managing abalanced diet or decrease in total calories, to keep the weight or gain and maintain control of blood glucoselevels as close to normal. Much remains to be investigated in relation to sweeteners and the data so farindicate they are safe.