RESUMO
Animal rabies is a potentially fatal infectious disease in mammals, especially dogs. Currently, the number of rabies cases in pet dogs is increasing in several regions of Thailand. However, no passive postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) has been developed to combat rabies infection in animals. As monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) are promising biological therapies for postinfection, we developed a canine-neutralizing MAb against rabies virus (RABV) via the single-chain variable fragment (scFv) platform. Immunized phage-displaying scFv libraries were constructed from PBMCs via the pComb3XSS system. Diverse canine VHVLκ and VHVLλ libraries containing 2.4 × 108 and 1.3 × 106 clones, respectively, were constructed. Five unique clones that show binding affinity with the RABV glycoprotein were then selected, of which K9RABVscFv1 and K9RABVscFv16 showed rapid fluorescent foci inhibition test (RFFIT) neutralizing titers above the human protective level of 0.5 IU/ml. Finally, in silico docking predictions revealed that the residues on the CDRs of these neutralizing clones interact mainly with similar antigenic sites II and III on the RABV glycoprotein. These candidates may be used to develop complete anti-RABV MAbs as a novel PEP protocol in pet dogs and other animals.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais , Anticorpos Neutralizantes , Anticorpos Antivirais , Vírus da Raiva , Raiva , Anticorpos de Cadeia Única , Animais , Cães , Vírus da Raiva/imunologia , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Anticorpos de Cadeia Única/imunologia , Anticorpos de Cadeia Única/genética , Raiva/prevenção & controle , Raiva/imunologia , Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Biblioteca de Peptídeos , Doenças do Cão/imunologia , Doenças do Cão/virologia , Doenças do Cão/prevenção & controle , Doenças do Cão/terapia , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Técnicas de Visualização da Superfície Celular , ImunizaçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Nuciferine (NUC), a natural compound extracted from lotus leaves, has been proven to have anti-obesity effects. However, the development and application of NUC as an anti-obesity drug in dogs are hindered due to its poor water solubility and low bioavailability. OBJECTIVE: To promote the development of NUC-related products for anti-obesity in dogs, this study prepared NUC into a liposome formulation and evaluated its characteristics, pharmacokinetics in dogs, and anti-obesity effects on high-fat diet dogs. METHODS: NUC liposomes were prepared by the ethanol injection method, using NUC, egg lecithin, and ß-sitosterol as raw materials. The characteristics and release rate in vitro of liposomes were evaluated by particle size analyser and dialysis method, respectively. The pharmacokinetics in dogs after oral administration of NUC-liposomes was carried out by the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Moreover, we investigated the anti-obesity effect of NUC-liposomes on obese dogs fed with a high-fat diet. RESULTS: NUC-liposome was successfully prepared, with an EE of (79.31 ± 1.06)%, a particle size of (81.25 ± 3.14) nm, a zeta potential of (-18.75 ± 0.23) mV, and a PDI of 0.175 ± 0.031. The cumulative release rate in vitro of NUC from NUC-liposomes was slower than that of NUC. The T1/2 and relative bioavailability of NUC-liposomes in dogs increased, and CL reduced compared with NUC. In addition, the preventive effect of NUC-liposomes on obesity in high-fat diet dogs is stronger than that of NUC. CONCLUSIONS: The liposome formulation of NUC was conducive to improve its relative bioavailability and anti-obesity effect in dogs.
Assuntos
Fármacos Antiobesidade , Aporfinas , Lipossomos , Obesidade , Animais , Cães , Fármacos Antiobesidade/farmacocinética , Fármacos Antiobesidade/administração & dosagem , Fármacos Antiobesidade/química , Obesidade/veterinária , Obesidade/tratamento farmacológico , Masculino , Aporfinas/farmacocinética , Aporfinas/química , Aporfinas/administração & dosagem , Dieta Hiperlipídica , Doenças do Cão/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças do Cão/prevenção & controle , FemininoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Rabies is an incessant public health threat in China. The Ministry of Health implemented the Central Payment for Rabies Prevention and Control Project to assist with rabies prevention and control in a few representative provinces in 2006. METHODS: Data on human rabies cases reported by the National Infectious Disease Reporting Information Management System and national surveillance sites from 2006 to 2022 were collected, and statistical and multivariate analyses were then used to assess the effectiveness of current prevention and control efforts. RESULTS: During 2006-2022, a total of 2025 human rabies cases were collected by the national surveillance sites, with incidence rates far above the national average, but the incidence rate was consistent with the national trend. Human rabies cases demonstrated a dual peak distribution in terms of exposure and onset dates, with the peak exposure dates falling mostly in the spring and summer and the peak onset dates occurring mostly in the summer and autumn. Three danger categories are shown by the geographical distribution: high, medium and low. Dogs had a high infection rate (86.93%), with own domesticated dogs accounting for the majority of infections. The rates of post-exposure prophylaxis are not constant. The median incubation period was 71 days. CONCLUSIONS: Various measures and policies implemented by the government have played a key role in reducing the incidence of rabies. To effectively prevent and control the resurgence of epidemics and halt the spread of the virus among host animals, it is imperative to prioritize and implement a robust dog management system, accelerate research and development of animal vaccines and improve the level of post-exposure prophylaxis.
Assuntos
Raiva , Raiva/epidemiologia , Raiva/prevenção & controle , Raiva/veterinária , China/epidemiologia , Humanos , Animais , Cães , Incidência , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Criança , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estações do Ano , Pré-Escolar , Adulto Jovem , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/virologia , Doenças do Cão/prevenção & controle , Lactente , Idoso , Profilaxia Pós-Exposição , Vacina Antirrábica/administração & dosagemRESUMO
Human rabies transmitted by dogs still kills thousands of people each year worldwide. Dog bites are common in the city of Beni (Democratic Republic of Congo), which shows low rabies vaccination coverage. This study aimed to determine the factors associated with the rabies vaccination status of dogs. A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in the town of Beni among dog owners, during a household survey selected using a multistage sampling. The information sought concerned the knowledge and characteristics of the dog owners as well as the vaccination status of these dogs. Logistic regression was used to investigate associations between the vaccination status of the dogs and the main independent factors. Rabies vaccination coverage in Beni was 26% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 22% - 30%). The main factors associated with the rabies vaccination status of the dog were primary education level of household head (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]:4.8; 95% CI: 1.2- 19.8); university education level of household head (aOR: 5.9; 95% CI: 1.6-22); perceived rabies severity (aOR: 44. 4; 95% CI: 10.4-188), having more than one dog in the household (aOR: 2.6; 95% CI: 1.6-4.3); age range 7-12 months (aOR: 0.2; 95% CI: 0.1-0.6) and confined dog breeding (aOR: 3.9; 95% CI: 1.1-14.9). The low vaccination coverage in Beni requires mass vaccination campaigns against canine rabies targeting the dog owners with low education levels, those raising more than one dog, with stray dogs or dogs less than 12 months old.
Assuntos
Doenças do Cão , Vacina Antirrábica , Raiva , Cães , Animais , Raiva/prevenção & controle , Raiva/veterinária , Raiva/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/prevenção & controle , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Vacina Antirrábica/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Feminino , Humanos , República Democrática do Congo/epidemiologia , Vacinação/veterinária , Vacinação/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Características da Família , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Cobertura Vacinal/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
Rabies is a neglected disease primarily related to dog-mediated transmission to humans. Accurate dog demographic and dynamic data are essential for effectively planning and evaluating population management strategies when designing interventions to prevent rabies. However, in Thailand, longitudinal survey data regarding dog population size are scarce. A school-based participatory research (SBPR) approach was conducted to survey owned dogs for one year in four high-risk provinces (Chiang Rai, Surin, Chonburi, and Songkhla) of Thailand, aiming to understand dog population dynamics and raise awareness about rabies. 'Pupify' mobile application was developed to collect data on dog population and observe the long-term population dynamics in this study. At the end of the data collection period, telephone interviews were conducted to gain insight into contextual perceptions and awareness regarding both animal and human rabies, as well as the social responsibility of dog owners in disease prevention and control. Among 303 high school students who registered in our study, 218 students reported at least one update of their dog information throughout the one-year period. Of 322 owned dogs from our survey, the updates of dog status over one year showed approximately 7.5 newborns per 100-dog-year, while deaths and missing dogs were 6.2 and 2.7 per 100-dog-year, respectively. The male to female ratio was approximately 1.8:1. Twenty-three students (10%) voluntarily participated and were interviewed in the qualitative study. The levels of rabies awareness and precautions among high-school students were relatively low. The high dropout rate of the survey was due to discontinuity in communication between the researcher and the students over the year. In conclusion, this study focused on using the SBPR approach via mobile application to collect data informing dog population dynamics and raising awareness regarding rabies in Thailand Other engaging platforms (e.g. Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and other popular applications) is necessary to enhance communication and engagement, thereby sustaining and maintaining data collection. Further health education on rabies vaccination and animal-care practices via social media platforms would be highly beneficial. For sustainable disease control, engaging communities to raise awareness of rabies and increase dog owners' understanding of their responsibilities should be encouraged.
Assuntos
Doenças do Cão , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Dinâmica Populacional , Raiva , Cães , Raiva/prevenção & controle , Raiva/epidemiologia , Raiva/veterinária , Animais , Tailândia/epidemiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Doenças do Cão/prevenção & controle , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/virologia , Instituições Acadêmicas , Adolescente , Pesquisa Participativa Baseada na Comunidade , Estudantes/psicologia , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
This study provides a comprehensive description of the clinical course of a fatal parvovirus infection in a vaccinated dachshund puppy, along with the first identification of a new CPV-2 variant in Slovakia, elucidated through molecular amino acid analysis of the VP2 gene. The dog exhibited clinical signs such as apathy, vomiting, and bloody diarrhea. After confirming CPV-2 infection with a commercial snap test, intensive therapy was initiated. The dog succumbed within 48 h of admission. A rectal swab sample was collected, CPV-2 was examined using the PCR method, and sequenced. The virus detected in the patient was related to strains of CPV-2c of Asian origin and unrelated to European CPV-2b strains. The sequence had genetic signatures typical of Asian strains (VP2: 5Gly, 267Tyr, 324Ile, 370Arg, and 440Thr). Phylogenetic analysis classified this strain as similar to Asian strains of CPV-2c. It is believed to be derived from an Asian strain similar to CPV-2c that acquired the 426Asp mutation. With this finding, we present the first evidence of an Asian-like CPV-2b strain in the territory of Slovakia.
Assuntos
Doenças do Cão , Infecções por Parvoviridae , Parvovirus Canino , Filogenia , Animais , Infecções por Parvoviridae/veterinária , Infecções por Parvoviridae/virologia , Infecções por Parvoviridae/prevenção & controle , Eslováquia , Cães , Doenças do Cão/virologia , Doenças do Cão/prevenção & controle , Parvovirus Canino/genética , Parvovirus Canino/isolamento & purificação , Parvovirus Canino/imunologia , Evolução Fatal , Vacinas Virais/imunologiaRESUMO
The effectiveness of a visceral leishmaniasis (VL) control strategy based on the application of 4 % deltamethrin impregnated collars (DIC) exclusively in seropositive dogs was assessed between 2018 and 2019, through a prospective study. The effectiveness of DIC-collaring was evaluated by comparing the incidence rate of anti-leishmanial antibodies among dogs from two endemic districts in Brazil. In one of the areas, the conventional control measure which is based on the non-compulsory euthanasia of LV seropositive dogs, was practiced by the official healthy service as a regular procedure, whereas strategic collaring, conceived in this study, was carried out in the other. Results of serological tests applied to serum samples collected from all domiciled dogs were evaluated in three consecutive times, spaced by around 200 days. Incidence rates of VL seroreactivity were compared between districts in the same period of time as well as within the same district, in consecutive periods. Based on the results, the risk of infection in the population under conventional control measure was up to four times higher than the risk of infection where DIC-collaring was used. The strategic use of collar proposed here emerged as a promising measure for VL control in dogs from endemic areas. Strategic collaring does not rely on the euthanasia of infected animals, an extremely controversial procedure, and instead of being used in all dogs, as collaring is normally recommended; only seropositive dogs are intervened. Strategic use of DIC has the potential to drastically reduce costs, if compared to mass collaring canine population.
Assuntos
Doenças do Cão , Inseticidas , Leishmaniose Visceral , Nitrilas , Piretrinas , Animais , Cães , Leishmaniose Visceral/veterinária , Leishmaniose Visceral/prevenção & controle , Leishmaniose Visceral/epidemiologia , Piretrinas/administração & dosagem , Piretrinas/farmacologia , Doenças do Cão/prevenção & controle , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/parasitologia , Nitrilas/administração & dosagem , Nitrilas/farmacologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Inseticidas/administração & dosagem , Incidência , Estudos Prospectivos , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/sangue , Masculino , FemininoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Vaccination of dogs and cats is considered a mainstay of preventive health, providing benefit to individual animals and the population. This study aimed to assess temporal trends in vaccination and factors associated with vaccination uptake in a large veterinary visiting population of UK cats and dogs. METHODS: The electronic health records (EHRs) of 712,266 dogs and 306,888 cats (voluntarily contributed by 201 veterinary practices) were used to determine the proportion that had record of any type of veterinary vaccination either within one-year or within three-years of attending a participating veterinary practice. Socioeconomic and animal factors were also assessed for association with vaccination uptake using multivariable mixed effects logistic regression models. RESULTS: The percentage of animals vaccinated within one-year of consultation declined across the years 2016 to 2022, from 76.58% (95% CI 74.82-78.33) to 69.04% (95% CI 68.02-70.07) in dogs, and 69.54% (95% CI 67.89-71.19) to 66.12% (95% CI 64.83-67.41) in cats. The proportion of animals that had a vaccination recorded within a three-year window of a consultation for dogs ranged from 81.36% (95% CI 79.74-82.99)to 84.42% (95% CI 83.31-85.54) in the period from 2016 to 2022; for cats, this measure increased from 73.90% (95% CI 72.24-75.56) in 2016 to 77.85% (95% CI 76.46-79.25) in 2022. Aging was associated with reduced odds of animals having a vaccination recorded within one-year and three-years. In both species the odds of vaccination reduced as the level of socioeconomic deprivation assigned to the animal's area of residence increased. CONCLUSION: The results provide a baseline that can be used as a reference to continue to track vaccination uptake in the cat and dog population. Temporal trends suggest time between vaccinations has increased in recent years. Strategies to encourage owners to vaccinate their animals should consider targeting areas of high deprivation.
Assuntos
Doenças do Gato , Doenças do Cão , Vacinação , Gatos , Cães , Animais , Reino Unido , Vacinação/estatística & dados numéricos , Vacinação/tendências , Doenças do Cão/prevenção & controle , Doenças do Gato/prevenção & controle , Masculino , Feminino , Registros Eletrônicos de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Modelos LogísticosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess whether adding metoclopramide to a protocol of maropitant and pantoprazole would reduce incidence of ptyalism, vomiting and regurgitation in brachycephalic dogs undergoing thoracolumbar spinal surgery. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized blinded controlled trial. ANIMALS: A total of 43 brachycephalic dogs undergoing thoracolumbar spinal surgery. METHODS: In addition to a standardized anaesthetic regimen, dogs were randomized to be administered either a 2 mg kg-1 day-1 metoclopramide constant rate infusion (CRI) or a saline solution at an equivalent infusion rate, started after anaesthetic induction and discontinued 5 hours after tracheal extubation. The presence of vomiting, regurgitation and pytalism, and short form of the Glasgow Composite Pain Scale pain scores were assessed by a blinded observer hourly for 4 hours, starting 1 hour postextubation. RESULTS: Regurgitation occurred in six dogs postoperatively; three dogs were in the placebo group and three in the metoclopramide group. The odds ratio (OR) of regurgitation after surgery did not differ between groups [OR: 0.76, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.13-4.3, p = 0.76]. The odds of observing ptyalism at 3 and 4 hours was approximately 15 times less than 1 hour postoperatively (both OR: 15.4, 95% CI: 1.8-130.7, p = 0.012) and did not differ based on the addition of metoclopramide (OR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.07-8.0, p = 0.79). The odds of observing pain did not change over time and did not differ based on the addition of metoclopramide (OR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.12-4.2, p = 0.71). Vomiting did not occur during the study (0.0%, 95% CI: 0.0-8.2%). No adverse effects were observed during the study period in either group. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The addition of a metoclopramide CRI to maropitant and pantoprazole did not result in a significant reduction in ptyalism or regurgitation in brachycephalic dogs undergoing thoracolumbar spinal surgery.
Assuntos
Antieméticos , Doenças do Cão , Metoclopramida , Animais , Cães , Metoclopramida/administração & dosagem , Metoclopramida/uso terapêutico , Antieméticos/administração & dosagem , Antieméticos/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Feminino , Doenças do Cão/cirurgia , Doenças do Cão/prevenção & controle , Craniossinostoses/cirurgia , Craniossinostoses/veterinária , Náusea e Vômito Pós-Operatórios/veterinária , Náusea e Vômito Pós-Operatórios/prevenção & controle , Refluxo Laringofaríngeo/veterinária , Refluxo Laringofaríngeo/prevenção & controle , Quinuclidinas/administração & dosagem , Quinuclidinas/uso terapêutico , Pantoprazol/administração & dosagem , Pantoprazol/uso terapêutico , Pantoprazol/farmacologiaRESUMO
Canine parvovirus (CPV-2) is a highly contagious virus affecting dogs worldwide, posing a significant threat. The VP2 protein stands out as the predominant and highly immunogenic structural component of CPV-2. Soon after its emergence, CPV-2 was replaced by variants known as CPV-2a, 2b and 2c, marked by changes in amino acid residue 426 of VP2. Additional amino acid alterations have been identified within VP2, with certain modifications serving as signatures of emerging variants. In Brazil, CPV-2 outbreaks persist with diverse VP2 profiles. Vaccination is the main preventive measure against the virus. However, the emergence of substitutions presents challenges to conventional vaccine methods. Commercial vaccines are formulated with strains that usually do not match those currently circulating in the field. To address this, the study aimed to investigate CPV-2 variants in Brazil, predict epitopes, and design an in silico vaccine tailored to local variants employing reverse vaccinology. The methodology involved data collection, genetic sequence analysis, and amino acid comparison between field strains and vaccines, followed by the prediction of B and T cell epitope regions. The predicted epitopes were evaluated for antigenicity, allergenicity and toxicity. The final vaccine construct consisted of selected epitopes linked to an adjuvant and optimized for expression in Escherichia coli. Structural predictions confirmed the stability and antigenicity of the vaccine, while molecular docking demonstrated interaction with the canine toll-like receptor 4. Molecular dynamics simulations indicated a stable complex formation. In silico immune simulations demonstrated a progressive immune response post-vaccination, including increased antibody production and T-helper cell activity. The multi-epitope vaccine design targeted prevalent CPV-2 variants in Brazil and potentially other regions globally. However, experimental validation is essential to confirm our in silico findings.
Assuntos
Simulação por Computador , Doenças do Cão , Infecções por Parvoviridae , Parvovirus Canino , Vacinas Virais , Parvovirus Canino/imunologia , Parvovirus Canino/genética , Parvovirus Canino/química , Animais , Cães , Doenças do Cão/prevenção & controle , Doenças do Cão/imunologia , Doenças do Cão/virologia , Infecções por Parvoviridae/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Parvoviridae/veterinária , Infecções por Parvoviridae/imunologia , Brasil , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/genética , Vacinas Virais/química , Vacinologia/métodos , Proteínas do Capsídeo/imunologia , Proteínas do Capsídeo/genética , Proteínas do Capsídeo/química , Epitopos de Linfócito B/imunologia , Epitopos de Linfócito B/genética , Epitopos/imunologia , Epitopos/genética , Epitopos/química , Epitopos de Linfócito T/imunologia , Epitopos de Linfócito T/genética , Epitopos de Linfócito T/químicaRESUMO
Chemoprophylactic prevention of veterinary heartworm disease in companion animals, caused by the vector-borne nematode parasite Dirofilaria immitis, is a multi-billion-dollar global market. Experimental use of cats and dogs in preclinical heartworm drug testing is increasing due to evolving drug-resistance to frontline macrocyclic lactones and renewed investment in alternative preventative drug research. We and others recently published data demonstrating proof-of-concept of utilising lymphopenic severe-combined immunodeficient (SCID) or Recombination Activating Gene (RAG)2 deficient mice with additional knockout of the IL-2/7 receptor gamma chain (γc) as alternative preventative drug screening research models of dirofilariasis. Here we summarise the current knowledge of candidate immunodeficient mouse models tested, including a comparison of susceptibility using different background strains of mice, different D. immitis isolates, following use of anti-inflammatory treatments to further suppress residual innate immunity, and efficacies achieved against different reference anthelmintics. We supplement this precis with new data on treatment response to the veterinary anthelmintic, oxfendazole, and initial evaluation of D. immitis susceptibility in CB.17 SCID and C57BL/6 RAG2 -/-γc -/- mice. We conclude that in addition to NSG and NXG mice, RAG2 -/-γc -/- mice on either a BALB/c or C57BL/6 background offer an alternative screening model option, widening access to academic and commercial laboratories wishing to pursue initial rapid in vivo drug screening whilst avoiding potentially unnecessary cat or dog testing.
Assuntos
Dirofilariose , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Camundongos SCID , Animais , Cães , Gatos , Camundongos , Dirofilariose/prevenção & controle , Dirofilariose/tratamento farmacológico , Dirofilaria immitis/efeitos dos fármacos , Dirofilaria immitis/imunologia , Doenças do Gato/prevenção & controle , Doenças do Gato/parasitologia , Doenças do Gato/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças do Gato/imunologia , Doenças do Cão/prevenção & controle , Doenças do Cão/parasitologia , Doenças do Cão/tratamento farmacológico , Anti-Helmínticos/uso terapêutico , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de MedicamentosRESUMO
Veterinary and human medicine are focused on the issue of emerging and re-emerging diseases, which are especially represented by zoonosis that could be a threat for public health. Zoonotic risk may come from pets: some canine and/or feline viral, bacterial, parasitic, protozoal or mycotic diseases can be transmitted directly to humans. There are several strategies to prevent the transmission of such zoonosis, and among them vaccination plays an important role. Through a survey carried out in Northern Italy aimed to collect information regarding owners' knowledge and perception of the zoonotic risks associated with three zoonoses (rabies, leptospirosis, and dermatophytosis), it was demonstrated that dog owners tend to adhere more consistently to their pets' vaccination schedules and are more receptive to changes in vaccination scheduling compared to cat owners. This study also suggests that cat owners predominantly visit veterinarians for vaccination purposes, whereas dog owners seek veterinary services for a variety of reasons. The survey highlighted the ongoing need to enhance owners' understanding of zoonoses affecting their pets and also the protective role of vaccines. Veterinarians should undertake the responsibility of educating, reassuring, and informing pet owners about the significance of vaccines for their pets and for public health.
Assuntos
Doenças do Gato , Doenças do Cão , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Animais de Estimação , Raiva , Vacinação , Zoonoses , Animais , Itália/epidemiologia , Humanos , Gatos , Cães , Zoonoses/prevenção & controle , Zoonoses/transmissão , Inquéritos e Questionários , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/prevenção & controle , Doenças do Cão/transmissão , Doenças do Gato/epidemiologia , Doenças do Gato/prevenção & controle , Doenças do Gato/transmissão , Doenças do Gato/parasitologia , Raiva/prevenção & controle , Raiva/transmissão , Raiva/epidemiologia , Raiva/veterinária , Vacinação/veterinária , Leptospirose/epidemiologia , Leptospirose/prevenção & controle , Leptospirose/veterinária , Leptospirose/transmissão , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Propriedade , Saúde PúblicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Abiotic factors play a significant role in the evolution of Leishmania infantum infection due to its vectorial nature. This study aims to assess the evolution in the detection of new L. infantum infection cases in Valdeorras (Ourense, Northwestern Spain) over a 20-year period and how different climatic variables and preventive measures may have affected it. METHODS: Indirect immunofluorescence antibody tests (IFAT) were performed on serum samples collected from dogs attending the 'Servicios Veterinarios de Sil' veterinary clinic (Valdeorras, Northwestern Spain) between May 2003 and April 2023 to detect L. infantum exposure. The percentage of new cases of L. infantum infection was calculated from May of one year to April of the following year. Climatic conditions in the region, global sales of ectoparasiticides and the number of vaccines against L. infantum delivered in the veterinary clinic from 2003 to 2022 were recorded. Statistical analyses were conducted to determine the associations between these factors and the percentage of new cases of L. infantum infection. RESULTS: A total of 2909 dogs were assessed, and 3785 IFAT tests were performed between May 2003 and April 2023. The mean percentage of new seropositive cases over the 20-year period studied was 21.65 ± 10.8%, with a decline from the beginning to the end of the period studied. The percentage was significantly higher between May 2003 and April 2008 compared with the other periods (May 2008 to April 2013, May 2013 to April 2018 and May 2018 to April 2023). There was a positive correlation between the percentage of new cases of L. infantum infection and the maximum relative humidity in winter. Conversely, there was a negative correlation between the percentage of new cases and sales of ectoparasiticides and vaccination against L. infantum. CONCLUSIONS: This study is one of the longest evaluations of the evolution of L. infantum infection in a fixed location and its association with external factors including climatic conditions and preventive measures. The results confirm that Valdeorras is a high-risk area for L. infantum infection. The use of ectoparasiticides and vaccines against L. infantum has been shown to play a significant role in preventing L. infantum infection, highlighting the crucial role of veterinarians in the fight against this disease.
Assuntos
Clima , Doenças do Cão , Leishmania infantum , Leishmaniose Visceral , Cães , Animais , Espanha/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/parasitologia , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/prevenção & controle , Leishmania infantum/imunologia , Leishmania infantum/isolamento & purificação , Leishmaniose Visceral/veterinária , Leishmaniose Visceral/epidemiologia , Leishmaniose Visceral/prevenção & controle , Leishmaniose Visceral/parasitologia , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/sangue , Masculino , Técnica Indireta de Fluorescência para Anticorpo , FemininoRESUMO
Mass vaccinations are crucial public health interventions for curbing infectious diseases. Canine rabies control relies on mass dog vaccination campaigns (MDVCs) that are held annually across the globe. Dog owners must bring their pets to fixed vaccination sites, but sometimes target coverage is not achieved due to low participation. Travel distance to vaccination sites is an important barrier to participation. We aimed to increase MDVC participation in silico by optimally placing fixed-point vaccination locations. We quantified participation probability based on walking distance to the nearest vaccination site using regression models fit to participation data collected over 4 years. We used computational recursive interchange techniques to optimally place fixed-point vaccination sites and compared predicted participation with these optimally placed vaccination sites to actual locations used in previous campaigns. Algorithms that minimized average walking distance or maximized expected participation provided the best solutions. Optimal vaccination placement is expected to increase participation by 7% and improve spatial evenness of coverage, resulting in fewer under-vaccinated pockets. However, unevenness in workload across sites remained. Our data-driven algorithm optimally places limited resources to increase overall vaccination participation and equity. Field evaluations are essential to assess effectiveness and evaluate potentially longer waiting queues resulting from increased participation.
Assuntos
Doenças do Cão , Raiva , Zoonoses , Animais , Raiva/prevenção & controle , Raiva/veterinária , Raiva/epidemiologia , Zoonoses/prevenção & controle , Zoonoses/epidemiologia , Humanos , Cães , Doenças do Cão/prevenção & controle , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Vacina Antirrábica/administração & dosagem , Vacina Antirrábica/imunologia , Vacinação , Vacinação em Massa/métodos , Vacinação em Massa/estatística & dados numéricos , Algoritmos , Epidemias/prevenção & controleRESUMO
Canine vector-borne pathogens (CVBP) have a worldwide distribution and show a high prevalence in tropical countries such as Sri Lanka. Some CVBP are zoonotic, with dogs identified as reservoir hosts for human subcutaneous dirofilariasis and potentially for spotted fever rickettsioses and re-emergent brugian filariasis in Sri Lanka, making these pathogens emerging public health issues in the country. Veterinarians are crucial in monitoring, preventing, and controlling these pathogens in dogs. Therefore, it is imperative to understand veterinarians' knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) regarding CVBP to mitigate their impact. A survey was designed and administered electronically to veterinarians residing and practising in Sri Lanka. Responses were evaluated using descriptive, univariable, and multivariable analyses to investigate associations between demographic factors, knowledge, attitude, and practices related to CVBP. Out of the 170 participating veterinarians, nearly 70% had moderate or high knowledge. However, the awareness of zoonotic pathogens, Brugia spp. (16%) and Rickettsia conorii (18%), was low, and a considerable number of veterinarians were unaware of the zoonotic nature of Dirofilaria repens. Based on multivariable analysis adjusting for experience and self-rated knowledge, new graduates had higher odds of knowledge compared to experienced veterinarians (OR 5.7, 95% CI 1.7-23, p = 0.028). Questions assessing the attitude towards CVBP indicated that most participating veterinarians comprehend and agree with their importance. Nearly all participants agreed that ectoparasite control is the best option to prevent CVBP infections (91%, 153/167) and that for effective treatment of CVBP, a definitive diagnosis is required (81%, 135/167). However, veterinarians recommended suboptimal treatments for some CVBP, like Babesia gibsoni. Better practices were associated with being a companion animal practitioner (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.1-5.7, p = 0.032) and having a low to moderate canine caseload (OR 3.6, 95% CI 1.3-10.4, p = 0.038). Limited knowledge of zoonotic CVBP among veterinarians, along with suboptimal treatment, might contribute to dogs acting as reservoirs and high prevalence of these pathogens in Sri Lanka. Therefore, continued veterinary education is recommended to improve knowledge and practices, which in turn will help to improve the diagnosis, treatment, and control of these infections in Sri Lanka to ensure the well-being of dogs and humans.
Assuntos
Doenças do Cão , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Médicos Veterinários , Animais , Cães , Sri Lanka/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/parasitologia , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/transmissão , Doenças do Cão/microbiologia , Doenças do Cão/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Feminino , Masculino , Adulto , Inquéritos e Questionários , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Zoonoses/parasitologia , Zoonoses/transmissão , Zoonoses/epidemiologia , Doenças Transmitidas por Vetores/prevenção & controle , Doenças Transmitidas por Vetores/epidemiologia , Doenças Transmitidas por Vetores/transmissãoRESUMO
Annually, Sierra Leone records an estimated 301 human fatalities due to rabies. Canine vaccination is crucial for rabies prevention and control efforts. However, considerable variability exists in vaccination rates. Reasons for this variation remain unclear. We conducted a cross-sectional study across 2,558 dog-owning households (HHs) to provide insights into factors influencing canine vaccination for targeted prevention and control towards elimination by 2030. First, we described dog ownership practices, then built a probabilistic model to understand factors associated with dog vaccination, and finally used a spatial scan statistic to identify spatial clusters where vaccination rates were low. Our results indicated that only 14% (358/2,558) of participating HHs had fully vaccinated their dogs against rabies. The probability of dog vaccination increased when comparing civil servants to private workers/artisans, with an Odds Ratio(OR) of 1.14 (95% credible interval (Crl) of 0.82-1.56), residing in locations with a veterinary establishment vs. none (OR = 6.43, 95% Crl (4.97-8.35), providing care to dogs vs. allowing dogs to roam freely (OR = 2.38, 95% Crl(1.80-3.17) and owning a single dog vs multiple dogs (OR = 1.20, 95 Crl (0.92-1.56). Conversely, there was a decrease in the estimated probability of vaccination when comparing dog owners located in rural vs. urban areas (OR = 0.58, CrI 95% (0.43-0.78). Latent understanding, a measure of overall understanding of rabies virus, which we estimated using participant education levels and responses to questions about rabies epidemiology, was also an important predictor of vaccination probability (OR = 1.44, 95% Crl (1.04-2.07). The spatial analysis identified high-risk clusters for low vaccination in the cities of Moyamba, with a radius of 40 km, a relative risk (RR) of 1.10, and Bo, with a radius of 19.9 km with RR of 1.11. These data do not support Sierra Leone reaching the 2030 goal of human rabies elimination caused by dogs. Our study highlights a critical need for public outreach and education, improved vaccination rates, increased accessibility to veterinary services, and targeted interventions in Bo and Moyamba to support rabies prevention and control efforts.
Assuntos
Doenças do Cão , Características da Família , Vacina Antirrábica , Raiva , Vacinação , Cães , Animais , Serra Leoa/epidemiologia , Raiva/prevenção & controle , Raiva/epidemiologia , Raiva/veterinária , Estudos Transversais , Doenças do Cão/prevenção & controle , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Vacina Antirrábica/administração & dosagem , Vacina Antirrábica/imunologia , Humanos , Vacinação/estatística & dados numéricos , Vacinação/veterinária , Masculino , Propriedade/estatística & dados numéricos , FemininoRESUMO
Dracunculiasis, also known as Guinea worm disease, is targeted to become the second human disease and first parasitic infection to be eradicated. The global Guinea Worm Eradication Program (GWEP), through community-based interventions, reduced the burden of disease from an estimated 3.5 million cases per year in 1986 to only 13 human cases in 2022. Despite progress, in 2012 Guinea worm disease was detected in domesticated dogs and later in domesticated cats and baboons. Without previous development of any Guinea worm therapeutics, diagnostic tests to detect pre-patent Guinea worm infection, or environmental surveillance tools, the emergence of Guinea worm disease in animal hosts-a threat to eradication-motivated an assessment of evidence gaps and research opportunities. This gap analysis informed the refinement of a robust research agenda intended to generate new evidence and identify additional tools for national GWEPs and to better align the global GWEP with a 2030 Guinea worm eradication certification target. This paper outlines the rationale for the development and expansion of the global GWEP Research Agenda and summarizes the results of the gap analysis that was conducted to identify Guinea worm-related research needs and opportunities. We describe five work streams informed by the research gap analysis that underpin the GWEP Research Agenda and address eradication endgame challenges through the employment of a systems-informed One Health approach. We also discuss the infrastructure in place to disseminate new evidence and monitor research results as well as plans for the continual review of evidence and research priorities.
Assuntos
Erradicação de Doenças , Dracunculíase , Dracunculus , Dracunculíase/prevenção & controle , Dracunculíase/epidemiologia , Animais , Erradicação de Doenças/métodos , Humanos , Cães , Saúde Global , Gatos , Doenças do Cão/prevenção & controle , Doenças do Cão/parasitologia , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Papio , PesquisaRESUMO
Spirocerca lupi is a parasitic nematode affecting predominantly domestic dogs. It causes spirocercosis, a disease that is often fatal. The assembled draft genome of S. lupi consists of 13,627 predicted protein-coding genes and is approximately 150â¯Mb in length. Several known anthelmintic gene targets such as for ß-Tubulin, glutamate, and GABA receptors as well as known vaccine gene targets such as cysteine protease inhibitor and cytokines were identified in S. lupi by comparing orthologs of C. elegans anthelmintic gene targets as well as orthologs to known vaccine candidates. New anthelmintic targets were predicted through an inclusion-exclusion strategy and new vaccine targets were predicted through an immunoinformatics approach. New anthelminthic targets include DNA-directed RNA polymerases, chitin synthase, polymerases, and other enzymes. New vaccine targets include cuticle collagens. These gene targets provide a starting platform for new drug identification and vaccine design.