RESUMO
Introduction: Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is the main diarrhea-causing pathogen in children and young animals and has become a global health concern. Berberine is a type of "medicine and food homology" and has a long history of use in China, particularly in treating gastrointestinal disorders and bacterial diarrhea. Methods: In this study, we explored the effects of berberine on growth performance, intestinal inflammation, oxidative damage, and intestinal microbiota in a weaned piglet model of ETEC infection. Twenty-four piglets were randomly divided into four groups-a control group (fed a basal diet [BD] and infused with saline), a BD+ETEC group (fed a basal diet and infused with ETEC), a LB+ETEC group (fed a basal diet with 0.05% berberine and infused with ETEC infection), and a HB+ETEC group (fed a basal diet with 0.1% berberine and infused with ETEC). Results: Berberine significantly improved the final body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), and average daily feed intake (ADFI) (P<0.05) of piglets, and effectively decreased the incidence of diarrhea among the animals (P<0.05). Additionally, berberine significantly downregulated the expression levels of the genes encoding TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB, IKKα, and IKKß in the small intestine of piglets (P<0.05). ETEC infection significantly upregulated the expression of genes coding for Nrf2, CAT, SOD1, GPX1, GST, NQO1, HO-1, GCLC, and GCLM in the small intestine of the animals (P<0.05). Berberine significantly upregulated 12 functional COG categories and 7 KEGG signaling pathways. A correlation analysis showed that berberine significantly increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria (Gemmiger, Pediococcus, Levilactobacillus, Clostridium, Lactiplantibacillus, Weissella, Enterococcus, Blautia, and Butyricicoccus) and decreased that of pathogenic bacteria (Prevotella, Streptococcus, Parabacteroides, Flavonifractor, Alloprevotella) known to be closely related to intestinal inflammation and oxidative stress in piglets. In conclusion, ETEC infection disrupted the intestinal microbiota in weaned piglets, upregulating the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB and Nrf2 signaling pathways, and consequently leading to intestinal inflammation and oxidative stress-induced damage. Discussion: Our data indicated that berberine can optimize intestinal microbiota balance and modulate the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB and Nrf2 signaling pathways, thus helping to alleviate intestinal inflammation and oxidative damage caused by ETEC infection in weaned piglets.
Assuntos
Berberina , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Escherichia coli Enterotoxigênica , Infecções por Escherichia coli , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Estresse Oxidativo , Desmame , Animais , Berberina/farmacologia , Berberina/administração & dosagem , Suínos , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Escherichia coli/veterinária , Infecções por Escherichia coli/imunologia , Infecções por Escherichia coli/tratamento farmacológico , Diarreia/veterinária , Diarreia/tratamento farmacológico , Diarreia/microbiologia , Inflamação , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
To mitigate the use of antibiotics for many of the multifactorial diseases seen in pigs, horses and cattle, new diagnostic tools are needed. Acute phase protein (APP) measurements can, in humans, be used to guide antibiotic treatment initiation, evaluate treatment efficacy, and make a prognosis. The aim of this review is to collect evidence on the clinical functionality of APP measurements as a tool to guide antibiotic treatment in pigs, horses, and cattle. Literature was retrieved using Medline, CAB Abstracts and Google Scholar. The acute phase response has been investigated for a plethora of diseases and clinical signs and the major acute phase proteins are elevated in diseased compared to healthy animals. Few studies correlated acute phase response with aetiology, antibiotic treatment efficacy, prognosis, or severity of disease. The existing research does not support that APP can be used to guide antibiotic treatment, but the reported studies indicate that C-reactive protein (CRP) might be able to differentiate between bacterial and non-bacterial causes of disease in pigs. Serum amyloid A (SAA) might reflect underlying aetiology in horses and infectious or non-infectious cases of mastitis in cows.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Fase Aguda , Antibacterianos , Animais , Proteínas de Fase Aguda/metabolismo , Proteínas de Fase Aguda/análise , Cavalos , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Bovinos , Suínos , Doenças dos Cavalos/diagnóstico , Doenças dos Cavalos/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças dos Cavalos/sangue , Doenças dos Suínos/diagnóstico , Doenças dos Suínos/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/diagnóstico , Doenças dos Bovinos/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças dos Bovinos/sangue , Biomarcadores/sangueRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Swine dysentery, caused by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, is a severe pig disease. Resistance to tylosins is common and resistance to tiamulin has been reported since the 1990s. Still, dysentery is not notifiable to authorities. The disease therefore escapes control from an overall population perspective. In Sweden, a program that aimed to control dysentery at national level was initiated in 2020, mainly due to the unexpected diagnosis of tiamulin resistant Brachyspira hyodysenteriae in 2016. RESULTS: Through joint efforts of a network including farmers, government, animal health organisations and abattoirs it was concluded that outbreaks of dysentery had taken place in 25 herds between 2016 and 2019. By 1 January 2020, nine of these herds were still not declared free from the disease. From that date, the network decided that Brachyspira hyodysenteriae was to be cultured whenever dysentery could be suspected. Thus, 148, 157 and 124 herds were scrutinised for Brachyspira hyodysenteriae in 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively, whereof five, three and two new herds were confirmed positive. By 31 December 2022, four herds were judged as impossible to sanitise. However, they posed no problem since they were identified by the network, pigs to and from these enterprises could be transported without jeopardising other herds. When Brachyspira hyodysenteriae was diagnosed in fattening herds purchasing growers, Brachyspira hyodysenteriae could not be detected in the delivering herds. That result, together with other observations, indicated that Brachyspira hyodysenteriae ought to be regarded as ubiquitous, although at a low level in healthy pigs. CONCLUSIONS: Eradication of dysentery contributed to substantial welfare and financial improvements in affected herds. Dysentery was controlled successfully at national level through the united efforts from competing stake holders, such as different abattoirs and animal health organisations. However, as Brachyspira hyodysenteriae was assumed to be ubiquitous, although at a low level in healthy pigs, the duration of the successful control of dysentery was concluded to only be transient. Without permanent monitoring for Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, the knowledge of the national status will rapidly decline to the level prior to the initiation of the control program.
Assuntos
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae , Disenteria , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas , Doenças dos Suínos , Animais , Suécia/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/prevenção & controle , Suínos , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/veterinária , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/epidemiologia , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/microbiologia , Disenteria/veterinária , Disenteria/epidemiologia , Disenteria/microbiologia , Surtos de Doenças/veterináriaRESUMO
In Myanmar, where backyard, semi-intensive, and intensive pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) farming coexist, there is limited understanding of the zoonotic risks and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) associated with these farming practices. This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence, AMR and genomic features of Salmonella in pig farms in the Yangon region and the impact of farm intensification to provide evidence to support risk-based future management approaches. Twenty-three farms with different production scales were sampled for two periods with three sampling-visit each. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests and whole-genome sequencing were performed on the isolates. The prevalence of Salmonella was 44.5% in samples collected from backyard farms, followed by intensive (39.5%) and semi-intensive farms (19.5%). The prevalence of multi-drug resistant isolates from intensive farms (45/84, 53.6%) was higher than those from backyard (32/171, 18.7%) and semi-intensive farms (25/161, 15.5%). Among 28 different serovars identified, S. Weltevreden (40; 14.5%), S. Kentucky (38; 13.8%), S. Stanley (35, 12.7%), S. Typhimurium (22; 8.0%) and S. Brancaster (20; 7.3%) were the most prevalent serovars and accounted for 56.3% of the genome sequenced strains. The diversity of Salmonella serovars was highest in semi-intensive and backyard farms (21 and 19 different serovars, respectively). The high prevalence of globally emerging S. Kentucky ST198 was detected on backyard farms. The invasive-infection linked typhoid-toxin gene (cdtB) was found in the backyard farm isolated S. Typhimurium, relatively enriched in virulence and AMR genes, presented an important target for future surveillance. While intensification, in terms of semi-intensive versus backyard production, maybe a mitigator for zoonotic risk through a lower prevalence of Salmonella, intensive production appears to enhance AMR-associated risks. Therefore, it remains crucial to closely monitor the AMR and virulence potential of this pathogen at all scales of production. The results underscored the complex relationship between intensification of animal production and the prevalence, diversity and AMR of Salmonella from pig farms in Myanmar.
Assuntos
Fazendas , Salmonelose Animal , Salmonella , Doenças dos Suínos , Animais , Suínos/microbiologia , Mianmar/epidemiologia , Salmonelose Animal/microbiologia , Salmonelose Animal/epidemiologia , Salmonella/genética , Salmonella/efeitos dos fármacos , Salmonella/isolamento & purificação , Prevalência , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologia , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla/genética , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Sequenciamento Completo do Genoma , Genoma BacterianoRESUMO
Streptococcus suis is a major swine pathogen and zoonotic agent, causing important economic losses to the porcine industry. Here, we used genomics approaches to characterize 251 S. suis isolates recovered from diseased pigs across Belgium, France, Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Spain, and the United Kingdom. We identified 13 serotypes, being serotypes 9 and 2 the most prevalent, and 34 sequence types (STs), including 16 novel STs, although ST16 and ST1 dominated the strain population. Phylogenetic analysis revealed complex genetic relationships, notable geographic clustering, and potential differential capacity for capsular switching among serotype 9 isolates. We found antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in 85.3% of the isolates, with high frequencies of genes conferring resistance to tetracyclines and macrolides. Specifically, 49.4% of the isolates harbored the tetO gene, and 64.9% possessed the ermB gene. Additionally, we observed a diverse array of virulence-associated genes (VAGs), including the classical VAGs mrp, epf, and sly, with variable presence across different genotypes. The high genetic diversity among European S. suis isolates highlights the importance of targeted antimicrobial use and flexible vaccine strategies. Rapid strain characterization is crucial for optimizing swine health management, enabling tailored interventions like the development of autovaccines to mitigate S. suis infections.
Assuntos
Infecções Estreptocócicas , Streptococcus suis , Doenças dos Suínos , Animais , Streptococcus suis/genética , Streptococcus suis/efeitos dos fármacos , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologia , Infecções Estreptocócicas/veterinária , Infecções Estreptocócicas/microbiologia , Infecções Estreptocócicas/epidemiologia , Europa (Continente)/epidemiologia , Filogenia , Sorogrupo , Variação Genética , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana/genética , Sus scrofa , Virulência , Antibacterianos/farmacologiaRESUMO
Introduction. Salmonella enterica is a significant enteric pathogen affecting human and livestock health. Pork production is a common source of Salmonella contamination, with emerging multidrug resistance (MDR) posing a global health threat.Gap statement. Salmonella contamination and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles in the pig production chain are underreported.Aim. To investigate the prevalence of S. enterica in the pig production chain and characterise their AMR profiles.Methodology. We collected 485 samples from pig farms, a standard pig abattoir and retail markets in Patthalung and Songkhla provinces in southern Thailand. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on these samples, and AMR profiles were determined.Results. S. enterica was detected in 68.67% of farm samples, 45.95% of abattoir samples and 50.67% of retail market samples. Analysis of 264 isolates, representing 18 serotypes, identified S. enterica serotype Rissen as the most prevalent. The predominant resistance phenotypes included ampicillin (AMP, 91.29%), tetracycline (TET, 88.26%) and streptomycin (STR, 84.47%). Over 80% of isolates showed resistance to three or more antimicrobial classes, indicating MDR. The AMP-STR-TET resistance pattern was found in nearly 70% of all MDR isolates across the production chain.Conclusions. The high prevalence of MDR is consistent with extensive antimicrobial use in the livestock sector. The presence of extensively resistant S. enterica highlights the urgent need for antimicrobial stewardship. Strengthening preventive strategies and control measures is crucial to mitigate the risk of MDR Salmonella spreading from farm to fork.
Assuntos
Matadouros , Antibacterianos , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Salmonelose Animal , Salmonella enterica , Animais , Salmonella enterica/efeitos dos fármacos , Salmonella enterica/isolamento & purificação , Suínos , Tailândia/epidemiologia , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Salmonelose Animal/microbiologia , Salmonelose Animal/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologia , Fazendas , Microbiologia de AlimentosRESUMO
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is one of the most important porcine pathogens, causing severe pathologies such as meningitis or polyarthritis. It is also a very successful colonizer of mucosal surfaces. The IgM-degrading enzyme of S. suis (IdeSsuis) specifically cleaves porcine IgM, which results in complement evasion. On the basis of our previous finding that IdeSsuis also cleaves the IgM B cell receptor in vitro, we verified IgM B cell receptor cleavage ex vivo in whole regional lymph nodes and investigated the working hypothesis that this IgM B cell receptor cleavage results in a long-lasting impaired B cell function. The number of IgM-secreting cells was determined via ELISpot analysis after porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells had initially been treated with different recombinant S. suis proteins and subsequently stimulated with interleukin-2 and the toll-like receptor 7/8 ligand R848. Compared with treatment with medium or recombinant muramidase-released protein, treatment with rIdeSsuis but also with a cleavage-deficient variant led to a reduction in the number of IgM-secreting cells as well as the level of secreted IgM. Flow cytometry analysis confirmed that the IgM B cell receptor was cleaved only by rIdeSsuis, and the receptor recovered to pretreatment levels on day 2 after treatment. Flow cytometry analysis of B and T cells incubated with fluorescein-labelled recombinant proteins revealed that different rIdeSsuis variants bind specifically to B cells, most prominently the cleavage-deficient variant. Our results indicate that in vitro interference of rIdeSsuis with the IgM B cell receptor results in long-lasting impaired IgM secretion by B cells after toll-like receptor activation. Further studies are warranted to prove that the modulation of B cell function by IdeSsuis could play a role in vivo.
Assuntos
Linfócitos B , Imunoglobulina M , Streptococcus suis , Animais , Streptococcus suis/imunologia , Imunoglobulina M/imunologia , Imunoglobulina M/metabolismo , Linfócitos B/imunologia , Suínos , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/imunologia , Infecções Estreptocócicas/veterinária , Infecções Estreptocócicas/imunologia , Infecções Estreptocócicas/microbiologiaRESUMO
Lawsonia intracellularis is the etiological agent of proliferative enteropathy (PE) in pigs, horses and wide range of mammals. Little is known about the role of innate immune response during L. intracellularis infection. In this study, we investigated the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)-regulated immune response against infection of a clinical strain Dkp23 and a live-attenuated Enterisol vaccine strain in PK-15 cells. We found that expression of NF-κB target genes TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-8 were modulated during the course of infection. At 5 dpi, there was a significant increase in p65 NF-κB activation, including protein nuclear translocation and phosphorylation, synchronous with the induction of IL-6, IFN-γ and IL-8 expression in L. intracellularis infected cells, especially for Enterisol vaccine strain-infected cells. This result suggests that NF-κB signalling level is induced when L. intracellularis bacterial load peaks at 5 dpi. The induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines expression is consistent with the decreased viability of L. intracellularis-infected cells especially that of the vaccine strain. There were no significant changes in NF-κB signalling between vaccine and Dkp23 infection in PK-15 cells, except for moderate levels of differences in NF-κB target genes expression which might be a reflection of differences in intracellular bacterial load. Overall, the data presented here indicate a correlation between the induction of NF-κB signalling and the L. intracellularis bacterial load in PK-15 cells.
Assuntos
Infecções por Desulfovibrionaceae , Lawsonia (Bactéria) , NF-kappa B , Transdução de Sinais , Animais , Lawsonia (Bactéria)/imunologia , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Suínos , Linhagem Celular , Infecções por Desulfovibrionaceae/microbiologia , Infecções por Desulfovibrionaceae/veterinária , Infecções por Desulfovibrionaceae/imunologia , Citocinas/metabolismo , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/imunologia , Doenças dos Suínos/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão GênicaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Salmonellosis is the second most commonly occurring bacterial zoonosis in Germany. Rye in pig feeding offers new possibilities for addressing that issue due to its high content of non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs). These are fermented in the intestinal tract to specific fermentation products, which seem to have bacteriolytic effects against Salmonella. A coarse feed structure can display synergistic effects. METHODS: Seven conventional pig fattening farms increased the rye content (40%-70%) while limiting the amount of fine particles (maximum of 20% ≤0.25 mm). Samples from pigs were tested for Salmonella antibodies and compared with samples from 167 farms without any changes to the feed. RESULTS: Rye-based diets had a significant (p < 0.05) impact on Salmonella antibody (percentage optical density [OD%]) detection. In this study, it became apparent that significantly fewer positive OD% values could be detected due to the increase in rye compared to farms that did not change the feed (Farm 6 P0: 35.45 ± 36.18; P1: 15.48 ± 16.98; P2: 9.36 ± 8.17). An elimination of Salmonella could not be achieved, but especially farms with high antibody counts were able to strongly reduce those in both phases consecutively (Farm 5 P0: 35.17 ± 35.53; P1: 18.56a ± 20.96; P2: 13.38a ± 18.99). That was different on farms without adapted feeding, where an increase in Salmonella antibodies was observed (P0: 17.38 ± 22.21; P1: 20.12 ± 25.39; P2: 18.12 ± 25.44). CONCLUSION: By increasing the proportion of rye and limiting the proportion of fine particles in the feed, Salmonella antibodies (OD% values) in meat juice and blood can be significantly reduced, especially on farms with an initially high incidence of Salmonella. If that is implemented in feeding across the board on farms, an improvement in food safety and a decreased risk of zoonosis can be expected.
Assuntos
Ração Animal , Dieta , Salmonelose Animal , Salmonella , Secale , Doenças dos Suínos , Animais , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/prevenção & controle , Ração Animal/análise , Suínos , Salmonelose Animal/epidemiologia , Salmonelose Animal/prevenção & controle , Salmonelose Animal/microbiologia , Secale/química , Alemanha/epidemiologia , Dieta/veterinária , Salmonella/isolamento & purificação , Salmonella/fisiologia , Prevalência , Sus scrofa , Criação de Animais Domésticos/métodosRESUMO
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a zoonotic pathogen prevalent in mammalian and avian hosts across the globe. Wild small mammals, being abundant worldwide, serve as important sources of zoonotic disease transmission to humans. Here, 227 fecal samples were collected from five rodent and shrew species on 34 pig farms in China to investigate the prevalence and molecular characterization of E. bieneusi. The overall prevalence of E. bieneusi was 17.18% (39/227), with a distribution of 23.53% (32/136) in Rattus tanezumi, 8.62% (5/58) in Rattus norvegicus, and 8.00% (2/25) in Mus musculus. Eight E. bieneusi genotypes were identified, comprising four known genotypes: D (n = 8), EbpC (n = 8), PigEBITS7 (n = 9), and EbpA (n = 2), and four novel genotypes: CHPR1 (n = 7), CHPR2 (n = 1), CHPR3 (n = 2), and CHPR4 (n = 2). This study is the first to report E. bieneusi in rodents from pig farms in Henan, Shaanxi, and Shanxi Provinces in China. The host range of genotype EbpC was expanded with its first detection in M. musculus and R. tanezumi. All identified E. bieneusi genotypes belong to group 1, raising concerns about these sympatric rodents being reservoirs of zoonotic transmission. Moreover, the widespread distribution of genotype EbpC suggests potential cross-species transmission between sympatric rodents and domestic pigs. Our findings highlight the potential role of sympatric rodents in facilitating the spillover of E. bieneusi from pig farms, which could pose a potential public health threat.
Title: Les rongeurs sympatriques sauvages vivant dans les élevages porcins peuvent faciliter la propagation d'Enterocytozoon bieneusi. Abstract: Enterocytozoon bieneusi est un pathogène zoonotique répandu mondialement chez les hôtes mammifères et aviaires. Les petits mammifères sauvages, abondants dans le monde entier, constituent d'importantes sources de transmission de maladies zoonotiques à l'homme. Ici, 227 échantillons fécaux ont été collectés auprès de cinq espèces de rongeurs et de musaraignes dans 34 élevages porcins en Chine pour étudier la prévalence et la caractérisation moléculaire d'E. bieneusi. La prévalence globale d'E. bieneusi était de 17,18 % (39/227), avec une distribution de 23,53 % (32/136) chez Rattus tanezumi, 8,62 % (5/58) chez Rattus norvegicus et 8,00 % (2/25) chez Mus musculus. Huit génotypes d'E. bieneusi ont été identifiés, dont quatre génotypes connus (D (n = 8), EbpC (n = 8), PigEBITS7 (n = 9) et EbpA (n = 2)) et quatre génotypes nouveaux (CHPR1 (n = 7), CHPR2 (n = 1), CHPR3 (n = 2) et CHPR4 (n = 2)). Cette étude est la première à signaler la présence d'E. bieneusi chez des rongeurs provenant d'élevages porcins des provinces du Henan, du Shaanxi et du Shanxi en Chine. La gamme d'hôtes du génotype EbpC a été élargie avec sa première détection chez M. musculus et R. tanezumi. Tous les génotypes d'E. bieneusi identifiés appartiennent au groupe 1, ce qui soulève des inquiétudes quant au fait que ces rongeurs sympatriques soient des réservoirs de transmission zoonotique. De plus, la large distribution du génotype EbpC suggère une transmission interspécifique potentielle entre les rongeurs sympatriques et les porcs domestiques. Nos résultats soulignent le rôle potentiel des rongeurs sympatriques dans la facilitation de la propagation d'E. bieneusi à partir des élevages porcins, ce qui pourrait constituer une menace potentielle pour la santé publique.
Assuntos
Enterocytozoon , Fazendas , Fezes , Genótipo , Microsporidiose , Roedores , Doenças dos Suínos , Zoonoses , Animais , Enterocytozoon/genética , Enterocytozoon/isolamento & purificação , Enterocytozoon/classificação , Microsporidiose/veterinária , Microsporidiose/epidemiologia , Microsporidiose/transmissão , Microsporidiose/microbiologia , China/epidemiologia , Suínos , Fezes/microbiologia , Roedores/microbiologia , Ratos , Camundongos , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/transmissão , Zoonoses/transmissão , Zoonoses/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Filogenia , Doenças dos Roedores/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Roedores/microbiologia , Doenças dos Roedores/transmissão , Musaranhos/microbiologia , Musaranhos/parasitologia , Humanos , Animais Selvagens/microbiologia , Reservatórios de Doenças/microbiologia , Reservatórios de Doenças/veterináriaRESUMO
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) often causes disease through coinfection with other bacterial pathogens, including Glaesserella parasuis (G. parasuis), which causes high morbidity and mortality, but the role played by PCV2 and bacterial and host factors contributing to this process have not been defined. Bacterial attachment is assumed to occur via specific receptor-ligand interactions between adhesins on the bacterial cell and host proteins adsorbed to the implant surface. Mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of PCV2-infected swine tracheal epithelial cells (STEC) revealed that the expression of Extracellular matrix protein (ECM) Fibronectin (Fn) increased significantly on the infected cells surface. Importantly, efficient G. parasuis serotype 4 (GPS4) adherence to STECs was imparted by interactions with Fn. Furthermore, abrogation of adherence was gained by genetic knockout of Fn, Fn and Integrin ß1 antibody blocking. Fn is frequently exploited as a receptor for bacterial pathogens. To explore the GPS4 adhesin that interacts with Fn, recombinant Fn N-terminal type I and type II domains were incubated with GPS4, and the interacting proteins were pulled down for MS analysis. Here, we show that rare lipoprotein A (RlpA) directly interacts with host Fibronectin mediating GPS4 adhesion. Finally, we found that PCV2-induced Fibronectin expression and adherence of GPS4 were prevented significantly by TGF-ß signaling pathway inhibitor SB431542. Our data suggest the RlpA-Fn interaction to be a potentially promising novel therapeutic target to combat PCV2 and GPS4 coinfection.
Assuntos
Circovirus , Fibronectinas , Haemophilus parasuis , Doenças dos Suínos , Traqueia , Animais , Suínos , Fibronectinas/metabolismo , Doenças dos Suínos/virologia , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/metabolismo , Haemophilus parasuis/metabolismo , Circovirus/metabolismo , Circovirus/patogenicidade , Traqueia/virologia , Traqueia/microbiologia , Traqueia/metabolismo , Infecções por Haemophilus/microbiologia , Infecções por Haemophilus/virologia , Infecções por Haemophilus/metabolismo , Aderência Bacteriana , Sorogrupo , Coinfecção/virologia , Coinfecção/microbiologia , Infecções por Pasteurellaceae/veterinária , Infecções por Pasteurellaceae/virologia , Infecções por Pasteurellaceae/microbiologia , Infecções por Pasteurellaceae/metabolismoRESUMO
The sit-and-wait hypothesis predicts that bacteria can become more virulent when they survive and transmit outside of their hosts due to circumventing the costs of host mortality. While this hypothesis is largely supported theoretically and through comparative analysis, experimental validation is limited. Here we test this hypothesis in Streptococcus suis, an opportunistic zoonotic pig pathogen, where a pathogenic ecotype proliferated during the change to intensive pig farming that amplifies opportunities for fomite transmission. We show in an in vitro environmental survival experiment that pathogenic ecotypes survive for longer than commensal ecotypes, despite similar rates of decline. The presence of a polysaccharide capsule has no consistent effect on survival. Our findings suggest that extended survival in the food chain may augment the zoonotic capability of S. suis. Moreover, eliminating the long-term environmental survival of bacteria could be a strategy that will both enhance infection control and curtail the evolution of virulence.
Assuntos
Streptococcus suis , Animais , Suínos , Streptococcus suis/patogenicidade , Streptococcus suis/genética , Virulência , Infecções Estreptocócicas/microbiologia , Infecções Estreptocócicas/veterinária , Infecções Estreptocócicas/transmissão , Viabilidade Microbiana , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologia , EcótipoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Pigs without intestinal receptors for F4 fimbriae are congenitally resistant to F4 fimbriae-bearing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC F4). In general, 50 % and 100 % of piglets born to resistant (RR) sows crossed with hetero- or homozygous susceptible (SR, SS) boars, respectively, are susceptible but do not receive colostral antibodies against F4 fimbriae unless the sows have been vaccinated. The question arises as to whether resistant sows produce protective amounts of F4 antifimbrial antibodies after vaccination. The serum and colostrum antibody titres of 12 resistant and 12 susceptible vaccinated gilts were compared. The effect of the receptor status of the dam and sire on the preweaning performance of 5027 piglets was evaluated using Agroscope's recordings. The sows of the experimental herd, where ETEC F4 was circulating, were vaccinated against ETEC twice during the first pregnancy and once during each following pregnancy. The log2 transformed F4 antibody titres in the serum obtained after the second vaccine injection as well as in the colostrum of the 12 resistant animals were lower than the titres of the susceptible animals (serum: F4ab 11,19 ± 1,44 vs. 12,18 ± 1,33, P = 0,096; F4ac 10,03 ± 1,58 vs. 11,59 ± 1,43, P = 0,019; colostrum: F4ab 12,20 ± 2,41 vs. 14,02 ± 1,31, P = 0,033; F4ac 10,93 ± 2,46 vs. 13,03 ± 5,21, P = 0,006). The heat labile enterotoxin (LT) antibody titres after vaccination did not differ between susceptible and resistant animals (p > 0,10). Preweaning mortality in the offspring of RR sows × SS boars was slightly lower than in the offspring of SS sows × RR boars (P = 0,04), suggesting that the disease risk of susceptible piglets born to vaccinated resistant sows was not increased, even though they received colostrum with a slightly reduced content of antibody against F4 fimbriae.
INTRODUCTION: Les porcs dépourvus de récepteurs intestinaux pour les fimbriae F4 sont congénitalement résistants aux Escherichia coli entérotoxinogènes porteurs de fimbriae F4 (ETEC F4). En général, 50 % et 100 % des porcelets nés de truies résistantes (RR) croisées avec des verrats hétéro- ou homozygotes sensibles (SR, SS), respectivement, sont sensibles mais ne reçoivent pas d'anticorps colostraux contre les fimbriae F4, à moins que les truies n'aient été vaccinées. La question se pose de savoir si les truies résistantes produisent des quantités protectrices d'anticorps antifimbriae F4 après la vaccination. Les titres d'anticorps dans le sérum et le colostrum de 12 truies reproductrices vaccinées résistantes et de 12 truies reproductrices vaccinées sensibles ont été comparés et l'effet du statut récepteur de la mère et du père sur les performances avant sevrage de 5027 porcelets a été évalué. Les truies du troupeau expérimental, où circulait ETEC F4, ont été vaccinées deux fois au cours de la première gestation et une fois au cours de chaque gestation suivante contre ETEC. Les titres d'anticorps F4 transformés en log2 dans le sérum obtenu après la deuxième injection de vaccin ainsi que dans le colostrum des 12 animaux résistants étaient inférieurs aux titres des animaux sensibles (sérum : F4ab 11,19 ± 1,44 vs. 12,18 ± 1,33, P = 0,096 ; F4ac 10,03 ± 1,58 vs. 11,59 ± 1,43, P = 0,019 ; colostrum : F4ab 12,20 ± 2,41 vs. 14,02 ± 1,31, P = 0,033 ; F4ac 10,93 ± 2,46 vs. 13,03 ± 5,21, P = 0,006). Les titres d'anticorps contre l'entérotoxine thermolabile (LT) après la vaccination ne différaient pas entre les animaux sensibles et résistants (p > 0,10). La mortalité avant sevrage dans la progéniture des truies RR × verrats SS était légèrement inférieure à celle de la progéniture des truies SS × verrats RR (P = 0,04), ce qui suggère que le risque de maladie des porcelets sensibles nés de truies résistantes vaccinées n'a pas été augmenté, même s'ils ont reçu du colostrum avec une teneur légèrement réduite en anticorps contre les fimbriae F4.
Assuntos
Escherichia coli Enterotoxigênica , Infecções por Escherichia coli , Vacinas contra Escherichia coli , Fímbrias Bacterianas , Doenças dos Suínos , Animais , Suínos , Infecções por Escherichia coli/veterinária , Infecções por Escherichia coli/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Escherichia coli/imunologia , Doenças dos Suínos/prevenção & controle , Doenças dos Suínos/imunologia , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologia , Feminino , Vacinas contra Escherichia coli/imunologia , Vacinas contra Escherichia coli/administração & dosagem , Escherichia coli Enterotoxigênica/imunologia , Fímbrias Bacterianas/imunologia , Fímbrias Bacterianas/genética , Gravidez , Colostro/imunologia , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , DesmameRESUMO
Porcine pasteurellosis is an infectious disease caused by Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida), which seriously endangers the healthy development of pig breeding industry. Early detection of disease transmission in animals is a crucial early warning for humans. Therefore, predicting risk areas for disease is essential for public health authorities to adopt preventive measures and control strategies against diseases. In this study, we developed a predictive model based on multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) and assessed risk areas for porcine pasteurellosis in the Chinese mainland. By using principal component analysis, the weights of seven spatial risk factors were determined. Fuzzy membership function was used to standardize all risk factors, and weight linear combination was used to create a risk map. The sensitivity of the risk map was analyzed by calculating the mean of absolute change rates of risk factors, as well as calculating an uncertainty map. The results showed that risk areas for porcine pasteurellosis were predicted to be locate in the south-central of the Chinese mainland, including Sichuan, Chongqing, Guangdong, and Guangxi. The maximum standard deviation of the uncertain map was less than 0.01and the ROC results showed that the prediction model has moderate predictive performance with the area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.80 (95% CI 0.75-0.84). Based on the above process, MCDA was combined with WebGIS technology to construct a system for predicting risk areas of porcine pasteurellosis. Risk factor data was directly linked to the developed model, providing decision support for disease prevention and control through monthly updates.
Assuntos
Técnicas de Apoio para a Decisão , Infecções por Pasteurella , Pasteurella multocida , Doenças dos Suínos , Animais , Suínos , Infecções por Pasteurella/veterinária , Infecções por Pasteurella/microbiologia , Infecções por Pasteurella/prevenção & controle , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/prevenção & controle , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologia , China/epidemiologia , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Introduction: Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease of mammals caused by bacterial species of the Brucella genus. The reservoir for disease is typically mammals, with species of Brucella found infecting amphibians, bats, and marine mammals. Brucella spp. can pass directly to humans through contact with infected animals or their products. Brucella spp. can cause chronic debilitating infections in mammals, including humans, and is associated with spontaneous abortions in infected animals, causing reduced fecundity. In Hawai'i, terrestrial species that could harbor Brucella spp. include swine, cattle, horses, and axis deer among others. The numerous feral swine in Hawai'i are known to carry Brucella suis, with evidence supporting infections in cattle. Brucella suis also poses infection risk to humans, dogs, and potentially horses across the state. Methods: In this study, 3,274 feral swine serum samples collected from 5 of the 8 main islands over a 15-year span were analyzed for exposure to B. suis. Of the 558 watersheds in the state, 77 were sampled as part of this effort. Spatial analysis was used to identify watersheds of concern. MLVA and whole genome SNP analysis was used for molecular epidemiological analysis. Results: Statewide seropositivity rates were triple that of feral swine found in the conterminous United States. Smoothed positivity rates were highest on Maui, followed by O'ahu, and the island of Hawai'i. Island-by-island analysis found high brucellosis positivity levels associated with specific watersheds and agricultural areas. Local spatial autocorrelation identified hot spots on O'ahu and Hawai'i. MLVA analysis of available B. suis from Hawai'i found molecular epidemiological connections with B. suis found in French Polynesia and the mainland US while differing from those in Tonga, Western Polynesia. Strains from Hawai'i are phylogenetically closest to strains from the United States. MLVA and SNP analysis found B. suis strains from Hawai'i fell into the genetic group that contains biovar 1 B. suis. Discussion: This work identified islands and watersheds of high brucellosis seropositivity in feral swine of Hawai'i, highlighting the magnitude of the zoonotic risk. Introduction of strains in recent history is unlikely due to modern animal trade and disease control practices. Genomic analysis of strains in Hawai'i and the Pacific area can provide hidden historical and local clues to brucellosis epidemiology in the state.
Assuntos
Brucelose , Doenças dos Suínos , Animais , Havaí/epidemiologia , Suínos , Brucelose/epidemiologia , Brucelose/veterinária , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologia , Brucella suis , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , ZoonosesRESUMO
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) can cause various infections in humans and animals, contributing to high morbidity and mortality. To prevent and control cross-species transmission of S. aureus, it is necessary to understand the host-associated genetic variants. We performed a two-stage genome-wide association study (GWAS) including initial screening and further validation to compare genomic differences between human and pig S. aureus, aiming to identify host-associated determinants. Our multiple GWAS analyses found six consensus significant k-mers associated with host species, providing novel genetic evidence for distinguishing human from pig S. aureus. The best k-mer predictor achieved a high classification accuracy of 98.12% on its own and had extremely high resolution similar to the SNPs-based phylogeny, offering a very simple target for predicting the cross-species transmission risk of S. aureus. The final k-mer model revealed that 90% of S. aureus isolates from farm workers were predicted as livestock origin, suggesting a high risk of cross-species transmission. Bayesian inference revealed different cross-species transmission directions, with the human-to-pig transmission for ST5 and the pig-to-human transmission for ST398. Our findings provide a simple and accurate k-mer model for identifying and predicting the cross-species transmission risk of S. aureus.
Assuntos
Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Infecções Estafilocócicas , Staphylococcus aureus , Doenças dos Suínos , Animais , Humanos , Suínos , Staphylococcus aureus/genética , Staphylococcus aureus/classificação , Staphylococcus aureus/isolamento & purificação , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/transmissão , Infecções Estafilocócicas/veterinária , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla/métodos , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologia , Genômica/métodos , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Filogenia , Teorema de Bayes , Genoma BacterianoRESUMO
Background: Mycoplasma hyopharyngis is a commensal bacterium in the upper respiratory tract of swine. As it is recognized to be apathogenic, examinations regarding this species are scarce, compared to other swine mycoplasmas. However, in a few cases, M. hyopharyngis was detected in lesions of different organs. This report presents a case study in which M. hyopharyngis (along with other bacteria) was isolated from the joint of a pig showing lameness. Case presentation: A Hungarian farm was repopulated with 250 gilts and 1,700 finishers after undergoing a complete depopulation and disinfection. Two days later, cases of diarrhoea and septicaemia caused by Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium were seen in the finishers. At the same time, following the first farrowing, swollen joints were observed in 21-25 days old piglets. Joint samples were collected, and isolation of Mycoplasma sp. and other bacteria was attempted. Analysis of the joint samples revealed the presence of Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus hyicus, Aerococcus viridans, Trueperella pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae and M. hyopharyngis. Conclusions: This is the second isolation of M. hyopharyngis from joints, which highlights the necessity of a better understanding the biology of this often-overlooked species, and its role in the progress of arthritis or other lesions.
Assuntos
Infecções por Mycoplasma , Mycoplasma , Doenças dos Suínos , Animais , Infecções por Mycoplasma/veterinária , Infecções por Mycoplasma/microbiologia , Suínos , Mycoplasma/isolamento & purificação , Mycoplasma/classificação , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologia , Feminino , Articulações/microbiologiaRESUMO
Lawsonia intracellularis is the causative agent of ileitis in swine that manifests as slower weight gain, mild or hemorrhagic diarrhea and/or death in severe cases. As an economically important swine pathogen, development of effective vaccines is important to the swine industry. In developing a subunit vaccine with three recombinant antigens - FliC, GroEL and YopN - we wanted to identify a formulation that would produce robust immune responses that reduce disease parameters associated with Lawsonia intracellularis infection. We formulated these three antigens with four adjuvants: Montanide ISA 660 VG, Montanide Gel 02 PR, Montanide IMS 1313 VG NST, and Montanide ISA 61 VG in an immunogenicity study. Groups vaccinated with formulations including Montanide ISA 660 VG or Montanide ISA 61 VG had significantly more robust immune responses than groups vaccinated with formulations including Montanide Gel 02 PR or Montanide IMS 1313 VG NST. In the challenge study, animals vaccinated with these antigens and Montanide ISA 61 VG had reduced lesion scores, reduced lesion lengths, and increased average daily gain, but no reduction in shedding relative to the control animals. This work shows that this vaccine formulation should be considered for future study in a field and performance trial.
Assuntos
Infecções por Desulfovibrionaceae , Lawsonia (Bactéria) , Doenças dos Suínos , Vacinas de Subunidades Antigênicas , Animais , Suínos , Lawsonia (Bactéria)/imunologia , Doenças dos Suínos/prevenção & controle , Doenças dos Suínos/imunologia , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologia , Vacinas de Subunidades Antigênicas/imunologia , Vacinas de Subunidades Antigênicas/administração & dosagem , Infecções por Desulfovibrionaceae/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Desulfovibrionaceae/imunologia , Infecções por Desulfovibrionaceae/veterinária , Vacinação/métodos , Vacinas Bacterianas/imunologia , Vacinas Bacterianas/administração & dosagem , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/administração & dosagem , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/farmacologia , Emulsões , Derrame de BactériasRESUMO
In an integrated swine farm with 135 sows in Nagasaki Prefecture, premature births and stillbirths were observed in six sows in June and July 2023, and their etiology was investigated. Leptospiral flaB gene was detected in the kidney of one stillborn fetus and the placenta of its sow by nested PCR. Multilocus sequence typing revealed that the infecting strain was Leptospira interrogans ST118. In addition, leptospiral antigens were detected in lesions of the above tissues by immunohistochemical staining. The examined sow and several other sows in the farm had antibodies against serogroup Hebdomadis. These results suggested that L. interrogans serogroup Hebdomadis ST118 was the causative agent of premature births and stillbirths that occurred in this farm.
Assuntos
Leptospira interrogans , Leptospirose , Nascimento Prematuro , Natimorto , Doenças dos Suínos , Animais , Natimorto/veterinária , Suínos , Japão/epidemiologia , Leptospira interrogans/isolamento & purificação , Leptospira interrogans/genética , Leptospirose/veterinária , Leptospirose/epidemiologia , Leptospirose/microbiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologia , Feminino , Gravidez , Nascimento Prematuro/veterinária , Sorogrupo , Tipagem de Sequências Multilocus/veterináriaRESUMO
Tylosin, an antibiotic with a long history in treating respiratory bacterial infections, has unknown effects on the gut microbiota of healthy and infected pigs. The study aimed to investigate the effect of a therapeutic dose of tylosin on swine gut microbiota and explored the relationship between this effect and tylosin pharmacokinetics (PK). We also assessed whether changes in gut microbiota after tylosin administration differ between healthy animals (n = 7) and animals intranasally co-infected (n = 7) with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida. Both groups were intramuscularly administered with tylosin (20 mg/kg). The 16S rRNA gene analyses revealed a significantly lower species richness and diversity, after tylosin treatment, in the infected than the healthy pigs, with infected pigs having lower levels of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes and higher levels of Proteobacteria. Greater tylosin exposure (greater area under curve (AUC) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), and slower elimination (longer terminal half-life, T1/2) were observed in healthy than infected pigs. Relative abundance of Lactobacillus, Oscillibacter, Prevotella, and Sporobacter was positively and significantly correlated with AUC and Cmax, whereas the abundance of Acinetobacter, Alishewanella, and Pseudomonas was positively and significantly correlated with T1/2 and mean residence time (MRT) of tylosin. Our findings, for the first time, demonstrated significant changes in swine gut microbiota after a single therapeutic dose of tylosin was administered, whereas the effect of these changes on tylosin PK was not evident.