RESUMO
Chronic respiratory diseases compromise oxygenation to a variable degree and cause problems in the use of nutrients, the generation of energy and the use of it by different tissues and organs, with potential damage to respiratory function and non-respiratory systems. The available evidence indicates that both the available energy and some micronutrients, particularly with antioxidant activity, during pregnancy, are key for an adequate lung development and therefore an adequate pulmonary function in preterm infants, infants and older children, particularly if they attend bronchopulmonary dysplasia. However, both maternal and fetal malnutrition, as well as deficiencies of certain nutrients and the presence of overweight or obesity in the child, would influence the development of asthma in childhood. With regard to nutritional assistance, correction of nutritional deficit as well as micronutrients are essential in the treatment of diseases such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia, bronchiolitis obliterans and asthma. This review aims to establish how nutrition determines the development, evolution and prognosis of these pathologies and the need to consider nutritional assistance in the comprehensive care of these patients.
Las enfermedades respiratorias crónicas comprometen la oxigenación en grado variable y ocasionan problemas en el uso de los nutrientes, la generación de energía y la utilización de ésta por los distintos tejidos y órganos, con potencial daño en la función respiratoria y en los sistemas no respiratorios. La evidencia disponible señala que tanto la energía disponible y algunos micronutrientes, particularmente con actividad antioxidante, durante la gestación, son claves para un adecuado desarrollo pulmonar y por lo tanto una adecuada función pulmonar en prematuros, lactantes y niños mayores, en particular si cursan con displasia broncopulmonar. Sin embargo tanto la desnutrición materna y fetal, como las deficiencias de ciertos nutrientes y la presencia de sobrepeso u obesidad en el niño, influirían en el desarrollo de asma en la infancia. En lo referente a la asistencia nutricional, la corrección del déficit nutricional así como de micronutrientes, es indispensable en el tratamiento de enfermedades como la displasia broncopulmonar, la bronquiolitis obliterante y el asma. Esta revisión pretende establecer cómo la nutrición determina el desarrollo, evolución y pronóstico de estas patologías y la necesidad de considerar la asistencia nutricional en la atención integral de estos pacientes.
Assuntos
Humanos , Criança , Doenças Respiratórias/etiologia , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição , Doenças Respiratórias/dietoterapia , Doença CrônicaRESUMO
Inflammation is the principal response invoked by the body to address injuries. Despite inflammation constituting a crucial component of tissue repair, it is well known that unchecked or chronic inflammation becomes deleterious, leading to progressive tissue damage. Studies over the past years focused on foods rich in polyphenols with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, since inflammation was recognized to play a central role in several diseases. In this review, we discuss the beneficial effects of resveratrol, the most widely investigated polyphenol, on cancer and neurodegenerative, respiratory, metabolic, and cardiovascular diseases. We highlight how resveratrol, despite its unfavorable pharmacokinetics, can modulate the inflammatory pathways underlying those diseases, and we identify future opportunities for the evaluation of its clinical feasibility.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/administração & dosagem , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/farmacocinética , Estilbenos/administração & dosagem , Estilbenos/farmacocinética , Animais , Doenças Cardiovasculares/dietoterapia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/tratamento farmacológico , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Humanos , Inflamação/dietoterapia , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Camundongos , Neoplasias/dietoterapia , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Obesidade/dietoterapia , Obesidade/tratamento farmacológico , Ratos , Doenças Respiratórias/dietoterapia , Doenças Respiratórias/tratamento farmacológico , ResveratrolRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Respiratory diseases are associated with pulmonary oxidative stress and inflammatory processes. Though studies in animal models suggest that dietary polyphenols improve lung injury, no intervention studies were carried out in humans. The aim of this study was to determine whether the intake of an anthocyanin-rich maqui extract improved H2O2 and IL-6 concentrations in exhaled breath condensates (EBCs) from asymptomatic smokers. FINDINGS: 15 asymptomatic smokers with mild cigarette smoking (3 pack-year [2.4 - 7.7]) (mean [CI95%]) were recruited in this exploratory longitudinal study. They ingested 2 g of maqui extract (polyphenol content = 5.18 ± 2.00 g GAE/100 g; FRAP value = 27.1 ± 2.0 mmol Fe(++)/100 g), twice daily for two weeks. EBCs were collected before and after treatment and the changes in H2O2 and IL-6 concentrations were determined by fluorimetry and Elisa, respectively. The EBC contents of H2O2 and IL-6 H2O2 before and after treatment in smokers were also compared with those determined in single EBC samples from 8 healthy non-smokers subjects. At baseline, the H2O2 concentrations were higher and those of IL-6 lower in the smokers than in the non-smokers. Maqui extract significantly decreased H2O2 (p < 0.0002) and increased IL-6 (p < 0.004) in the EBC from smokers. The EBC concentrations of H2O2 and IL-6 after maqui administration did not differ between smokers and non-smokers. CONCLUSIONS: Maqui extract normalizes IL-6 and H2O2 concentrations in EBC from humans with mild smoking habits. If confirmed, these results suggest that dietary polyphenols might be considered as an interesting alternative for the dietary management of respiratory disorders.
Assuntos
Antocianinas/farmacologia , Frutas/química , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/sangue , Interleucina-6/sangue , Doenças Respiratórias/dietoterapia , Fumar/efeitos adversos , Adulto , Antocianinas/administração & dosagem , Testes Respiratórios/métodos , Expiração/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Humanos , Inflamação/dietoterapia , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/administração & dosagem , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Doenças Respiratórias/sangue , Doenças Respiratórias/imunologia , Fumar/sangue , Fumar/imunologia , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
La morbimortalidad asociada a la endoscopia digestiva esta en el 0.09 por ciento originada en complicaciones por trauma sobre el tubo digestivo o por premedicacion; sin embargo, poco se conocen sus efectos cardiovasculares y ventilatorios para poder establecer grupos o factores de riesgo, especialmente a la altura de Bogotá, donde los valores de PaO2 son más bajos y su rango es más estrecho. Se realizó un estudio prospectivo en 34 pacientes a quienes se practicó endoscopia alta con monitoría continua de frecuencia respiratoria, saturación de oxígeno por oximetría de oreja, presión media arterial y electrocardiografía continua, preendoscopica, durante el procedimiento y en reposo