RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Assess the impact of environmental heat and a rest-shade-hydration (RSH) intervention against heat stress on productivity of piece-paid Mesoamerican sugarcane cutters. These workers are at a high risk of chronic kidney disease of non-traditional origin (CKDnt), from the severe heat stress they experience due to heavy work under hot conditions. RSH interventions in these populations improve kidney health outcomes, but their impact on productivity has yet to be examined. METHODS: We accessed routine productivity data from seed (SC, N = 749) and burned (BCC, N = 535) sugarcane cutters observed over five harvest seasons with increasing RSH intervention at a large Nicaraguan sugarcane mill. Hourly field-site wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) was recorded by mill staff and summarized as a daily mean. Mixed linear regression was used to model daily productivity, adjusting for age (18-29, 30-44, and >45 years), sex, WBGT (<28, 28-29, 29-30, 30-31, and >31 °C) on the same and preceding day, harvest season (2017-18 to 2021-22), month, and acclimatization status (<1, 1-2, and >2 weeks). RESULTS: There was an inverse dose-response relationship between SC productivity and WBGT on the same and preceding days, decreasing by approximately 3%/°C WBGT. Productivity increased during the study period, i.e. coinciding with RSH scale-up, by approximately 19% in SC and 9% in BCC. CONCLUSION: Agricultural worker productivity was expected lower on hotter days, strengthening the interest in all stakeholders to mitigate increasing global temperatures and their impact. Despite decreasing the total time allocated for work each day, an RSH intervention appears to result in increased productivity and no apparent loss in productivity.
Assuntos
Eficiência , Fazendeiros , Transtornos de Estresse por Calor , Temperatura Alta , Exposição Ocupacional , Insuficiência Renal Crônica , Humanos , Masculino , Fazendeiros/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Adulto , Temperatura Alta/efeitos adversos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Exposição Ocupacional/efeitos adversos , Exposição Ocupacional/prevenção & controle , Exposição Ocupacional/estatística & dados numéricos , Nicarágua , Transtornos de Estresse por Calor/prevenção & controle , Saccharum , Adolescente , Descanso/fisiologia , Agricultura/métodos , Doenças dos Trabalhadores Agrícolas/prevenção & controle , Doenças dos Trabalhadores Agrícolas/etiologiaRESUMO
Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las vinculaciones entre las identidades de género y las lógicas de la organización social del cuidado, relacionadas con los riesgos ambientales-sanitarios a partir de los significados y prácticas relativas a la producción agrícola basada en plaguicidas en la pampa húmeda argentina. Realizamos dos trabajos de campo etnográficos de largo alcance y analizamos, por una parte, el proceso de identificación y denuncia de los riesgos relativos a los plaguicidas por mujeres y su relación con la construcción social de femineidades y con la organización generizada del cuidado. En segundo lugar, indagamos un posible vínculo entre la exposición a los plaguicidas y una estrategia de reafirmación de la virilidad.
Abstract This paper analyzes the connections between gender identities and the logics surrounding the social organization of care related to the environmental and health risks that stem from meanings and practices of pesticide-based agricultural production in the Argentine Pampas. After conducting two long-reach ethnographic field-work, we explore the process of women's identifying and denouncing of pesticides related risks and its relationship both with the social construction of femininities and with the gendered organization of care. Furthermore, we study a possible link between the exposure to pesticides and a strategy of reaffirmation of virility.
Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar as vinculações entre as identidades de gênero e as lógicas da organização social do cuidado, em relação com os riscos ambientais-sanitáriosa partir dos significados e práticas relativas à produção agrícola baseada em pesticidas nos pampas da Argentina. Realizamos dois trabalhos de campo etnográficos de amplo alcance e analisamos, por um lado, o processo de identificação e denúncia dos riscos relacionados coma construção social de feminilidades e com a organização generificada do cuidado. Por outro lado, indagamos sobre um vínculo possível entre a exposição aos pesticidas e uma estratégia de reafirmação da virilidade.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Praguicidas , Intoxicação/prevenção & controle , Riscos Ocupacionais , Doenças dos Trabalhadores Agrícolas/prevenção & controle , Agricultura , Identidade de Gênero , Argentina , Mulheres Trabalhadoras , Fatores de Risco , Agroquímicos , Impactos da Poluição na Saúde , Fatores Culturais , Homens , Antropologia CulturalRESUMO
This study refers to the impact of the use of pesticides on human health in the São Francisco River Valley region, in which, through semi-structured interviews, the objective was to analyze the influence of social, cultural and economic determinants on the health-disease process of workers exposed to agrochemicals. For data collection, 339 rural workers from irrigated perimeters of the cities of Juazeiro, in the State of Bahia, and Petrolina, in the State of Pernambuco, were interviewed. All were male, of which 182 (53,7%) were rural owners and 157 (46,3%) were employees, predominantly between 40 and 59 years of age among owners and under 39 among workers. Over 50% have a low level of schooling and 55.2% of them have monthly incomes less than or equal to 2 minimum wages. Many of them know about the importance of wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) and the mandatory license for the use and purchase of agrochemicals. However, about 40% do not use PPE or use it inadequately and 28.9% do not have a license to purchase. More than 9% of participants reported cases of intoxication, however, less than 7% sought specialized care. Workers are aware of the risks that the use of agrochemicals expose them to risk situations, but this does not encourage them to change their worksite behavior.
O presente estudo refere-se ao impacto do uso de agrotóxicos sobre a saúde humana no Submédio do Vale do São Francisco. Por meio de entrevistas objetivou-se analisar a influência dos condicionantes sociais, culturais e econômicos no processo saúde-doença dos trabalhadores expostos a agrotóxicos. Para a coleta de dados foram entrevistados 339 trabalhadores rurais de perímetros irrigados dos municípios de Juazeiro-BA e Petrolina-PE. Todos do sexo masculino, sendo 182 (53,7%) proprietários rurais e 157 (46,3%) empregados, predominando indivíduos entre 40 e 59 anos entre os proprietários e abaixo de 39 anos entre os trabalhadores. Mais de 50% apresentou baixo nível de escolaridade e 55,2% tinha rendimentos mensais menor ou igual a 2 salários mínimos. Muitos sabem da importância do uso de EPIs e da obrigatoriedade do receituário agronômico para a utilização e a compra de agrotóxicos, entretanto cerca de 40% não usam EPIs ou fazem uso de forma incompleta e 28,9% não apresentam receituário durante a compra. Mais de 9% dos participantes relataram casos de intoxicação, no entanto, menos de 7% procuraram atendimento especializado. Os trabalhadores sabem que o uso de agrotóxicos nas lavouras os expõem a situações de risco, mas essa informação não é suficiente para alterar a conduta no exercício laboral.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Trabalhadores Agrícolas/prevenção & controle , Fazendeiros/estatística & dados numéricos , Exposição Ocupacional/prevenção & controle , Praguicidas/toxicidade , Adulto , Agricultura , Brasil , Fazendas , Frutas , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Exposição Ocupacional/estatística & dados numéricos , Equipamento de Proteção Individual/estatística & dados numéricos , População RuralRESUMO
Resumo O presente estudo refere-se ao impacto do uso de agrotóxicos sobre a saúde humana no Submédio do Vale do São Francisco. Por meio de entrevistas objetivou-se analisar a influência dos condicionantes sociais, culturais e econômicos no processo saúde-doença dos trabalhadores expostos a agrotóxicos. Para a coleta de dados foram entrevistados 339 trabalhadores rurais de perímetros irrigados dos municípios de Juazeiro-BA e Petrolina-PE. Todos do sexo masculino, sendo 182 (53,7%) proprietários rurais e 157 (46,3%) empregados, predominando indivíduos entre 40 e 59 anos entre os proprietários e abaixo de 39 anos entre os trabalhadores. Mais de 50% apresentou baixo nível de escolaridade e 55,2% tinha rendimentos mensais menor ou igual a 2 salários mínimos. Muitos sabem da importância do uso de EPIs e da obrigatoriedade do receituário agronômico para a utilização e a compra de agrotóxicos, entretanto cerca de 40% não usam EPIs ou fazem uso de forma incompleta e 28,9% não apresentam receituário durante a compra. Mais de 9% dos participantes relataram casos de intoxicação, no entanto, menos de 7% procuraram atendimento especializado. Os trabalhadores sabem que o uso de agrotóxicos nas lavouras os expõem a situações de risco, mas essa informação não é suficiente para alterar a conduta no exercício laboral.
Abstract This study refers to the impact of the use of pesticides on human health in the São Francisco River Valley region, in which, through semi-structured interviews, the objective was to analyze the influence of social, cultural and economic determinants on the health-disease process of workers exposed to agrochemicals. For data collection, 339 rural workers from irrigated perimeters of the cities of Juazeiro, in the State of Bahia, and Petrolina, in the State of Pernambuco, were interviewed. All were male, of which 182 (53,7%) were rural owners and 157 (46,3%) were employees, predominantly between 40 and 59 years of age among owners and under 39 among workers. Over 50% have a low level of schooling and 55.2% of them have monthly incomes less than or equal to 2 minimum wages. Many of them know about the importance of wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) and the mandatory license for the use and purchase of agrochemicals. However, about 40% do not use PPE or use it inadequately and 28.9% do not have a license to purchase. More than 9% of participants reported cases of intoxication, however, less than 7% sought specialized care. Workers are aware of the risks that the use of agrochemicals expose them to risk situations, but this does not encourage them to change their worksite behavior.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Praguicidas/toxicidade , Exposição Ocupacional/prevenção & controle , Doenças dos Trabalhadores Agrícolas/prevenção & controle , Fazendeiros/estatística & dados numéricos , População Rural , Brasil , Entrevistas como Assunto , Exposição Ocupacional/estatística & dados numéricos , Agricultura , Equipamento de Proteção Individual/estatística & dados numéricos , Fazendas , Frutas , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Agriculture has the highest risk of accidents. In Brazil the reality of this situation is unknown owing to scarcity of studies and underreporting of workplace accidents in rural areas. This article aims to evaluate workplace accident prevalence and associated factors among tobacco farm in Sao Lourenco do Sul-RS, Brazil. Cross-sectional study with 488 tobacco farmers, assessing sociodemographic, behavioural, labour characteristics and association with workplace accidents occurring in their lifetime. The injury prevalence was 24%. Being male (PR 1.62; 95%CI 1.04-2.52), and tenant farmer (PR 1.87; 95%CI 1.29-2.72), bundling tobacco leaves (PR 2.00; 95%CI 1.14-3.52) and having minor psychiatric disorders (PR 1.58; 95%CI 1.06-2.35) were positively associated with accidents. 46% of serious injuries caused superficial lesions and 26% caused fractures. Rural workplace accident prevention policies need to be established, particularly for tobacco farming. Larger studies are needed to understand work process-related aspects that increase the risk of accidents.
Assuntos
Prevenção de Acidentes/métodos , Acidentes de Trabalho/estatística & dados numéricos , Doenças dos Trabalhadores Agrícolas/epidemiologia , Fazendas , Acidentes de Trabalho/prevenção & controle , Adolescente , Adulto , Doenças dos Trabalhadores Agrícolas/prevenção & controle , Brasil/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Nicotiana , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Abstract Agriculture has the highest risk of accidents. In Brazil the reality of this situation is unknown owing to scarcity of studies and underreporting of workplace accidents in rural areas. This article aims to evaluate workplace accident prevalence and associated factors among tobacco farm in Sao Lourenco do Sul-RS, Brazil. Cross-sectional study with 488 tobacco farmers, assessing sociodemographic, behavioural, labour characteristics and association with workplace accidents occurring in their lifetime. The injury prevalence was 24%. Being male (PR 1.62; 95%CI 1.04-2.52), and tenant farmer (PR 1.87; 95%CI 1.29-2.72), bundling tobacco leaves (PR 2.00; 95%CI 1.14-3.52) and having minor psychiatric disorders (PR 1.58; 95%CI 1.06-2.35) were positively associated with accidents. 46% of serious injuries caused superficial lesions and 26% caused fractures. Rural workplace accident prevention policies need to be established, particularly for tobacco farming. Larger studies are needed to understand work process-related aspects that increase the risk of accidents.
Resumo A Agricultura concentra maior risco de acidentes ocupacionais, entretanto sua dimensão é desconhecida pela escassez de estudos brasileiros e subnotificação na área rural. O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar a prevalência e os fatores associados aos acidentes de trabalho em fumicultores em São Lourenço Sul-RS. Estudo transversal com amostra representativa de 488 fumicultores, avaliando características sociodemográficas, comportamentais, atividades laborais e associação com acidentes de trabalho na vida. Prevalência de acidentes na vida foi de 24%, encontrada associação positiva com sexo masculino (RP1,62IC-95%1,04-2,52), ser arrendatário (RP1,87IC-95%1,29-2,72), realização manocas (RP2,00IC-95%1,14-3,52) e problemas psiquiátricos menores (RP 1,58 IC-95%1,06-2,35). Dentre os acidentes graves, 46% foram superficiais e 26%, fraturas. Necessário implementar políticas preventivas de acidentes laborais na área rural e, em particular, na fumicultura brasileira; avançar na busca da compreensão dos aspectos relacionados ao processo de trabalho impactantes ao risco de acidentes.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Adulto Jovem , Acidentes de Trabalho/estatística & dados numéricos , Doenças dos Trabalhadores Agrícolas/epidemiologia , Fazendas , Prevenção de Acidentes/métodos , Nicotiana , Brasil/epidemiologia , Acidentes de Trabalho/prevenção & controle , Prevalência , Estudos Transversais , Fatores de Risco , Doenças dos Trabalhadores Agrícolas/prevenção & controle , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Manual flower cutting imposes large biomechanical demands on workers' upper extremities. Solutions are required to reduce these demands. This study investigated the effect of time elapsed since the last pruner maintenance on the biomechanical demands of the upper extremities during flower-cutting operations. METHODS: Sixteen experienced workers were recruited. All workers performed flower cutting 1, 15, and 30 days after standard pruner maintenance, including cleaning, adjustment, and sharpening. The outcomes included kinematics of the wrist, elbow, and forearm; muscular activity of the extensor carpi radialis, extensor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, biceps and medium deltoids of the dominant arm; and self-reported effort. RESULTS: On average across muscles, a 15-day delay (from 1 to 15 and from 15 to 30 days) in the execution of pruner maintenance increased over 8% the median recorded muscular activity as measured by the percentage of the maximum voluntary contraction of the root mean square signal. An increase in time since last pruner maintenance resulted in an increase in the 90th percentile pronation-supination posture (larger excursion toward pronation); the median and the 90th percentile velocity of the wrist and elbow; and the 90th percentile acceleration in the pronation-supination direction. There was an increase in perceived effort as measured by a Borg scale as time since last maintenance increased from 1 to 15 days. CONCLUSION: Increasing the frequency of pruner maintenance procedures can effectively reduce workers' mechanical exposures during manual flower-cutting operations. Companies should implement daily maintenance programs considering their implementation capacity and expected benefits.
Assuntos
Agricultura/instrumentação , Ergonomia , Extremidade Superior/fisiologia , Adulto , Doenças dos Trabalhadores Agrícolas/prevenção & controle , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , Feminino , Flores , Humanos , Manutenção , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Músculo Esquelético/fisiologia , Postura , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Los plaguicidas son xenobióticos de gran utilidad para el control de las plagas y su uso es una realidad para obtener mayor rendimiento en los cultivos. Sin embargo, tienen el riesgo de producir toxicidad, por lo que es necesario el monitoreo biológico de los trabajadores expuestos a estas sustancias. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la actividad de la butirilcolinesterasa (BCh) y la presencia de micronúcleos (MN) en trabajadores expuestos a mezclas de plaguicidas en el municipio Urdaneta, estado Lara. Participaron 82 individuos de sexo masculino, 41 expuestos (GE) y 41 no expuestos (GNE), la determinación de la butirilcolinesterasa se realizó en muestras de sangre, y la de micronúcleos en muestras epiteliales de la mucosa bucal. Los resultados fueron presentados empleando estadísticos descriptivos, frecuencias absolutas y porcentajes, utilizando el paquete libre PAST v.2.04. Los valores de actividad de BCh en el GE (3528,75+/- 1162,45U/L) mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (P<0,001) en relación al GNE (5764,41+/-1641,43U/L). La frecuencia de MN presentó mayor mediana en el GE respecto al GNE (3,09 vs 0,73) con una diferencia significativa (P<0,001). Al asociar el tiempo de exposición con la actividad de BCh y la frecuencia de MN, se presentó una correlación negativa con la actividad de BCh y una correlación positiva con los MN, estadísticamente significativas P<0,001 y P<0,05. Los hallazgos obtenidos reflejan que los plaguicidas fueron utilizados en forma de mezclas siendo los más usados: organofosforados, carbamatos y piretroides produciendo modificaciones en los valores de actividad de BCh y la frecuencia de MN en individuos expuestos a plaguicidas(AU)
Pesticides are xenobiotics, useful in controlling pests and their use ileads to greater crop yields. However, they carry a risk of toxicity so biological monitoring of exposed workers is necessary. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cholinesterase activity and the presence of micronuclei in workers exposed to pesticide mixtures in the town of Urdaneta, Lara. Eighty-two workers participated, 41 exposed (EG) and 41 nonexposed (NEG), all of whome were male. Blood samples were obtained for the determination of butyrylcholinesterase (BCh); buccal mucosal epithelial samples were obtained for micronuclei (MN) sampline. The results were presented as descriptive statistics, absolute frequencies and percentages, using the PAST v.2.04 a free online software package. The BCh activity values in the EG (3528.75+/-1162.45U/L) showed statistically significant differences (P<0.001) in relation to the UEG (5764.41 +/- 1641.43U/L). Median MN frequency was highest in the EG compared to UEG (3.09vs 0.73), a significant difference (P<0.001). By associating exposure time with BCh activity and MN frequency, a negative correlation was found with BCh activity and a positive correlation with MN, both statistically significant (P<0.001 and P<0.05, respectively). The results suggested pesticide mixtures were the most often used: organophosphates, carbamates and pyrethroids produced changes in the activity values of BCh and the frequency of MN in individuals exposed to pesticides(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Praguicidas/toxicidade , Butirilcolinesterase , Carbamatos , Colinesterases , Doenças dos Trabalhadores Agrícolas/prevenção & controle , Monitoramento BiológicoRESUMO
Objective: to verify the use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and the presence of symptoms of intoxication by pesticides in tobacco farmers. Methods: Cross-sectional study with farmers of the northwest of the state of Rio Grande do Sul in 2012/2013 through a household survey with interview. Results: Participants were 100 male farmers, they were on average 46.9±10.8 years-old; 97 (97.0%) used pesticides; 81 (81.0%) reported using PPE; 20 (20.0%) had symptoms of intoxication. Conclusions: Workers make partial use of PPE, it may favor the emergence of health problems related to pesticides. It is necessary that health workers, along with these workers, to incorporate into practice the comprehensive health assistance encompassing prevention, promotion, assistance and reporting of cases of poisoning.
Objetivo: verificar o uso de Equipamento de Proteção Individual (EPI) e a presença de sintomas de intoxicação por agrotóxicos em fumicultores. Método: Estudo transversal realizado com fumicultores do noroeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul em 2012/2013 por meio de inquérito domiciliar com aplicação de entrevista. Resultados: Participaram 100fumicultores homens com média de 46,9 ±10,8 anos; 97 (97,0%) fizeram aplicação de agrotóxicos; 81 (81,0%) relatam utilizar EPI; 20 (20,0%) apresentaram sintomas de intoxicação. Conclusões: Os trabalhadores fazem uso parcial de EPI o que pode favorecer o surgimento de problemas de saúde relacionado aos agrotóxicos. Neste sentido faz-se necessário que os trabalhadores da saúde, aliados com estes trabalhadores, incorporarem na sua prática a assistência integral à saúde englobando prevenção, promoção, assistência e notificação dos casos de intoxicação.
Objetivo: verificar el uso de Equipo de Protección Personal (EPP) y la presencia de síntomas de intoxicación por pesticidas en los cultivadores de tabaco. Métodos: Estudio transversal con los productores del noroccidental estado de Rio Grande do Sul en 2012/2013 a través de una encuesta de hogares con aplicación entrevista. Resultados: Los participantes fueron100 cultivadores hombres con una media de 46,9 ±10,8 años, 97 (97,0%) eran de aplicación de plaguicidas; 81 (81.0%) reportó el uso de PPE; 20 (20,0%) tenían síntomas de intoxicación. Conclusiones: Los trabajadores hacen uso parcial de EPP que puedan favorecer la aparición de problemas de salud relacionados con los plaguicidas. En este sentido, es necesario que los trabajadores de la salud, junto con estos trabajadores incorporan a la práctica la atención de la salud global que incluya la prevención, promoción, asistencia y la notificación de los casos de intoxicación.
Assuntos
Humanos , Agroquímicos/efeitos adversos , Agroquímicos/intoxicação , Agroquímicos/toxicidade , Doenças dos Trabalhadores Agrícolas/prevenção & controle , Equipamentos de Proteção , Saúde da População Rural/estatística & dados numéricos , Brasil , Praguicidas/efeitos adversos , Praguicidas/intoxicação , Praguicidas/toxicidade , Trabalhadores RuraisRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Personal protective equipment (PPE) reduces pesticide exposures, but many farmworkers complain that it is difficult to obtain. We examined if PPE provision increased usage. We also delivered motivational messaging aimed to promote PPE use. METHODS: First, we delivered a daily survey through a mobile phone app to assess PPE use. Farmworkers subsequently received a daily, individualized motivational message based on their PPE use and reported difficulties. PPE use was evaluated at baseline and at the close of the study. RESULTS: PPE behaviors improved for gloves (Pâ≤â0.01) and safety glasses (Pâ≤â0.001). Use of long-sleeved shirts, hats, and long pants were already consistently used at baseline and did not exhibit significant change. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that PPE provision and delivery of motivational messaging through mobile phones may increase PPE usage for farmworkers.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Trabalhadores Agrícolas/prevenção & controle , Emigrantes e Imigrantes , Promoção da Saúde/métodos , Americanos Mexicanos , Exposição Ocupacional/prevenção & controle , Equipamento de Proteção Individual/estatística & dados numéricos , Telemedicina/métodos , Adolescente , Adulto , Doenças dos Trabalhadores Agrícolas/induzido quimicamente , Doenças dos Trabalhadores Agrícolas/etnologia , Telefone Celular , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Aplicativos Móveis , Exposição Ocupacional/efeitos adversos , Praguicidas/toxicidade , Projetos Piloto , Texas , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF) is a severe acute viral disease caused by the Junin virus of the Arenaviridae family. The AHF endemic area coincides geographically with the largest grain export agro-industrial complex of the country [Argentina]. Since the implementation of vaccination with the Candid #1 vaccine, a significant reduction in incidence was achieved and risk patterns were modified. A previous study allowed characterizing these changes and identifying three transmission scenarios: classic, emergent-reemergent, and traveler. The latter scenario includes seasonal migrant workers who move each year, mainly from the province of Santiago del Estero, the endemic area to work in the detasseling of maize. With the objective of protecting this group of workers, a prevention campaign was initiated which included: capacity building of health personnel in the province, health education, and immunization with the vaccine Candid #1. 3,021 workers were vaccinated. Prior to vaccination, serum samples were taken from a group of 104 volunteers. Tests for neutralizing antibodies specific to the Junin virus were performed and 6 (5.76%) tested positive. The unexpected finding of a high percentage of workers with antibodies suggests the need to evaluate several hypotheses: a) that the result is the product of non-probabilistic sampling; b) that it could be people who fell ill in previous travels, c) or who were vaccinated in previous travels; or d) consider this region as an emerging scenario.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Trabalhadores Agrícolas/prevenção & controle , Doenças dos Trabalhadores Agrícolas/virologia , Febre Hemorrágica Americana/prevenção & controle , Febre Hemorrágica Americana/transmissão , Vírus Junin/imunologia , Migrantes , Vacinas Virais , Argentina , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Vacinas AtenuadasRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Evidence on effectiveness of ergonomic interventions to reduce mechanical demands of the upper extremity is scarce in agriculture. OBJECTIVE: To conduct an ergonomic intervention to reduce mechanical exposures on workers during manual flower cutting, while emphasizing postural education and reduction of force requirements. PARTICIPANTS: Seventy seven workers (20 to 55 years old; 80% women) from six companies that cultivate roses participated in this study. METHODS: Participants from three companies were randomly assigned to control and intervention groups. A postural education program and a maintenance program was designed and implemented in the intervention group aiming to achieve more neutral postures of the wrist and forearm and to reduce force requirements during rose cutting. Changes in self-reported effort and upper extremity postures, kinematics and muscular activity between baseline and follow-up assessments were evaluated. RESULTS: Most of the observed changes in the evaluated mechanical exposures were moderate for both groups. The intervention group showed differential improvements compared to the control group for 95th percentile forearm pronation (intervention group went from 50.6 to 35.6°; control group went from 18.4 to 34.7°); and to some degree for the maximum wrist radial deviation (the intervention group went from 17° to 7.6°; control group went from 10.1° to 7.8°). Also, the mean elbow flexion for the control group was reduced from 62.3 to 48.4°, whereas it increased from 52.2 to 57.3° in the intervention group. No differential changes between the intervention and control groups were observed for the kinematic variables, except for an unexpected reduction in the 95th percentile velocity of wrist flexion-extension in the control group, which was not observed in the intervention group. Lastly, although observed changes in muscular activity were not statistically significant, improvements were observed for the intervention group for the flexor and extensor carpi radialis and the flexor carpi ulnaris; although the opposite was true for the extensor carpi ulnaris. CONCLUSIONS: Important although sometimes mixed results were achieved with this field intervention, focusing on postural and force requirement demands. The positive results are encouraging considering the presence of typical limitations observed in field intervention studies.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Trabalhadores Agrícolas/etiologia , Doenças dos Trabalhadores Agrícolas/prevenção & controle , Traumatismos do Braço/etiologia , Traumatismos do Braço/prevenção & controle , Ergonomia , Flores , Adulto , Doenças dos Trabalhadores Agrícolas/epidemiologia , Traumatismos do Braço/epidemiologia , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , Colômbia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , PosturaRESUMO
Quantification of dermal exposure to pesticides in rural workers, used in risk assessment, can be performed with different techniques such as patches or whole body evaluation. However, the wide variety of methods can jeopardize the process by producing disparate results, depending on the principles in sample collection. A critical review was thus performed on the main techniques for quantifying dermal exposure, calling attention to this issue and the need to establish a single methodology for quantification of dermal exposure in rural workers. Such harmonization of different techniques should help achieve safer and healthier working conditions. Techniques that can provide reliable exposure data are an essential first step towards avoiding harm to workers' health.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Trabalhadores Agrícolas/prevenção & controle , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Exposição Ocupacional/análise , Praguicidas/análise , Medição de Risco/métodos , Brasil , Técnicas de Laboratório Clínico , Humanos , Saúde Ocupacional , População Rural , Absorção CutâneaAssuntos
Doenças dos Trabalhadores Agrícolas/prevenção & controle , Agricultura/normas , Prioridades em Saúde , Direitos Humanos , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/prevenção & controle , Doenças dos Trabalhadores Agrícolas/etiologia , Doenças dos Trabalhadores Agrícolas/mortalidade , Agroquímicos/intoxicação , Desidratação/complicações , Desidratação/etiologia , Desidratação/prevenção & controle , Transtornos de Estresse por Calor/etiologia , Transtornos de Estresse por Calor/mortalidade , Transtornos de Estresse por Calor/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Mortalidade Prematura/tendências , Nicarágua/epidemiologia , Organizações , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/etiologia , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/mortalidade , Fatores de Risco , SaccharumAssuntos
Doenças dos Trabalhadores Agrícolas/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Trabalhadores Agrícolas/prevenção & controle , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. , Insuficiência Renal/epidemiologia , Insuficiência Renal/prevenção & controle , América Central/epidemiologia , Egito/epidemiologia , Epidemias , Humanos , Índia/epidemiologia , Sri Lanka/epidemiologia , Estados UnidosRESUMO
A quantificação da exposição dérmica a agrotóxicos, utilizada no processo de avaliação do risco à saúde de trabalhadores rurais, pode ser realizada usando-se diferentes metodologias, como patches ou corpo total. A existência de diversos métodos pode ser considerada uma limitação relacionada ao processo, já que podem não produzir resultados similares devido às diferenciações nos princípios envolvidos na coleta das amostras. Dessa maneira, realizou-se uma revisão crítica das principais metodologias utilizadas para a quantificação da exposição dérmica, com o objetivo de ressaltar a importância da discussão sobre o assunto e de evidenciar a necessidade de ações que contribuam para o estabelecimento de uma metodologia única para a quantificação da exposição dérmica de trabalhadores rurais. Entende-se que a harmonização das metodologias contribuirá para o alcance de condições mais seguras e saudáveis de trabalho, principalmente por possibilitar a obtenção de resultados mais confiáveis e, portanto, estabelecer, garantir e aprimorar o processo de prevenção de agravos à saúde do trabalhador.
Quantification of dermal exposure to pesticides in rural workers, used in risk assessment, can be performed with different techniques such as patches or whole body evaluation. However, the wide variety of methods can jeopardize the process by producing disparate results, depending on the principles in sample collection. A critical review was thus performed on the main techniques for quantifying dermal exposure, calling attention to this issue and the need to establish a single methodology for quantification of dermal exposure in rural workers. Such harmonization of different techniques should help achieve safer and healthier working conditions. Techniques that can provide reliable exposure data are an essential first step towards avoiding harm to workers’ health.
La cuantificación de la exposición cutánea a los pesticidas, utilizada en el proceso de evaluación del riesgo para la salud de los trabajadores rurales, se puede realizar a través de distintos métodos como parches o totalidad del cuerpo. La existencia de varios métodos puede ser considerada como una limitación relacionada con el proceso, ya que puede producir resultados distintos, debido a las diferencias en los principios implicados en la recogida de las muestras. Por lo tanto, se realizó una revisión crítica de las principales metodologías utilizadas para la cuantificación de la exposición cutánea, con la finalidad de destacar la importancia de la discusión sobre el tema y poner en evidencia la necesidad de acciones que contribuyan a la creación de una metodología única para la cuantificación de la exposición cutánea de los trabajadores rurales. Se entiende que la armonización de las metodologías contribuirá a la consecución de condiciones de trabajo más seguras y saludables, porque permite obtener resultados más fiables y, por lo tanto, asegurar y mejorar el proceso de prevención de daños a la salud de los trabajadores.
Assuntos
Humanos , Doenças dos Trabalhadores Agrícolas/prevenção & controle , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Exposição Ocupacional/análise , Praguicidas/análise , Medição de Risco/métodos , Brasil , Técnicas de Laboratório Clínico , Saúde Ocupacional , População Rural , Absorção CutâneaRESUMO
Este estudo visa oferecer retaguarda técnica para diagnóstico e prevenção da DFVT entre fumicultores, para ações de vigilância da exposição à nicotina entre trabalhadores na produção de tabaco e para ações de vigilância epidemiológica; conhecer o perfil dos fumicultores expostos à nicotina em suas atividades produtivas; e oferecer subsídios para ações de atenção integral à saúde dos trabalhadores, realizou-se ação de vigilância da exposição ocupacional à nicotina. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Exposição Ocupacional/análise , Cotinina/análise , Doenças dos Trabalhadores Agrícolas/diagnóstico , Doenças dos Trabalhadores Agrícolas/prevenção & controle , Doenças dos Trabalhadores Agrícolas/epidemiologia , Monitoramento Epidemiológico , Nicotina/toxicidadeRESUMO
This study evaluated an ergonomics intervention among Nicaraguan coffee harvesting workers, using electromyography and questionnaire survey techniques. Nicaraguan researchers were involved in the study so that they could gain hands-on experience with ergonomics research and applications, and eventually be the specialists conducting ergonomics interventions in Nicaraguan workplaces. Coffee harvesting activities were studied individually and physical hazards were identified accordingly. The results showed decreased muscle loading on the erector spinae muscle and improved comfort reporting in the back region compared to the commonly used baskets. This fulfils the design objective of a newly developed bag that was used in the intervention to reduce physical workload on the coffee harvesting workers. Workers' opinion survey results showed some issues related to the size of the new bag and the lumbar-shoulder belt mechanism. This information can be used in the modification of the bag in the next design. Key players in the process have been identified. PRACTITIONER SUMMARY: Stimulating ergonomics activities in developing countries is suggested by many experts. This study provided an example from coffee workers in Nicaragua. Commonly used job evaluation procedures and physical load quantification methods were used. Ergonomics researchers and practitioners in developing countries may do similar projects on their own in the future.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Trabalhadores Agrícolas/prevenção & controle , Doenças dos Trabalhadores Agrícolas/fisiopatologia , Café , Produtos Agrícolas , Países em Desenvolvimento , Ergonomia/instrumentação , Dor Lombar/prevenção & controle , Dor Lombar/fisiopatologia , Mialgia/prevenção & controle , Suporte de Carga/fisiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Músculos do Dorso/fisiopatologia , Eletromiografia , Desenho de Equipamento , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Monitorização Ambulatorial , Mialgia/fisiopatologia , Nicarágua , Postura/fisiologia , Telemetria , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Musculoskeletal injuries are recognized as an important health issue for farmworkers. This study aimed to assess musculoskeletal health in South Georgia farmworkers through an exploration of pain status, health beliefs, occupational tasks, work conditions, access to care, and demographics. PARTICIPANTS: Interviews were conducted with 83 farmworkers at pro bono medical clinics. METHODS: Mixed methods interview topics, based upon an adapted theoretical model, included: work history, current work practices, musculoskeletal symptoms, health beliefs, acculturation, general health, access to care, and demographics. RESULTS: Pain was reported by 81.9% of participants. The low back (57.4%) and mid back (52.9%) were the most commonly reported sites of pain. Adapted model constructs were identified quantitatively and qualitatively. Open-ended responses described health beliefs, barriers to accessing care, and farmworkers' sense of responsibility to provide for their families. CONCLUSIONS: Data revealed that musculoskeletal pain is common and suggest associations with work tasks and conditions. Numerous barriers to accessing care exist and must be considered. Solutions may include farm-based prevention, enhanced education, improved measurement tools, and ongoing use of ecological models to guide research and interventions.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Trabalhadores Agrícolas/etnologia , Atitude Frente a Saúde , Doenças Musculoesqueléticas/etnologia , Saúde Ocupacional , Dor/etnologia , Migrantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Aculturação , Adolescente , Adulto , Doenças dos Trabalhadores Agrícolas/prevenção & controle , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Georgia/epidemiologia , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Nível de Saúde , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Masculino , México/etnologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Modelos Teóricos , Doenças Musculoesqueléticas/prevenção & controle , Dor/etiologia , Estações do Ano , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Manual flower cutting requires repetitive forceful movements that may explain the high incidence of upper-extremity MSDs among workers of the Colombian flower industry. Force demands may be caused by the use of pruners that have not been designed for Colombian workers. We conducted a repeated measures field experimental study (n=16, 69% women, 20 to 60 years old) to compare the mechanical demands during rose cutting of two different pruners (Traditional vs. alternative pruner) at two different cutting heights (elbow vs. over-shoulder). Demands included the perceived comfort, perceived effort and upper limb's muscular activity and posture. Workers perceived their traditional pruner as more comfortable but requiring more effort than the prototype tool. No benefits were observed regarding ulnar deviation with the alternative pruner. The wrist extension and related muscular activity of the wrist extensors were higher with the prototype pruner. The prototype pruner resulted in reduced muscular load of the wrist flexors; the biceps when working at the elbow height; and the deltoids when working at the shoulder height. However, Moderate results may be explained by the lack of time for workers' adaptation to the alternative tool. New design developments must focus on reducing extension and ulnar deviation of the wrist.