Assuntos
Neoplasias/história , Doenças Parasitárias/história , Pediatria/história , Publicações Periódicas como Assunto/história , Criança , Comorbidade/tendências , Saúde Global , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Neoplasias/epidemiologia , Doenças Parasitárias/epidemiologia , PrevalênciaRESUMO
The review article presents some of the history of how paleoparasitology started in Brazil, making highlight the great responsible Dr. Luiz Fernando Ferreira and Dr. Adauto Araújo, the trajectory of paleoparasitology in Brazil since 1978 and its performance in science to the present day. In sequence, it is made a presentation of parasitological findings on human remains found in archaeological sites in South America, highlighting Brazil, Argentina, Chile, and Peru, where major discoveries have occurred. Many of the parasites found in archaeological material and mentioned in this review went out of Africa with the peopling of Europe and from there they dispersed around the world, where climatic conditions allow the transmission. However, humans have acquired other parasites of animals, since humans invaded new habitats or creating new habits adopting new technologies, thus expanding its range of influence on the environment. Thus, this review article is finalized with information that explain the importance of these findings in the interaction between parasites, human host, and ambient.
Assuntos
Restos Mortais/parasitologia , Helmintos/classificação , Helmintos/isolamento & purificação , Paleopatologia/métodos , Doenças Parasitárias/epidemiologia , Animais , História do Século XV , História do Século XVI , História do Século XVII , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História Antiga , História Medieval , Humanos , Paleopatologia/história , Doenças Parasitárias/história , Parasitologia/história , Parasitologia/métodos , América do Sul/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Paleopathologists have begun exploring the pathoecology of parasitic diseases in relation to diet and environment. We are summarizing the parasitological findings from a mummy in the site of Lapa do Boquete, a Brazilian cave in the state of Minas Gerais. These findings in context of the archaeology of the site provided insights into the pathoecology of disease transmission in cave and rockshelter environments. We are presenting a description of the site followed by the evidence of hookworm, intestinal fluke, and Trypanosoma infection with resulting Chagas disease in the mummy discovered in the cave. These findings are used to reconstruct the transmission ecology of the site.
Assuntos
Múmias/parasitologia , Parasitos/classificação , Parasitos/isolamento & purificação , Doenças Parasitárias/parasitologia , Animais , Brasil , História Antiga , Humanos , Paleopatologia/métodos , Doenças Parasitárias/história , Parasitologia/métodosRESUMO
Parasitism is composed by three subsystems: the parasite, the host, and the environment. There are no organisms that cannot be parasitized. The relationship between a parasite and its host species most of the time do not result in damage or disease to the host. However, in a parasitic disease the presence of a given parasite is always necessary, at least in a given moment of the infection. Some parasite species that infect humans were inherited from pre-hominids, and were shared with other phylogenetically close host species, but other parasite species were acquired from the environment as humans evolved. Human migration spread inherited parasites throughout the globe. To recover and trace the origin and evolution of infectious diseases, paleoparasitology was created. Paleoparasitology is the study of parasites in ancient material, which provided new information on the evolution, paleoepidemiology, ecology and phylogenetics of infectious diseases.
Assuntos
Parasitos/parasitologia , Doenças Parasitárias/história , Parasitologia/história , Animais , Evolução Biológica , História Antiga , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita , HumanosRESUMO
Parasitism is composed by three subsystems: the parasite, the host, and the environment. There are no organisms that cannot be parasitized. The relationship between a parasite and its host species most of the time do not result in damage or disease to the host. However, in a parasitic disease the presence of a given parasite is always necessary, at least in a given moment of the infection. Some parasite species that infect humans were inherited from pre-hominids, and were shared with other phylogenetically close host species, but other parasite species were acquired from the environment as humans evolved. Human migration spread inherited parasites throughout the globe. To recover and trace the origin and evolution of infectious diseases, paleoparasitology was created. Paleoparasitology is the study of parasites in ancient material, which provided new information on the evolution, paleoepidemiology, ecology and phylogenetics of infectious diseases.
O parasitismo é composto por três subsistemas: o parasito, o hospedeiro e meio ambiente. Não existe organismo que não possa ser parasitado. A relação entre um parasito e suas espécies de hospedeiro não resulta, na maior parte das vezes, em dano ou doença ao hospedeiro. Entretanto, numa doença parasitária, a presença de um determinado parasito é sempre necessária, pelo menos em um determinado momento da infecção. Algumas espécies de parasitos que infectam humanos foram herdados dos pré-hominídeos, e foram compartilhados com outras espécies de hospedeiro filogeneticamente próximas, mas outras espécies foram adquiridas pelo meio ambiente à medida que os humanos se desenvolveram. As migrações humanas espalharam os parasitos adquiridos por todo o mundo. Para recuperar e traçar a origem e evolução das doenças infecciosas foi criada a paleoparasitologia. Paleoparasitologia é o estudo dos parasitos em materiais antigos, que trouxe novas informações na evolução, paleoepidemiologia, ecologia e filogenética das doenças infecciosas.
Assuntos
Animais , História Antiga , Humanos , Parasitos/parasitologia , Doenças Parasitárias/história , Parasitologia/história , Evolução Biológica , Interações Hospedeiro-ParasitaRESUMO
Paleoparasitological studies of the Brazilian colonial period are scarce. A paleoparasitological analysis was performed on human remains from the archeological site Praça XV Cemetery in Rio de Janeiro, dating from the early 18th to 19th Centuries. The samples were obtained from the Institute of the Brazilian Archaeology collection, and showed evidence of washing and brushing. Sediments were extracted from sacral foramina by scraping. Sediments from skulls were used as negative paleoparasitological controls. Spontaneous sedimentation method was performed prior to microscopic analysis. The results revealed that 8 of 10 individuals were infected with intestinal helminths and/or protozoa. Eggs of the nematodes Trichuris sp. and Ascaris sp. as well as a single taeniid egg were found. Protozoa cysts suggestive of Entamoeba sp. were also observed. Trichuris sp. was the most frequent and abundant parasite, found in 70% of individuals (26 eggs). The study showed the importance of analysis of sediment from human remains preserved in museum or scientific collections, even those subjected to a curating procedure. The levels of infection revealed here should be considered underestimations. This is the first paleoparasitological study from Rio de Janeiro city for the Brazilian colonial period and the first report of human Taenia sp. in the New World.
Assuntos
Fósseis , Parasitos/classificação , Parasitos/isolamento & purificação , Doenças Parasitárias/parasitologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , História do Século XVIII , Humanos , Masculino , Doenças Parasitárias/epidemiologia , Doenças Parasitárias/históriaRESUMO
The standard view of modern human infectious diseases is that many of them arose during the Neolithic when animals were first domesticated, or afterwards. Here we review recent genetic and molecular clock estimates that point to a much older Paleolithic origin (2.5 million years ago to 10,000 years ago) of some of these diseases. During part of this ancient period our early human ancestors were still isolated in Africa. We also discuss the need for investigations of the origin of these diseases in African primates and other animals that have been the original source of many neglected tropical diseases.
Assuntos
Evolução Biológica , Doenças Negligenciadas/história , Doenças Negligenciadas/parasitologia , Doenças Parasitárias/história , Doenças Parasitárias/parasitologia , África , Animais , História Antiga , Humanos , PrimatasRESUMO
A paleoparasitologia utiliza como principal instrumento de estudo a análise de coprólitos e sedimentos retirados do solo de sítios arqueológicos, latrinas e da área pélvica de esqueletos. Associando-se dados da arqueologia, antropologia e paleoparasitologia, entre outras ciências, é possível obter resultados consistentes sobre modo de vida e saúde das populações no passado. Neste trabalho foram analisadas amostras de três regiões diferentes das Américas. Um total de 59 amostras de coprólitos e sedimentos provenientes de sítios arqueológicos localizados na área arqueológica de São Raimundo Nonato, que engloba o Parque Nacional Serra da Capivara (PNSC), Piauí, Brasil, foram analisadas. Esta região apresenta sítios com datações bastante antigas obtidas na área do Parque, com evidência de atividades humanas datadas aproximadamente de 50.000 anos; 12 amostras provenientes do sítio arqueológico Antelope Cave, localizado no Arizona, EUA. Assim como o PNSC, este sítio possui a presença de cerâmica e a iniciação da agricultura pelos grupos pré-históricos naquela região; e 15 amostras retiradas diretamente da região pélvica de sepultamentos provenientes do sambaqui Cubatão I, localizado em Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brasil. Este sítio arqueológico é, na verdade, um desafio metodológico devido ao clima e a atividade biótica do solo da região que não permitem boas condições de preservação do material arqueológico. A análise de resíduos alimentares destas diferentes regiões arqueológicas forneceu dados a respeito da dieta de populações antigas e a relação entre a presença de parasitos e o encontro de plantas com propriedades anti-helmínticas, e ainda foi possível a determinação de casos de falso parasitismo.
Paleoparasitology uses, as the main tool to study, the analysis of coprolites andsediments removed from the land of archaeological sites, latrines and the pelvic area of skeletons. Joining data from archeology, anthropology and paleoparasitology, among other sciences, it is possible to obtain solid results on livelihoods and health of people in the past. On this study were analyzed samples from three different regions of the Americas. A total of 59 samples of coprolites and sediments from archaeological sites located in thearchaeological area of São Raimundo Nonato, which includes the National Park Serra da Capivara (PNSC), located in Pernambuco, Brazil, were analyzed. This region has sites with the oldest dating obtained in the Park, with human activities recorded from 50.000 years BP; 12 samples from the archaeological site of Antelope Cave, located in Arizona, USA. This site, just like PNSC, has features such as the presence of pottery and the initiation of agriculture by prehistoric groups in the region, and 15 samples taken directly from the pelvic region of burials from the sambaqui Cubatão I, located in Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil. This archaeological site is actually a methodological challenge due to the climate and soil biotic activity in the region that don't allow good conditions of preservation of the archeological material. The analysis of alimentary residues of these different archaeological areas supplied dataregarding the diet of old populations and the relationship between the presence ofparasites and the encounter of plants with anthelminthic properties, and it was still possible the determination of cases of false parasitism.
Assuntos
História Antiga , Arqueologia/métodos , Doenças Parasitárias/história , Plantas Medicinais , Paleontologia/história , Sedimentos Geológicos/microbiologia , Uso de Medicamentos/história , América , Evolução Biológica , Fósseis , História da Medicina , Parasitologia , Sedimentos Geológicos/parasitologiaRESUMO
The disease environment, health problems and causes of mortality of enslaved Barbadians are described. Data are derived mainly from documentary sources; also included are bio-archaeological data from analyses of skeletons recovered from Newton Plantation cemetery. Major topics include infectious diseases transmitted from person to person, as well as those contracted through water, soil, and other environmental contaminations, and diseases transmitted by insects, parasites, and other animals; nutritional diseases, including protein energy malnutrition, vitamin deficiencies, anaemia, and geophagy or "dirt eating"; dental pathologies; and lead poisoning, alcoholism, traumas, and other disorders, including psychogenic death or illness caused by beliefs in witchcraft or sorcery.
Se describe el ambiente de enfermedades, problemas de salud y causas de mortalidad de los barbadenses esclavizados. Los datos proceden de fuentes documentales, e incluyen también datos bio-arqueológicos a partir del análisis de esqueletos recuperados del cementerio de la Plantación Newton. Los asuntos principales incluyen las enfermedades infecciosas transmitidas de persona a persona, así como aquellas contraídas por el agua, el suelo, y otros medios de contaminación ambiental. Asimismo se incluyen enfermedades transmitidas por insectos, parásitos, y animales; enfermedades nutricionales, incluida la malnutrición energético-proteica, las deficiencias de vitaminas, la anemia y la geofagia o el "comer tierra", las patologías dentales, el envenenamiento por plomo, el alcoholismo, los traumas, y otros trastornos, incluyendo la muerte psicogénica o las enfermedades causadas por creencias en la brujería y la hechicería.
Assuntos
História do Século XVII , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , Humanos , Doenças Transmissíveis/história , Nível de Saúde , Problemas Sociais/história , Barbados , Distúrbios Nutricionais/história , Doenças Parasitárias/história , Saneamento , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/história , Problemas Sociais/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
The disease environment, health problems and causes of mortality of enslaved Barbadians are described. Data are derived mainly from documentary sources; also included are bio-archaeological data from analyses of skeletons recovered from Newton Plantation cemetery. Major topics include infectious diseases transmitted from person to person, as well as those contracted through water soil, and other environmental contaminations, and diseases transmitted by insects, parasites, and other animals; nutritional diseases, including protein energy malnutrition, vitamin deficiencies, anaemia, and geophagy or "dirt eating"; dental pathologies; and lead poisoning, alcoholism, traumas, and other disorders, including psychogenic death or illness caused by beliefs in witchcraft or sorcery.
Assuntos
Doenças Transmissíveis/história , Nível de Saúde , Problemas Sociais/história , Barbados , História do Século XVII , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , Humanos , Distúrbios Nutricionais/história , Doenças Parasitárias/história , Saneamento , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/história , Problemas Sociais/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
Infections caused by free-living amebae constitute one of emergent opportunistic infections with greatest medical interest. Although infrequently, they have been described in almost all world, its diagnosis depends on a high index of suspicion, especially in morpho-pathologic and laboratory studies. Exciting historical features of infections due to free-living amebae, its taxonomy and the present nomenclature are briefly reviewed. An analysis of the protozoology of the most frequent agents is done and, based on the author's own experience and the published one, already established anatomo-clinical entities are described: the primary amebic meningoencephalitis, granulomatous amebic encephalitis, Acanthamoeba keratitis, cutaneous acanthamoebiasis, disseminated infection and other rare isolated locations.
Assuntos
Humanos , Amebíase/história , Amoeba/classificação , Encefalite/parasitologia , Meningoencefalite/parasitologia , Ceratite por Acanthamoeba/parasitologia , Doenças Parasitárias/história , Granuloma/parasitologia , Lobosea/classificaçãoRESUMO
It describes the process of institutionalisation of research on helminth parasitology as it was developed by a group of Brazilian physicians in the period 1866-1892. It thus concerns the first observations made by the physician Otto Wucherer in Bahia, concerning the parasitic nature of intertropical hypoanaemia and hematochyluria.(AU)
Assuntos
Doenças Parasitárias/história , Parasitos , Helmintos , Brasil , História da Medicina , Medicina Tropical/históriaRESUMO
Mais do que contar a história das missões de Brumpt na América do Sul, objetiva fazer um levantamento da adaptaçäo progressiva de seu método, sua abordagem ou conceito de pesquisa na parasitologia. Faz um esboço de sua contribuiçäo para a nosografia das doenças parasitárias na América do Sul.(AU)
Assuntos
Doenças Parasitárias/história , Parasitologia/história , Ancilostomíase/parasitologia , Gota/parasitologia , Doença de Chagas/parasitologia , Leishmaniose/parasitologia , Brasil , História da Medicina , América LatinaRESUMO
The description of clinical signs and the geographical distribution of the presently known tropical diseases have markedly varied with time. These changes are largely due to the migration of the diseases, to the increasing precision of the nosography and finally, the identification of autochthonous diseases and of their vectors. The sequence of events that led to the present distribution of tropical diseases in Brazil is deduced from XIXth century treatises of "Géographie médicale".