RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The successive reports of Platynosomum illiciens in Neotropical captive primates have increased interest in platynosomosis; however, its treatment is little known. METHODS: Callithrix penicillata (n = 10) naturally and chronically infected with P. illiciens were treated with praziquantel (25 mg/kg BW, three s.c. doses at 24 hours intervals), and coproparasitological tests performed over 67 days. The proportions of primates with a reduction in fecal egg counts (FEC) or negative results progressively increased after treatment, and at the last fecal tests, marmosets were negative. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Although all primates tolerated the initial days of study well, 40% (4/10) of them died between the 8th and 16th days after the onset of treatment. Clinical signs and necropsies indicated the occurrence of hepatic involvement, biliary obstruction, and cholangitis. Marmosets with a higher previous FEC were more likely to die after treatment. Use of praziquantel should be considered carefully on a case-by-case basis.
Assuntos
Antiplatelmínticos/efeitos adversos , Callithrix , Dicrocoeliidae/efeitos dos fármacos , Doenças dos Macacos/tratamento farmacológico , Praziquantel/efeitos adversos , Infecções por Trematódeos/veterinária , Animais , Animais de Zoológico , Brasil , Feminino , Masculino , Doenças dos Macacos/parasitologia , Infecções por Trematódeos/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Trematódeos/parasitologiaRESUMO
Tuberculosis is a major public health concern, and diagnostic strategies applied to animal populations are scarce. As part of ongoing efforts to control tuberculosis dissemination at our animal facility, two non-human primates (NHP, Saimiri sciureus) presenting cutaneous lesions were examined for mycobacterial infection. Both animals tested positive for acid-fast bacilli and Mycobacterium tuberculosis using a molecular assay (IS6110 PCR). Animals were euthanized and several samples were tested for M. tuberculosis using the Xpert MTB/RIF assay. Many samples were positive for M. tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance, and some produced mycobacterial growth. Oral swabs from cage mates were then tested with Xpert MTB/RIF, and the majority tested positive for M. tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance, and produced growth in culture. To our knowledge, this is the first report of multidrug-resistant mycobacterial infection in NHP. Additionally, our data shows that the Xpert MTB/RIF assay can be useful as a screening tool for tuberculosis infection in NHP.
Assuntos
Técnicas Bacteriológicas/veterinária , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Doenças dos Macacos/diagnóstico , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Saimiri/microbiologia , Tuberculose Cutânea/veterinária , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos/veterinária , Animais , Antituberculosos/farmacologia , DNA Bacteriano/isolamento & purificação , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla/genética , Genótipo , Doenças dos Macacos/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças dos Macacos/microbiologia , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/efeitos dos fármacos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Rifampina/farmacologia , Tuberculose Cutânea/diagnóstico , Tuberculose Cutânea/tratamento farmacológico , Tuberculose Cutânea/microbiologia , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos/diagnóstico , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos/tratamento farmacológico , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos/microbiologiaRESUMO
Abstract : Seven cases of parasitism by Strongyloides cebus were identified in Lagothrix cana from Brazil. Aspects of the clinical presentation, treatment, pathology, and parasitic biology of these infections are described. Moderate to severe disease was observed, requiring hospitalization of 3 primates, and diarrhea was the most common clinical sign described. One L. cana individual died, for which ulcerative enteritis was the major finding upon histopathological analysis. The use of ivermectin in these atelids was safe and effective against the parasite. Parallel attempts to experimentally infect gerbils with the parasite failed. Lagothrix cana is presented as a new host for S. cebus. The evidence that Strongyloides infections are common in nonhuman primates under free-living conditions, and even more prevalent in captive animals, likely represents a neglected problem.
Assuntos
Atelinae/parasitologia , Doenças dos Macacos/parasitologia , Strongyloides/isolamento & purificação , Estrongiloidíase/veterinária , Animais , Antiparasitários/uso terapêutico , Fezes/parasitologia , Feminino , Gerbillinae , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita , Intestino Delgado/parasitologia , Intestino Delgado/patologia , Ivermectina/uso terapêutico , Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Masculino , Doenças dos Macacos/diagnóstico , Doenças dos Macacos/tratamento farmacológico , Strongyloides/classificação , Strongyloides/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Estrongiloidíase/diagnóstico , Estrongiloidíase/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a zoonotic, Gram-negative member of the family Enterobacteriaceae and is the causative agent of nosocomial septicemic, pneumonic, and urinary tract infections. Recently, pathogenic strains of K. pneumoniae sharing a hypermucoviscosity (HMV) phenotype have been attributed to multisystemic abscessation in both human and nonhuman primates. Although K. pneumoniae is a well-recognized zoonotic agent, there is a lack of general information including adequate diagnostic methods or treatments for nonhuman primates. In an effort to increase the body of knowledge of this enigmatic pathogen, K. pneumoniae isolates from African green monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) on the island of St. Kitts, West Indies were genotypically and phenotypically characterized. Genetic fingerprints generated by PCR-mediated genomic fingerprinting, phenotypic characterization, and antimicrobial susceptibility all identified a high degree of similarity between the HMV and non-HMV K. pneumoniae isolates. The results obtained from this work will help establish a baseline for the development of efficacious diagnostic methods and treatment strategies for both human and nonhuman primates.
Assuntos
Chlorocebus aethiops , Infecções por Klebsiella/veterinária , Klebsiella pneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Doenças dos Macacos/microbiologia , Animais , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana/veterinária , Impressões Digitais de DNA , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Feminino , Genótipo , Infecções por Klebsiella/diagnóstico , Infecções por Klebsiella/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Klebsiella/microbiologia , Klebsiella pneumoniae/classificação , Klebsiella pneumoniae/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/veterinária , Doenças dos Macacos/diagnóstico , Doenças dos Macacos/tratamento farmacológico , Fenótipo , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , São Cristóvão e Névis/epidemiologiaRESUMO
A strain of Plasmodium falciparum from Peru was adapted to splenectomized Aotus nancymaae and Aotus vociferans monkeys. The Peru 134/CDC strain of P. falciparum was shown to be resistant to treatment with chloroquine in monkeys and partially resistant to mefloquine and malarone. Genetic mutations in crt, dhfr, dhps, and cytochrome b genes conferring drug resistance were also determined for this Peruvian strain of P. falciparum.
Assuntos
Aotidae , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Malária Falciparum/parasitologia , Doenças dos Macacos/parasitologia , Plasmodium falciparum/fisiologia , Animais , Antimaláricos/farmacologia , Antimaláricos/uso terapêutico , Cloroquina/farmacologia , Cloroquina/uso terapêutico , Citocromos b/genética , DNA de Protozoário/química , DNA de Protozoário/genética , Di-Hidropteroato Sintase/genética , Resistência a Múltiplos Medicamentos/genética , Humanos , Malária Falciparum/tratamento farmacológico , Mefloquina/farmacologia , Mefloquina/uso terapêutico , Doenças dos Macacos/tratamento farmacológico , Parasitemia/tratamento farmacológico , Parasitemia/parasitologia , Peru , Plasmodium falciparum/enzimologia , Plasmodium falciparum/genética , Plasmodium falciparum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Tetra-Hidrofolato Desidrogenase/genéticaRESUMO
Trypanoxyuris microon is a pinworm that infects New World nonhuman primates, including Aotus nancymae. Although it typically is clinically insignificant, infection may serve as a significant variable during experimental data analysis. In this study we sought to determine the most effective anthelmintic therapy for eradication of T. microon infection in A. nancymae. Animals confirmed to be infected with T. microon by perianal tape test were treated twice (on days 0 and 14) with pyrantel pamoate, ivermectin, or thiabendazole and evaluated for eggs by daily perianal tape test throughout the entire 28-d period. Successful clearance of eggs was defined as 5 consecutive negative perianal tape tests. Pyrantel pamoate and ivermectin were significantly more effective at egg clearance than were thiabendazole and no treatment. Overall, 100% of the pyrantel pamoate and ivermectin treatment groups were cleared of infection after 2 treatments, whereas only 60% of the thiabendazole group became negative for pinworm eggs. In addition, the time after treatment until clearance was 1 to 2 d for pyrantel pamoate, 2 to 4 d for thiabendazole, and 4 to 6.5 d for ivermectin. These results indicate that pyrantel pamoate was the most effective and rapidly acting anthelmintic for the treatment of adult T. microon infection, with ivermectin as a suitable alternative. However because of the potential for continued development of immature stages or reinfection, anthelmintic doses should be repeated after 1 to 2 wk, in combination with effective environmental sanitation.
Assuntos
Antinematódeos/uso terapêutico , Aotidae/parasitologia , Ivermectina/uso terapêutico , Doenças dos Macacos/tratamento farmacológico , Oxiuríase/veterinária , Pamoato de Pirantel/uso terapêutico , Tiabendazol/uso terapêutico , Animais , Antinematódeos/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Ivermectina/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Doenças dos Macacos/parasitologia , Oxiuríase/tratamento farmacológico , Pamoato de Pirantel/administração & dosagem , Tiabendazol/administração & dosagemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Ethnomedicines are used by hunters for themselves and their hunting dogs in Trinidad. Plants are used for snakebites, scorpion stings, for injuries and mange of dogs and to facilitate hunting success. RESULTS: Plants used include Piper hispidum, Pithecelobium unguis-cati, Bauhinia excisa, Bauhinia cumanensis, Cecropia peltata, Aframomum melegueta, Aristolochia rugosa, Aristolochia trilobata, Jatropha curcas, Jatropha gossypifolia, Nicotiana tabacum, Vernonia scorpioides, Petiveria alliacea, Renealmia alpinia, Justicia secunda, Phyllanthus urinaria,Phyllanthus niruri,Momordica charantia, Xiphidium caeruleum, Ottonia ovata, Lepianthes peltata, Capsicum frutescens, Costus scaber, Dendropanax arboreus, Siparuma guianensis, Syngonium podophyllum, Monstera dubia, Solanum species, Eclipta prostrata, Spiranthes acaulis, Croton gossypifolius, Barleria lupulina, Cola nitida, Acrocomia ierensis (tentative ID). CONCLUSION: Plant use is based on odour, and plant morphological characteristics and is embedded in a complex cultural context based on indigenous Amerindian beliefs. It is suggested that the medicinal plants exerted a physiological action on the hunter or his dog. Some of the plants mentioned contain chemicals that may explain the ethnomedicinal and ethnoveterinary use. For instance some of the plants influence the immune system or are effective against internal and external parasites. Plant baths may contribute to the health and well being of the hunting dogs.
Assuntos
Doenças do Cão/tratamento farmacológico , Medicina Tradicional , Infestações por Ácaros/veterinária , Fitoterapia/métodos , Ferimentos e Lesões/veterinária , Animais , Mordeduras e Picadas/tratamento farmacológico , Cães , Humanos , Doenças dos Macacos/tratamento farmacológico , Plantas/classificação , Plantas Medicinais , Picadas de Escorpião/tratamento farmacológico , Escorpiões , Mordeduras de Serpentes/tratamento farmacológico , Trinidad e Tobago , Febre Amarela/tratamento farmacológico , Febre Amarela/veterináriaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Ethnomedicines are used by hunters for themselves and their hunting dogs in Trinidad. Plants are used for snakebites, scorpion stings, for injuries and mange of dogs and to facilitate hunting success. RESULTS: Plants used include Piper hispidum, Pithecelobium unguis-cati, Bauhinia excisa, Bauhinia cumanensis, Cecropia peltata, Aframomum melegueta, Aristolochia rugosa, Aristolochia trilobata, Jatropha curcas, Jatropha gossypifolia, Nicotiana tabacum, Vernonia scorpioides, Petiveria alliacea, Renealmia alpinia, Justicia secunda, Phyllanthus urinaria,Phyllanthus niruri,Momordica charantia, Xiphidium caeruleum, Ottonia ovata, Lepianthes peltata, Capsicum frutescens, Costus scaber, Dendropanax arboreus, Siparuma guianensis, Syngonium podophyllum, Monstera dubia, Solanum species, Eclipta prostrata, Spiranthes acaulis, Croton gossypifolius, Barleria lupulina, Cola nitida, Acrocomia ierensis (tentative ID). CONCLUSION: Plant use is based on odour, and plant morphological characteristics and is embedded in a complex cultural context based on indigenous Amerindian beliefs. It is suggested that the medicinal plants exerted a physiological action on the hunter or his dog. Some of the plants mentioned contain chemicals that may explain the ethnomedicinal and ethnoveterinary use. For instance some of the plants influence the immune system or are effective against internal and external parasites. Plant baths may contribute to the health and well being of the hunting dogs.
Assuntos
Cães , Animais , Humanos , Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't , Picada de Aranha/tratamento farmacológico , Mordeduras e Picadas/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças do Cão/tratamento farmacológico , Medicina Tradicional , Infestações por Ácaros/veterinária , Doenças dos Macacos/tratamento farmacológico , Fitoterapia/métodos , Plantas/classificação , Escorpiões , Mordeduras de Serpentes/tratamento farmacológico , Trinidad e Tobago , Ferimentos e Lesões/veterinária , Febre Amarela/tratamento farmacológico , Febre Amarela/veterináriaRESUMO
A strain of Plasmodium brasilianum was isolated from a naturally infected Saimiri monkey from Peru and subsequently passaged to 21 splenectomized Saimiri sciureus boliviensis monkeys. Nine of 12 attempts to transmit infection by sporozoite inoculation were successful with prepatent periods ranging from 23 to 41 days. Gametocytes were infective to Anopheles freeborni, Anopheles stephensi, Anopheles dirus, Anopheles maculatus, and Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. The strain demonstrated a high level of resistance to cure with chloroquine.