Assuntos

Cruzamento , Ectogênese

RESUMO

Dietary rumen-protected polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) rich in linoleic acid (LA) may affect embryo yield, and LA can modulate the molecular mechanisms of lipid uptake in bovine blastocysts produced in vitro. In embryos, membrane lipids, such as phosphatidylcholines (PCs) and sphingomyelins (SMs), affect cryopreservation success. The aim of the present study was to evaluate embryonic developmental rates after the IVF of oocytes retrieved from Nellore heifers fed for approximately 90 days with rumen-protected PUFAs rich in LA. In addition, we evaluated embryo cryotolerance and the membrane structure lipid composition using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation mass spectrometry of fresh and vitrified embryos. Embryo development to the blastocyst stage (mean 43.2%) and embryo survival after vitrification and warming (mean 79.3%) were unaffected by diet. The relative abundance of one lipid species (PC ether (PCe; 38:2, which means that this lipid has 38 carbon atoms and 2 double bonds in the fatty acyl residues) was increased after PUFAs supplementation. However, 10 ions were affected by cryopreservation; ions consistent with PC 32:0, PC 34:1, SM 24:1, PC 40:6 or PC 42:9, PC plasmalogen (PCp) 44:10 or PC 42:7, triacylglycerol (TAG) 54:9 and a not assigned ion (m/z 833.2) were lower in blastocysts that survived to the cryopreservation process compared with fresh blastocysts, whereas the abundance of the ions PC 36:3 or PC 34:0, PCe 38:2 or PC 36:6 and PC 36:5 or PCe 38:1 were increased after cryopreservation. Thus, the results demonstrate that the mass spectrometry profiles of PC, SM and TAG species differ significantly in bovine blastocysts upon cryopreservation. Because the lipid ion abundances of fresh and vitrified-warmed embryos were distinct, they can be used as potential markers of post-cryopreservation embryonic survival.

Assuntos

Criopreservação/veterinária , Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Ectogênese , Embrião de Mamíferos/metabolismo , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Materna , Lipídeos de Membrana/metabolismo , Oocistos/metabolismo , Animais , Animais Endogâmicos , Blastocisto , Brasil , Bovinos , Estudos Cross-Over , Embrião de Mamíferos/citologia , Feminino , Fertilização in vitro/veterinária , Técnicas de Maturação in Vitro de Oócitos/veterinária , Ácido Linoleico/administração & dosagem , Ácido Linoleico/metabolismo , Masculino , Lipídeos de Membrana/química , Oocistos/citologia , Oocistos/isolamento & purificação , Recuperação de Oócitos/veterinária , Plasmalogênios/química , Plasmalogênios/metabolismo , Preservação do Sêmen/veterinária , Vitrificação

RESUMO

Sperm chromatin fragmentation may be caused by a number of factors, the most significant of which is reactive oxygen species. However, little is known about the effect of sperm oxidative stress (OS) on DNA integrity, fertilization, and embryonic development in cattle. Therefore, the goal of this study was to evaluate the influence of sperm OS susceptibility on the DNA fragmentation rate and in vitro embryo production (IVP) in a population of bulls. Groups of cryopreserved sperm samples were divided into four groups, based on their susceptibility to OS (G1, low OS; G2, average OS; G3, high OS; and G4, highest OS). Our results demonstrated that the sperm DNA integrity was compromised in response to increased OS susceptibility. Furthermore, semen samples with lower susceptibility to OS were also less susceptible to DNA damage (G1, 4.06%; G2, 6.09%; G3, 6.19%; and G4, 6.20%). In addition, embryo IVP provided evidence that the embryo cleavage rate decreased as the OS increased (G1, 70.18%; G2, 62.24%; G3, 55.85%; and G4, 50.93%), but no significant difference in the blastocyst rate or the number of blastomeres was observed among the groups. The groups with greater sensitivity to OS were also associated with a greater percentage of apoptotic cells (G1, 2.6%; G2, 2.76%; G3, 5.59%; and G4, 4.49%). In conclusion, we demonstrated that an increased susceptibility to OS compromises sperm DNA integrity and consequently reduces embryo quality.

Assuntos

Bovinos/fisiologia , Fragmentação do DNA , Ectogênese , Fertilização in vitro/veterinária , Estresse Oxidativo , Espermatozoides/metabolismo , Matadouros , Animais , Apoptose , Blastocisto/citologia , Blastocisto/metabolismo , Blastômeros/citologia , Blastômeros/metabolismo , Fase de Clivagem do Zigoto/citologia , Fase de Clivagem do Zigoto/metabolismo , Criopreservação/veterinária , Feminino , Técnicas de Maturação in Vitro de Oócitos/veterinária , Cinética , Masculino , Malondialdeído/metabolismo , Análise do Sêmen/veterinária , Espermatozoides/citologia , Substâncias Reativas com Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/metabolismo

RESUMO

The knowledge concerning redox and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated regulation of early embryo development is scarce and remains controversial. The aim of this work was to determine ROS production and redox state during early in vitro embryo development in sperm-mediated and parthenogenetic activation of bovine oocytes. Sperm-mediated oocyte activation was carried out in IVF-modified synthetic oviductal fluid (mSOF) with frozen-thawed semen. Parthenogenetic activation was performed in TALP plus ionomycin and then in IVF-mSOF with 6-dimethylaminopurine plus cytochalasin B. Embryos were cultured in IVF-mSOF. ROS and redox state were determined at each 2-h interval (7-24 h from activation) by 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate and RedoxSensor Red CC-1 fluorochromes respectively. ROS levels and redox state differed between activated and non-activated oocytes (P<0.05 by ANOVA). In sperm-activated oocytes, an increase was observed between 15 and 19 h (P<0.05). Conversely, in parthenogenetically activated oocytes, we observed a decrease at 9 h (P<0.05). In sperm-activated oocytes, ROS fluctuated throughout the 24 h, presenting peaks around 7, 19, and 24 h (P<0.05), while in parthenogenetic activation, peaks were detected at 7, 11, and 17 h (P<0.05). In the present work, we found clear distinctive metabolic patterns between normal and parthenogenetic zygotes. Oxidative activity and ROS production are an integral part of bovine zygote behavior, and defining a temporal pattern of change may be linked with developmental competence.

Assuntos

Bovinos/fisiologia , Ectogênese , Oócitos/fisiologia , Partenogênese , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Interações Espermatozoide-Óvulo , Zigoto/metabolismo , Matadouros , Animais , Animais Endogâmicos , Divisão do Núcleo Celular , Criopreservação/veterinária , Técnicas de Cultura Embrionária/veterinária , Feminino , Fertilização in vitro/veterinária , Técnicas de Maturação in Vitro de Oócitos/veterinária , Cinética , Masculino , Oócitos/citologia , Oxirredução , Preservação do Sêmen/veterinária , Zigoto/citologia

RESUMO

This study has evaluated the performance of a multivariate statistical model to predict embryo implantation potential by processing data from the chemical fingerprinting of culture medium samples used for human embryo culture. The culture medium for 113 embryos from 55 patients undergoing ICSI was collected after embryo transfer. The samples were split into positive (n=29) and negative (n=84) implantation groups according their implantation outcomes (100% or 0% implantation). The samples were individually diluted and analyzed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The m/z ratios and relative abundances of the major ions in each spectrum were considered for partial least square discriminant analysis. Data were divided into two subsets (calibration and validation), and the models were evaluated and applied to the validation set. A total of 5987 ions were observed in the groups. The multivariate statistical model described more than 82% of the data variability. Samples of the positive group were correctly identified with 100% probability and negative samples with 70%. The culture media used for embryos that were positive or negative for successful implantation showed specific biochemical signatures that could be detected in a fast, simple, and noninvasive way by ESI-MS. To our knowledge, this is the first report that uses MS fingerprinting to predict human embryo implantation potential. This biochemical profile could help the selection of the most viable embryo, improving single-embryo transfer and thus eliminating the risk and undesirable outcomes of multiple pregnancies.

Assuntos

Ectogênese , Implantação do Embrião , Transferência Embrionária , Proteínas Fetais/análise , Modelos Biológicos , Zigoto/metabolismo , Adulto , Calibragem , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Meios de Cultivo Condicionados/química , Análise Discriminante , Feminino , Proteínas Fetais/química , Proteínas Fetais/metabolismo , Humanos , Infertilidade Feminina/etiologia , Infertilidade Feminina/terapia , Infertilidade Masculina/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mapeamento de Peptídeos , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização por Electrospray , Injeções de Esperma Intracitoplásmicas

RESUMO

A 45-year-old woman received embryos from IVF by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) with her own oocytes that were cryopreserved (slow freezing in a low-sodium medium) 11 years and 7 and a half months before, when she was 33 years old. From seven metaphase-II oocytes thawed, five survived, four were fertilized after ICSI and two cleaving embryos were transferred on day 3. A diamniotic dichorionic term pregnancy was achieved, ending with the delivery of two healthy girls. As far as is known, this case represents, to date, the longest storage period of cryopreserved human oocytes resulting in a live birth.

Assuntos

Criopreservação , Infertilidade Feminina/terapia , Oócitos , Gravidez de Gêmeos , Injeções de Esperma Intracitoplásmicas , Ectogênese , Transferência Embrionária , Feminino , Humanos , Nascido Vivo , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gravidez , Fatores de Tempo

RESUMO

Lipid droplets, subspecies (Bos taurus indicus vs. Bos taurus taurus), and in vitro culture are known to influence cryopreservation of bovine embryos. Limited information is available regarding differences in membrane lipids in embryo, such as phosphatidylcholines (PC) and sphingomyelins (SM). The objective of the present study was to compare the profiles of several PC and SM species and relate this information to cytoplasmic lipid levels present in Nellore (B. taurus indicus) and Simmental (B. taurus taurus) blastocysts produced in vitro (IVP) or in vivo (ET). Simmental and IVP embryos had more cytoplasmic lipid content than Nellore and ET embryos (n = 30). Blastocysts were submitted to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Differences in the PC profile were addressed by principal component analysis. The lipid species with PC (32:1) and PC (34:1) had higher ion abundances in Nellore embryos, whereas PC (34:2) was higher in Simmental embryos. IVP embryos had less abundant ions of PC (32:1), PC (34:2), and PC (36:5) compared to ET embryos. Moreover, ion abundance of PC (32:0) was higher in both Nellore and Simmental IVP embryos compared to ET embryos. Therefore, mass spectrometry profiles of PC and SM species significantly differ with regard to unsaturation level and carbon chain composition in bovine blastocysts due to subspecies and in vitro culture conditions. Because PC abundances of Nellore and Simmental embryos were distinct (34:1 vs. 34:2), as were those of IVP and ET embryos (32:0 vs. 36:5), they are potential markers of postcryopreservation embryonic survival.

Assuntos

Blastocisto/metabolismo , Bovinos/fisiologia , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Grânulos Citoplasmáticos/metabolismo , Fertilização in vitro/veterinária , Fosfatidilcolinas/metabolismo , Esfingomielinas/metabolismo , Animais , Biomarcadores/química , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Blastocisto/citologia , Brasil , Criopreservação/veterinária , Ectogênese , Feminino , Fertilização , Fertilização in vitro/efeitos adversos , Técnicas de Maturação in Vitro de Oócitos/veterinária , Fosfatidilcolinas/química , Gravidez , Análise de Componente Principal , Especificidade da Espécie , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização e Dessorção a Laser Assistida por Matriz/veterinária , Esfingomielinas/química , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/veterinária

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Bovine Herpesvirus type-5 (BoHV-5) is a neurovirulent α-Herpesvirus which is potentially pathogenic for cows and suspected to be associated with reproductive disorders. Interestingly, natural transmission of BoHV-5 by contaminated semen was recently described in Australia. Additionally, BoHV-5 was also isolated from the semen of a healthy bull in the same country and incriminated in a natural outbreak of reproductive disease after artificial insemination. In contrast with BoHV-1, experimental exposure of in vitro produced bovine embryos to BoHV-5 does not affect embryo viability and seems to inhibit some pathways of apoptosis. However, the mechanisms responsible for these phenomena are poorly understood. In this study, we examined mitochondrial activity, antioxidant protection, stress response and developmental rates of in vitro produced bovine embryos that were exposed and unexposed to BoHV-5. METHODS: For this purpose, bovine embryos produced in vitro were assayed for cell markers after experimental infection of oocytes (n = 30; five repetitions), in vitro fertilization and development. The indirect immunofluorescence was employed to measure the expression of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), anti-oxidant like protein 1 (AOP-1), heat shock protein 70.1 (Hsp 70.1) and also viral antigens in embryos derived from BoHV-5 exposed and unexposed oocytes. The determination of gene transcripts of mitochondrial activity (SOD1), antioxidant protection (AOP-1) and stress response (Hsp70.1) were evaluated using the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). MitoTracker Green FM, JC-1 and Hoechst 33342-staining were used to evaluate mitochondrial distribution, segregation patterns and embryos morphology. The intensity of labeling was graded semi-quantitatively and embryos considered intensively marked were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The quality of the produced embryos was not affected by exposure to BoHV-5. Of the 357 collected oocytes, 313 (+/- 6.5; 87.7%) were cleaved and 195 (+/- 3.2; 54.6%) blastocysts were produced without virus exposure. After exposure, 388 oocytes were cleaved into 328 (+/- 8.9, 84.5%), and these embryos produced 193 (+/- 3.2, 49.7%) blastocysts. Viral DNA corresponding to the US9 gene was only detected in embryos at day 7 after in vitro culture, and confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). These results revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) between exposed and unexposed oocytes fertilized, as MitoTracker Green FM staining Fluorescence intensity of Jc-1 staining was significantly higher (p < 0.005) among exposed embryos (143 +/- 8.2). There was no significant difference between the ratios of Hoechst 33342-stained nuclei and total cells in good-quality blastocysts (in both the exposed and unexposed groups). Using IFA and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the set of target transcripts (SOD1, AOP-1 and Hsp 70.1), there were differences in the mRNA and respective proteins between the control and exposed embryos. Only the exposed embryos produced anti-oxidant protein-like 1 (AOP-1). However, neither the control nor the exposed embryos produced the heat shock protein Hsp 70.1. Interestingly, both the control and the exposed embryos produced superoxide dismutase (SOD1), revealing intense mitochondrial activity. CONCLUSION: This is the first demonstration of SOD1 and AOP-1 production in bovine embryos exposed to BoHV-5. Intense mitochondrial activity was also observed during infection, and this occurred without interfering with the quality or number of produced embryos. These findings further our understanding on the ability of α-Herpesviruses to prevent apoptosis by modulating mitochondrial pathways.

Assuntos

Apoptose , Blastocisto/virologia , Ectogênese , Herpesvirus Bovino 5/metabolismo , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Peroxirredoxina III/metabolismo , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismo , Animais , Blastocisto/metabolismo , Blastocisto/patologia , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/embriologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/metabolismo , Doenças dos Bovinos/patologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/virologia , Fase de Clivagem do Zigoto/metabolismo , Fase de Clivagem do Zigoto/patologia , Fase de Clivagem do Zigoto/virologia , Feminino , Fertilização in vitro/efeitos adversos , Fertilização in vitro/veterinária , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP70/genética , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP70/metabolismo , Infecções por Herpesviridae/embriologia , Infecções por Herpesviridae/patologia , Infecções por Herpesviridae/veterinária , Infecções por Herpesviridae/virologia , Herpesvirus Bovino 5/isolamento & purificação , Técnicas de Maturação in Vitro de Oócitos , Masculino , Mitocôndrias/enzimologia , Mitocôndrias/virologia , Oócitos/fisiologia , Oócitos/virologia , Peroxirredoxina III/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Superóxido Dismutase/genética , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/genética , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/metabolismo

RESUMO

The present study aimed to correlate morphometric parameters of the oocytes with the occurrence of fertilization following intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). In a prospective, controlled cohort design, women (n = 32) who were candidates for ICSI had oocytes (n = 258) collected and submitted to morphometric evaluation using the Cronus3 software program. The morphometric parameters obtained were oocyte diameter, perivitelline space width, zona pellucida thickness, and first polar body diameter. The median oocyte diameter was similar in cases in which fertilization occurred compared with those in which fertilization failed (75.2 and 75.9 µm, respectively; P = .218). The 2 groups also had similar measurements of perivitelline space, zona pellucida, and first polar body. However, the best quality zygotes identified by a morphological score resulted from oocytes with larger diameter (75.6 vs 74.0 µm; P < .01) and narrow perivitelline space (5.3 vs 7.1 µm; P < .01). Embryo development, as assessed by cleavage at second day of culture, was not significantly associated with oocyte morphometric parameters. These findings suggest that morphometric parameters of the oocytes do not correlate with the occurrence of fertilization following ICSI but may assist in selecting oocytes more likely to originate high-quality zygotes.

Assuntos

Ectogênese , Oócitos/citologia , Injeções de Esperma Intracitoplásmicas , Zigoto/citologia , Adulto , Forma Celular , Tamanho Celular , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Humanos , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador , Infertilidade/terapia , Masculino , Gravidez , Taxa de Gravidez , Estudos Prospectivos , Adulto Jovem

RESUMO

The objective of this study was to evaluate whether seasonality affects human-assisted reproduction treatment outcomes. For this, 1932 patients undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) were assigned to a season group according to the day of oocyte retrieval: winter (n = 435), spring (n = 444), summer (n = 469) or autumn (n = 584). Analysis of variance was used to compare the ICSI outcomes. The fertilization rate was increased during the spring (winter: 67.9%, spring: 73.5%, summer: 68.7% and autumn: 69.0%; p < 0.01). In fact, a nearly 50% increase in the fertilization rate during the spring was observed (odds ratio 1.45, confidence interval 1.20-1.75; p < 0.01). The oestradiol concentration per number of oocytes was significantly higher during the spring (winter: 235.8 pg/mL, spring: 282.1 pg/mL, summer: 226.1 pg/mL and autumn: 228.7 pg/mL; p = 0.030). This study demonstrates a seasonal variability in fertilization after ICSI, where fertilization is higher during the spring than at any other time.

Assuntos

Infertilidade/terapia , Técnicas de Reprodução Assistida , Análise de Variância , Brasil , Estudos de Coortes , Ectogênese , Transferência Embrionária , Estradiol/sangue , Feminino , Humanos , Infertilidade/sangue , Infertilidade Feminina/sangue , Infertilidade Feminina/terapia , Masculino , Indução da Ovulação , Fotoperíodo , Gravidez , Taxa de Gravidez , Serviços de Saúde Reprodutiva , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estações do Ano , Injeções de Esperma Intracitoplásmicas

RESUMO

The aim of this study was to perform a meta-analysis of the potential effects of oocyte morphological abnormalities on ICSI outcomes. Relevant original papers reporting on the relation between oocyte morphology and ICSI outcomes were identified by searching MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library. The main outcome measures were fertilisation rate and embryo quality. A meta-analysis was performed and Mantel-Haenszel pooled odd ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to express the relation between the oocyte morphology and the ICSI outcomes. A total of 14 studies reporting 3688 ICSI cycles were included. Our meta-analysis demonstrates that the probability of an oocyte becoming fertilised is significantly reduced by the presence of large IPB (OR: 0.29, CI: 0.09-0.90), large PVS (OR: 0.86, CI: 0.74-0.99), refractile bodies (OR: 0.66, CI: 0.51-0.84) or vacuoles (OR: 0.59, CI: 0.42-0.83). No other investigated morphological abnormalities demonstrated significant relationships with ICSI outcomes. Our data demonstrate that the presence of large IPB, large PVS, refractile bodies or vacuoles is associated with decreased oocyte fertilisation. Our findings might be of importance for selecting embryos for replacement because the effects of oocyte abnormalities on implantation and pregnancy rates remain unclear.

Assuntos

Oócitos/patologia , Injeções de Esperma Intracitoplásmicas/efeitos adversos , Ectogênese , Feminino , Fertilização in vitro , Humanos , Infertilidade Masculina/terapia , Masculino , Gravidez , Resultado da Gravidez

RESUMO

Médico, biofísico, filósofo e ex-membro do Comité Nacional de Ética para as Ciências da Vida, Henri Atlan oferece, na sua última publicação de O Útero Artificial (2005), as suas reflexões sobre os progressos da embriologia e da genética em matéria de procriação medicamente assistida. Com palavras simples, mostra como a science-fiction de ontem tornar-se-á, num futuro mais ou menos próximo, a ciência de amanhã, como as perturbações provocadas pelo aparecimento da contracepção hormonal e as fertilizações in vitro parece-nos -rem anodins- ao lado de os procedentes do desenvolvimento o ectogenese (ou útero artificial), a clonagem reprodutiva, a reprodução por estaca e o parthénogenèse. Atlan assegura que hoje as finalidades terapêuticas justificam o financiamento destas investigações: salvar grandes os prematuros ou os fetos procedentes de abortos espontâneos e não desejados por transferência num Útero Artificial. Mas, previne Henri Atlan, quando estes técnicos estiverem à ponto, pedidos extramédicos adicionar-se-á aos tratamentos terapêuticos. As mulheres poderão, e algumas quererão, dissociar procriação e gravidez. Ser mãe sem gravidez seria à alcance de mão, da mesma maneira que é-o hoje épanouissement de uma sexualidade sem criança. Estas perturbações provocarão consequências sociais, culturais, economicas, políticos, religiosos e mesmas metafísicas pouco previsíveis sobre o conjunto da sociedade. Os sexos serão por último à igualdade perante a procriação, estruturas familiares novas antes genéticas e sociais que biológicos aparecerão, o sentimento materno alterar-se-á. Só ponto de interrogação em ausência de experimentação: o que será de a criança, soncorps, os seus sentimentos e aptidões mentais sem a simbiose que oferece o gravidez? Num espírito especulativo, Henri Atlan mede estas mudanças em relação mythologie, a filosofia, a literatura e da história, navega entre o totalitarismo eugénique e o liberalismo individualista para fazer-nos tomar consciência dos desafios subjacentes à estas inovações.

Assuntos

Biotecnologia , Ectogênese , Humanismo , Reprodução , Desenvolvimento Tecnológico

RESUMO

Médico, biofísico, filósofo e exmembro do Comité nacional de ética para os ciências da vida, Henri Atlan oferece, na sua última publicação o Útero Artificial (2005), as suas reflexões sobre os progressos de a embriologia e da genética em matéria de procriação medicamente assistida. com palavras simples, mostra como science-fiction de ontem torn-se-ar, num futuro mais ou menos próximo, a ciência de amanhã, como os perturbações provocadas pelo aparecimento da contracepção hormonal e os fécondations in vitro parece-nos -rem anodins ao lado deos procedentes do desenvolvimento o ectogenese (ou útero artificial), a clonagem reprodutiva, o reprodução por estaca e o parthénogenèse. Atlan assegura que hoje as finalidades terapêuticas justificam o financiamento destas investigações: salvar grandes os prematuros ou os fetos procedentes de abortos espontâneos e não desejados por transferência num Útero Artificial. Mas, previne Henri Atlan, quando estes técnicos estiverem à ponto, pedidos extramédicos adicionar-se-á aos tratamentos terapêuticos. As mulheres poderão, e algumas quererão, dissociar procriação e gravidez. Ser mãe sem gravidez seria à alcance de mão, da mesma maneira que é-o hoje épanouissement de uma sexualidade sem criança. Estas perturbações provocarão consequências sociais, culturais, económicas, políticos, religiosos e mesmas metafísicas pouco previsíveis sobre o conjunto da sociedade. Os sexos serão por último à igualdade perante a procriação, estruturas familiares novas antes genéticas e sociais que biológicos aparecerão, o sentimento materno alterar-se-á. Só ponto de interrogação em ausência de experimentação: o que será de a criança, soncorps, os seus sentimentos e aptidões mentais sem a simbiose que oferece o gravidez? num espírito especulativo, Henri Atlan mede estas mudanças em relação mythologie, a filosofia, a literatura e da história, navega entre o totalitarismo eugénique e o liberalismo individualista para fazer-nos tomar consciência dos desafios subjacentes à estas inovações

Assuntos

Biotecnologia , Ectogênese , Humanismo , Reprodução , Desenvolvimento Tecnológico