RESUMO
The primary goal of this study was to understand how changes in temperature and oxygen could influence social behaviour and aerobic metabolism of the Amazonian dwarf cichlid Apistogramma agassizii. Social hierarchies were established over a period of 96h by observing the social interactions, feeding behaviour and shelter use in groups of four males. In the experimental environment, temperature was increased to 29°C in the high-temperature treatment, and oxygen lowered to 1.0mg·L(-1)O2 in the hypoxia treatment. Fish were maintained at this condition for 96h. The control was maintained at 26°C and 6.6mg·L(-1)O2. After the experimental exposure, metabolism was measured as routine metabolic rate (RMR) and electron transport system (ETS) activity. There was a reduction in hierarchy stability at high-temperature. Aggression changed after environmental changes. Dominant and subdominant fish at high temperatures increased their biting, compared with control-dominant. In contrast, hypoxia-dominant fish decreased their aggressive acts compared with all other fish. Shelter use decreased in control and hypoxic dominant fish. Dominant fish from undisturbed environments eat more than their subordinates. There was a decrease of RMR in fish exposed to the hypoxic environment when compared with control or high-temperature fish, independent of social position. Control-dominant fish had higher RMR than their subordinates. ETS activity increased in fish exposed to high temperatures; however, there was no effect on social rank. Our study reinforces the importance of environmental changes for the maintenance of hierarchies and their characteristics and highlights that most of the changes occur in the dominant position.
Assuntos
Ciclídeos/fisiologia , Metabolismo Energético , Doenças dos Peixes/fisiopatologia , Hierarquia Social , Hipóxia/veterinária , Modelos Biológicos , Estresse Fisiológico , Agressão , Animais , Metabolismo Basal , Comportamento Animal , Brasil , Complexo de Proteínas da Cadeia de Transporte de Elétrons/metabolismo , Doença Ambiental/etiologia , Doença Ambiental/metabolismo , Doença Ambiental/fisiopatologia , Doença Ambiental/veterinária , Comportamento Alimentar , Doenças dos Peixes/etiologia , Doenças dos Peixes/metabolismo , Proteínas de Peixes/metabolismo , Temperatura Alta/efeitos adversos , Hipóxia/etiologia , Hipóxia/metabolismo , Hipóxia/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Distribuição Aleatória , RiosRESUMO
The study estimated the cost of illness attributable to environmental factors in the city of Manaus between the years 1998 to 2009. The causes of hospitalization were grouped based on studies of the Global Burden of Disease and Comparative Risk Assessment of the World Health Organization. The value was estimated by the sum of (i) hospital spending on treatment of diseases directly attributable to environmental factors, and (ii) the costs of lost workdays resulting from the stay in hospital estimated on the basis of the average earnings of Manaus workers. The data were further calibrated taking into account the coverage of the population with private health insurance. The cost of illness, considering the values corrected by the General Market Price Index for the year 2009 was estimated at R$ 286,852,666.97, of which cardiovascular disease, respiratory infections of the lower airways and diarrheal diseases are responsible for 78.6% of these values. Of the fractions attributable to environmental factors, cardiovascular diseases account for 16% (CI: 7-23%), respiratory infections and respiratory infections of the lower airways for 41% (CI: 32-47%), and diarrhea for 94% (CI: 84-98%) of the global burden of disease.
Assuntos
Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Doença Ambiental/economia , Doença Ambiental/etiologia , Saúde da População Urbana , Brasil , Estudos Transversais , Hospitalização/economia , Humanos , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
O presente estudo estimou o custo das doenças atribuíveis a fatores ambientais na cidade de Manaus, entre os anos de 1998 a 2009. As causas de internação hospitalar foram agrupadas com base nos estudos de Carga Global de Doença e da Análise Comparativa de Risco da Organização Mundial da Saúde. O valor foi estimado por meio da soma dos (i) gastos hospitalares com tratamento das doenças atribuíveis a fatores ambientais com os (ii) valores dos dias de trabalho perdidos resultante da permanência em leito hospitalar, estimados a partir da remuneração média dos trabalhadores de Manaus. Os dados ainda foram calibrados levando-se em consideração a cobertura da população com plano de saúde privado. O custo das doenças, considerando os valores corrigidos pelo Índice Geral de Preços do Mercado para o ano de 2009, foi estimado em R$ 286.852.666,97, dos quais as doenças cardiovasculares, as infecções respiratórias das vias aéreas inferiores e as doenças diarreicas são responsáveis por 78,6%. Das frações atribuíveis a fatores ambientais, as doenças cardiovasculares respondem por 16% (IC: 7-23%), as infecções respiratórias das vias aéreas inferiores por 41% (IC: 32-47%), e as diarreias por 94% (IC: 84-98%) da carga global das doenças.
The study estimated the cost of illness attributable to environmental factors in the city of Manaus between the years 1998 to 2009. The causes of hospitalization were grouped based on studies of the Global Burden of Disease and Comparative Risk Assessment of the World Health Organization. The value was estimated by the sum of (i) hospital spending on treatment of diseases directly attributable to environmental factors, and (ii) the costs of lost workdays resulting from the stay in hospital estimated on the basis of the average earnings of Manaus workers. The data were further calibrated taking into account the coverage of the population with private health insurance. The cost of illness, considering the values corrected by the General Market Price Index for the year 2009 was estimated at R$ 286,852,666.97, of which cardiovascular disease, respiratory infections of the lower airways and diarrheal diseases are responsible for 78.6% of these values. Of the fractions attributable to environmental factors, cardiovascular diseases account for 16% (CI: 7-23%), respiratory infections and respiratory infections of the lower airways for 41% (CI: 32-47%), and diarrhea for 94% (CI: 84-98%) of the global burden of disease.
Assuntos
Humanos , Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Doença Ambiental/economia , Doença Ambiental/etiologia , Saúde da População Urbana , Brasil , Estudos Transversais , Hospitalização/economia , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Two central challenges in the field of occupational and environmental epidemiology include accurately measuring biologic responses to exposure and preventing subsequent disease. As exposure-related lung diseases continue to be identified, advances in exposure biology have introduced toxicogenomic approaches that detect biomarkers of exposure at the gene, protein, and metabolite levels. Moreover, genetic epidemiology research has focused more recently on common, low-penetrant (ie, low-relative-risk) genetic variants that may interact with commonly encountered exposures. A number of such gene by environment interactions have been identified for airways and interstitial lung diseases, with the goal of preventing disease among susceptible populations that may not otherwise have been identified. Exhaled breath condensate analysis has provided another noninvasive means of assessing toxicant exposures and systemic effects. As these technologies become more refined, clinicians and public health practitioners will need to appreciate the social implications of the individual- and population-level risks conferred by certain genetic polymorphisms or by biomarker evidence of exposure. At present, the primary approach to occupational and environmental lung disease prevention remains elimination or reduction of known hazardous exposures and requires continued application of local and international resources toward exposure control.
Assuntos
Pesquisa Biomédica/tendências , Doença Ambiental/etiologia , Pneumopatias/etiologia , Doenças Profissionais/etiologia , Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Doença Ambiental/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Humanos , Pneumopatias/genética , Doenças Profissionais/genética , Exposição Ocupacional/efeitos adversos , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genéticaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the level of fluoride exposure and human health risks in Los Altos de Jalisco (Jalisco State Heights) region. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study was conducted between May and July 2002. The fluoride concentrations of 105 water wells and six tap water samples were electrochemically measured. Exposure doses to fluoride and total intake of fluoride were estimated for babies (10 kg), children (20 kg), and adults (70 kg). RESULTS: The fluoride concentration of the water samples ranged from 0.1 to 17.7 mg/l. More than 45% of the water samples exceeded the national guideline value for fluoride of 1.5 mg/l. The estimated values of the exposure doses to fluoride and total intake of fluoride were in the range of 0.04-1.8 mg/kg/d and 0.5-18.4 mg/d, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Dental fluorosis, skeletal fluorosis, and bone fractures are some of the potential health risks due to the intake of high doses of fluoride for the population of Los Altos de Jalisco. In order to reduce health risks, fluoridated salt,fluoridated toothpastes, and drinking water containing more than 0.7 mg/l of fluoride should be avoided.
Assuntos
Cariostáticos/análise , Exposição Ambiental/estatística & dados numéricos , Fluoretos/análise , Poluição Química da Água/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Criança , Doença Ambiental/epidemiologia , Doença Ambiental/etiologia , Humanos , México/epidemiologiaRESUMO
OBJETIVO: Estimar la exposición a fluoruros y riesgos potenciales a la salud humana en Los Altos de Jalisco, México. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se midió electroquímicamente la concentración de fluoruros en 105 pozos y seis tomas de agua potable, en los Altos de Jalisco, de mayo a julio de 2002. Se estimó la dosis de exposición y la ingestión total de fluoruros para: bebés de 10 kg, niños de 20 kg y adultos de 70 kg. RESULTADOS: La concentración de fluoruros en las muestras de agua varió entre 0.1 y 17.7 mg/l. El 45 por ciento de las muestras excede el límite permitido por la normatividad (1.5 mg/l). La ingestión total y dosis de exposición a fluoruros estimados están en los rangos de 0.5-18.4 mg/d y 0.04-1.8 mg/kg/d, respectivamente. CONCLUSIONES: Una parte importante de la población está expuesta a fluorosis dental, fluorosis esquelética y fracturas óseas. Para reducir los riesgos se debe evitar el consumo de sal fluorada, pastas dentales con flúor y agua potable cuya concentración de fluoruros sea mayor de 0.7 mg/l.
Assuntos
Adulto , Criança , Humanos , Cariostáticos/análise , Exposição Ambiental/estatística & dados numéricos , Fluoretos/análise , Poluição Química da Água/estatística & dados numéricos , Doença Ambiental/epidemiologia , Doença Ambiental/etiologia , México/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Cockroach allergy has been recognized as an important cause of asthma. Exposure to high levels of cockroach allergens in the home is a major risk factor for symptoms in sensitized individuals. Previously identified allergens from Blatella germanica and Periplaneta americana include Bla g 2 (inactive aspartic proteinase), Bla g 4 (calycin), Bla g 5 (glutathione-S-transferase), Bla g 6 (troponin), the Group 1 cross-reactive allergens Bla g 1 and Per a 1, Per a 3 (arylphorin), and Per a 7 (tropomyosin). The primary site of cockroach allergen accumulation is the kitchen. However, lower levels of allergen can be found in bedding, on the bedroom floor, and in sofa dust. Strategies for decreasing exposure to cockroach have been investigated. The results suggest that a sustained decrease in cockroach allergen levels is difficult to accomplish, even after successful extermination of cockroach populations. The use of recombinant cockroach allergens may lead to the development of new approaches to asthma treatment in the future.
Assuntos
Alérgenos/efeitos adversos , Baratas/imunologia , Poluentes Atmosféricos/efeitos adversos , Poluição do Ar em Ambientes Fechados/efeitos adversos , Animais , Asma/complicações , Asma/etiologia , Asma/terapia , Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Doença Ambiental/complicações , Doença Ambiental/etiologia , Doença Ambiental/terapia , HumanosRESUMO
El ozono (O3) es el principal componente de los contaminantes fotoquímicos del aire y se forma cuando los óxidos de nitrógeno naturales o antropogénicos reaccionan con los compuestos orgánicos volátiles en presencia de la radiación solar ultravioleta. Típicamente el nivel troposférico del O3 urbano es un problema desde el final de la primavera hasta comienzos del otoño. Se piensa que los efectos del O3 derivan principalmente de la formación de radicales libres. La exposición aguda a ozono en seres humanos causa dolor retroesternal en inspiración profunda, tos irritativa, disminución de CVF y VEF1 e inflamación de las vías aéreas asociada a hiperreactividad bronquial. La exposición prolongada produce bronquiolitis respiratoria crónica que puede derivar en una remodelación de la estructura pulmonar. En niños observados en un período de 3 años, el O3 se asoció con una disminución del crecimiento de CVF, VEF1 y FEM50. La susceptibilidad al O3 varía según la población expuesta, siendo especialmente sensibles los niños y las personas con enfermedades respiratorias preexistentes
Assuntos
Humanos , Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Ozônio/efeitos adversos , Doenças Respiratórias/etiologia , Poluição do Ar em Ambientes Fechados/efeitos adversos , Poluição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Doença Ambiental/etiologia , Ozônio/química , Ozônio EstratosféricoRESUMO
Se describen los efectos respiratorios y no respiratorios de los contaminantes aéreos. Los aumentos en O3 y NOx se asocian a obstrucción bronquial e hiperreactividad bronquial. Sin embargo, los estudios comparativos sobre la prevalencia de asma y alergias en niños en Alemania unificada, han demostrado que la exposición a alergenos sería más importante que la exposición a contaminantes aéreos (PM10 y SO2) en la determinación de asma bronquial. El CO interfiere a contaminantes aéreos (PM10 y SO3) en la determinación de asma bronquial. El CO interfiere con el intercambio de O2 en la barrera fetoplacentaria y disminuye la disponibilidad de O2 para el tejido miocárdico y cerebral. Algunos de los compuestos orgánicos del material particulado pueden ser potenciales carcinógenos y mutágenos. El plomo, derivado de la gasolina, puede interferir en la hematopoyesis y en la función renal y cerebral. Los escasos estudios epidemiológicos realizados en América Latina sugieren que la población infantil es la más susceptible a los contaminantes aéreos. Se necesita efectuar más estudios en pacientes cardiorrespiratorios y en embarazadas