RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Hypothyroidism has been associated with dyslipidemia. Its treatment with levothyroxine has shown a positive effect on the lipid profile in adults, however, there is a lack of data on the pediatric popu lation. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the effect of the thyroid profile normalization on the lipid profile in children with primary hypothyroidism. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Retrospective study in children aged from 6 to 16 years, with diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism due to Hashimoto's thyroiditis, in treatment with levothyroxine, and who had an evaluation of serum lipids before and during their treatment. The lipid profile was evaluated in 2 stages: the first one referred to as "before levothyroxine treatment" (at the diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism) and the second one referred to as " thyroid profile normalization" (when normalization of Thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH] and free T4 [FT4] was achieved during levothyroxine treatment). Sociodemographic and anthropometric data were recorded. The lipid profile evaluation consisted of the serum determination of total cholesterol (TC), high-density cholesterol (HDL-C), and TG. The phenotype of dyslipidemias was determined according to the Fredrickson's classification. RESULTS: 72 patients were included (61% women; age 11.5 ± 2.9 years), out of which 58.3% (n = 42) presented pre-treatment dyslipidemia. In hypothyroid state, it was evident the correlation of TSH with TC (r = 0.36; p = 0.002), LDL-C (r = 0.46; p = 0.01), and HDL-C (r = -0.33; p = 0.004). The thyroid profile normalization showed the reduction of TC [184 mg/dL (IQR 92-322) vs 147 mg/dL (IQR 92-283); p = 0.05], LDL-C [99 mg/dL (IQR 44-232) vs 82 mg/dL (IQR 41-168); p = 0.02], TG [113 mg/dL (IQR 50-483) vs 88 mg/dL (IQR 16-343); p = 0.03], and the frequency of dyslipidemia [58.3% vs 22.2%; p = 0.001), as well as the TC correction with TG (r = 0.35; p = 0.02) and LDL-C (r = 0.88; p = 0.01). Persistent dyslipidemia was associated with obesity (r = 0.27; p = 0.02), overweight (r = 0.58; p = 0.001), and pre-treatment dyslipidemia (r = 0.53; p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: There is an association between TSH, TC, LDL-C, and HDL-C in hypothyroidism. When the thyroid profile was normalized, there was a reduction of TC, TG, LDL- C, and dyslipidemia frequency. Persistent dyslipidemia was associated with obesity, overweight, and pre-treatment dyslipidemia.
Assuntos
Hipotireoidismo/sangue , Lipídeos/sangue , Tireotropina/sangue , Tiroxina/sangue , Adolescente , Criança , Colesterol/sangue , HDL-Colesterol/sangue , LDL-Colesterol/sangue , Dislipidemias/sangue , Dislipidemias/classificação , Dislipidemias/complicações , Feminino , Doença de Hashimoto/complicações , Humanos , Hipotireoidismo/tratamento farmacológico , Hipotireoidismo/etiologia , Masculino , Obesidade Infantil/etiologia , Valores de Referência , Estudos Retrospectivos , Tiroxina/uso terapêutico , Triglicerídeos/sangueRESUMO
RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre história familiar e presença de dislipidemias em crianças. Métodos: Estudo transversal com 257 crianças de 4 a 7 anos de idade do município de Viçosa, Minas Gerais. Foram realizadas avaliações do estado nutricional e do perfil lipídico (colesterol total e frações e triglicerídeos), além do registro de história de dislipidemia dos pais. Para análise estatística, foi utilizado o teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson para identificar associações e teste t de Student para comparação de médias. Foi realizada análise de regressão de Poisson para avaliar a associação independente entre história familiar e a presença de dislipidemia em crianças, sendo adotado o nível de significância estatística de 5%. Resultados: Crianças com pais dislipidêmicos apresentaram maiores concentrações séricas de colesterol total e triglicerídeos. Na análise de regressão após ajuste, a presença de dislipidemia no pai ou na mãe (RP: 2,43; IC95% 1,12-5,27) bem como a presença de dislipidemia no pai e na mãe (RP: 5,62; IC95% 2,27-13,92) estiveram associadas à hipertrigliceridemia nas crianças. Crianças com pais e mães dislipidêmicos apresentaram maior prevalência de lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL-c) elevada (RP: 1,52; IC95% 1,18-1,97). Conclusões: A investigação da história familiar de dislipidemia deve fazer parte de protocolos para verificar a presença de hipertrigliceridemia e dislipidemias na infância.
ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the association between family history and the presence of dyslipidemia in children. Methods: A cross-sectional study with 257 children aged 4 to 7 years old from Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Southeast Brazil. Nutritional status and lipid profile (total cholesterol, cholesterol fractions, and triglyceride) assessments and an active search for a family history of dyslipidemia in parents were carried out. Pearson's chi-square test was used to identify associations, and Student's t-test was used to compare means. A Poisson regression analysis was performed to assess the independent association between family history and the presence of dyslipidemia in children. A significance level of 5% was adopted. Results: Children of parents with dyslipidemia had higher serum concentrations of total cholesterol and triglycerides. In a regression analysis after adjustments, the presence of dyslipidemia in the father or in the mother (OR: 2.43; 95%CI 1.12-5.27), as well as the presence of dyslipidemia in both the father and the mother (OR: 5.62; 95%CI 2.27-13.92) were associated with hypertriglyceridemia in children. Children of parents with dyslipidemia had a higher prevalence of elevated low-density lipoproteins (LDL-c) (OR: 1.52; 95%CI 1.18-1.97). Conclusions: An investigation of the family history of dyslipidemia should be made as part of the protocol to verify the presence of hypertriglyceridemia and dyslipidemia in children.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adulto , Anamnese/estatística & dados numéricos , Pais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Índice de Massa Corporal , Estado Nutricional , Prevalência , Estudos Transversais , Avaliação das Necessidades , Dislipidemias/classificação , Dislipidemias/diagnóstico , Dislipidemias/sangue , Dislipidemias/epidemiologia , Lipídeos/sangueRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between family history and the presence of dyslipidemia in children. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with 257 children aged 4 to 7 years old from Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Southeast Brazil. Nutritional status and lipid profile (total cholesterol, cholesterol fractions, and triglyceride) assessments and an active search for a family history of dyslipidemia in parents were carried out. Pearson's chi-square test was used to identify associations, and Student's t-test was used to compare means. A Poisson regression analysis was performed to assess the independent association between family history and the presence of dyslipidemia in children. A significance level of 5% was adopted. RESULTS: Children of parents with dyslipidemia had higher serum concentrations of total cholesterol and triglycerides. In a regression analysis after adjustments, the presence of dyslipidemia in the father or in the mother (OR: 2.43; 95%CI 1.12-5.27), as well as the presence of dyslipidemia in both the father and the mother (OR: 5.62; 95%CI 2.27-13.92) were associated with hypertriglyceridemia in children. Children of parents with dyslipidemia had a higher prevalence of elevated low-density lipoproteins (LDL-c) (OR: 1.52; 95%CI 1.18-1.97). CONCLUSIONS: An investigation of the family history of dyslipidemia should be made as part of the protocol to verify the presence of hypertriglyceridemia and dyslipidemia in children.
OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associação entre história familiar e presença de dislipidemias em crianças. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 257 crianças de 4 a 7 anos de idade do município de Viçosa, Minas Gerais. Foram realizadas avaliações do estado nutricional e do perfil lipídico (colesterol total e frações e triglicerídeos), além do registro de história de dislipidemia dos pais. Para análise estatística, foi utilizado o teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson para identificar associações e teste t de Student para comparação de médias. Foi realizada análise de regressão de Poisson para avaliar a associação independente entre história familiar e a presença de dislipidemia em crianças, sendo adotado o nível de significância estatística de 5%. RESULTADOS: Crianças com pais dislipidêmicos apresentaram maiores concentrações séricas de colesterol total e triglicerídeos. Na análise de regressão após ajuste, a presença de dislipidemia no pai ou na mãe (RP: 2,43; IC95% 1,12-5,27) bem como a presença de dislipidemia no pai e na mãe (RP: 5,62; IC95% 2,27-13,92) estiveram associadas à hipertrigliceridemia nas crianças. Crianças com pais e mães dislipidêmicos apresentaram maior prevalência de lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL-c) elevada (RP: 1,52; IC95% 1,18-1,97). CONCLUSÕES: A investigação da história familiar de dislipidemia deve fazer parte de protocolos para verificar a presença de hipertrigliceridemia e dislipidemias na infância.
Assuntos
Dislipidemias , Anamnese/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Índice de Massa Corporal , Brasil/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Dislipidemias/sangue , Dislipidemias/classificação , Dislipidemias/diagnóstico , Dislipidemias/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Lipídeos/sangue , Masculino , Avaliação das Necessidades , Estado Nutricional , Pais , PrevalênciaRESUMO
La arterioesclerosis, es un proceso complejo y multifactorial que se inicia con la identificación de la estría lipídica a los 3 años de edad, lesión que progresa a placa fibrosa y lesión complicada en los años posteriores. La obesidad, es definida como una deposición excesiva de grasa en el cuerpo, que está asociado con consecuencias adversas para parámetros metabólicos, también consecuencias a corto y largo plazo y usualmente también con problemas psicosociales significativos y el desarrollo de enfermedades crónicas. Las dislipemias son uno conjunto de entidades que afectan al metabolismo lipídico y cuyos efectos nocivos son determinantes en el desarrollo del proceso de arteriosclerosis.
Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial complex process that begins with the identification of lipid streak at 3 years of age, injury progressing to fibrous plaque and complicated lesión in subsequent years. Obesity is defined as an excessive deposition of fat in the body, wich is associated with adverse metabolic parameters, also the short-and long-term and usually also with significant psychosocial problems and chronic disease development. The dyslipidemias are one set of entities that affect lipid metabolism and the harmful effects are crucial in the development of aterosclerosis process.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Arteriosclerose/classificação , Arteriosclerose/diagnóstico , Arteriosclerose/metabolismo , Obesidade/classificação , Obesidade/diagnóstico , Obesidade/metabolismo , Dislipidemias/classificação , Dislipidemias/diagnóstico , Dislipidemias/metabolismo , Metabolismo dos LipídeosRESUMO
Oxidative stress is a physiological condition that is associated with atherosclerosis, and it can be influenced by diet. Our objective was to group fifty-seven individuals with dyslipidaemia controlled by statins according to four oxidative biomarkers, and to evaluate the diet pattern and blood biochemistry differences between these groups. Blood samples were collected and the following parameters were evaluated: diet intake; plasma fatty acids; lipoprotein concentration; glucose; oxidised LDL (oxLDL); malondialdehyde (MDA); total antioxidant activity by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing ability power assays. Individuals were separated into five groups by cluster analysis. All groups showed a difference with respect to at least one of the four oxidative stress biomarkers. The separation of individuals in the first axis was based upon their total antioxidant activity. Clusters located on the right side showed higher total antioxidant activity, higher myristic fatty acid and lower arachidonic fatty acid proportions than clusters located on the left side. A negative correlation was observed between DPPH and the peroxidability index. The second axis showed differences in oxidation status as measured by MDA and oxLDL concentrations. Clusters located on the upper side showed higher oxidative status and lower HDL cholesterol concentration than clusters located on the lower side. There were no differences in diet among the five clusters. Therefore, fatty acid synthesis and HDL cholesterol concentration seem to exert a more significant effect on the oxidative conditions of the individuals with dyslipidaemia controlled by statins than does their food intake.
Assuntos
Dislipidemias/sangue , Estresse Oxidativo , Idoso , Biomarcadores/sangue , Compostos de Bifenilo/sangue , Glicemia/metabolismo , Análise por Conglomerados , Dieta , Dislipidemias/classificação , Ácidos Graxos/sangue , Feminino , Humanos , Lipoproteínas/metabolismo , Lipoproteínas LDL/sangue , Masculino , Malondialdeído/sangue , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Picratos/sangueRESUMO
El aumento de los lípidos en sangre o dislipidemias, sobre todo del colesterol y los triglicéridos, es un factor de riesgo de aterosclerosis y enfermedades cardiovasculares. Se clasifican en primarias o genéticas y secundarias. Se diagnostican con la determinación de la colesterolemia, trigliceridemia o ambas, además de las lipoproteínas séricas, como las lipoproteínas de alta densidad o HDL, y de baja densidad o LDL. Se tratan en principio con cambios en los estilos de vida, con dietas sanas, ejercicios físicos y eliminación de los hábitos tóxicos. Los principales medicamentos empleados son las estatinas, secuestrantes de ácidos biliares y los fibratos(AU)
The increase of the lipids in blood or dyslipidemias, mainly of the cholesterol and the triglycerides, it is a factor of atherosclerosis risk and cardiovascular illnesses. They are classified in primary or genetic and secondary. They are diagnosed with the determination of the cholesterolemia, trigliceridemia or both, besides the serum lipoproteins like high density lipoprotein or HDL and low density lipoprotein or LDL. It treatment consist in principle to changes in the lifestyles with healthy diets, physical exercises and elimination of the toxic habits. The main used medications are the statins, secuestrants and the fibra(AU)
Assuntos
Dislipidemias/classificação , Dislipidemias/diagnóstico , Comportamentos Relacionados com a SaúdeRESUMO
El aumento de los lípidos en sangre o dislipidemias, sobre todo del colesterol y los triglicéridos, es un factor de riesgo de aterosclerosis y enfermedades cardiovasculares. Se clasifican en primarias o genéticas y secundarias. Se diagnostican con la determinación de la colesterolemia, trigliceridemia o ambas, además de las lipoproteínas séricas, como las lipoproteínas de alta densidad o HDL, y de baja densidad o LDL. Se tratan en principio con cambios en los estilos de vida, con dietas sanas, ejercicios físicos y eliminación de los hábitos tóxicos. Los principales medicamentos empleados son las estatinas, secuestrantes de ácidos biliares y los fibratos
The increase of the lipids in blood or dyslipidemias, mainly of the cholesterol and the triglycerides, it is a factor of atherosclerosis risk and cardiovascular illnesses. They are classified in primary or genetic and secondary. They are diagnosed with the determination of the cholesterolemia, trigliceridemia or both, besides the serum lipoproteins like high density lipoprotein or HDL and low density lipoprotein or LDL. It treatment consist in principle to changes in the lifestyles with healthy diets, physical exercises and elimination of the toxic habits. The main used medications are the statins, secuestrants and the fibra
Assuntos
Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Dislipidemias/classificação , Dislipidemias/diagnósticoRESUMO
Las dislipidemias juegan un rol muy importante en la patogénesis de la enfermedad ateromatosa. La mujer en la post menopausia pierde la protección cardiovascular de los estrógenos y aumenta su riesgo cardiovascular. Las guías de manejo de dislipidemia no varían significativamente entre hombres y mujeres, sin embargo ellas habitualmente son tratadas en forma menos enérgica. El manejo debe basarse en el riesgo individual de cada mujer, con metas de colesterol LDL según las guías internacionalmente aceptadas, que corresponde a colesterol LDL menos de 100mg/dl en mujeres con enfermedad ateroesclerótica conocida o de alto riesgo. Los fibratos son drogas de elección en el manejo de las hipertrigliceridemias. Las estatinas han demostrado ser muy eficientes en reducir colesterol total, colesterol LDL y también, aunque en menor grado, en reducir triglicéridos y aumentar colesterol HDL. Están indicadas como primera línea en mujeres de alto riesgo, con enfermedad ateromatosa, o en prevención secundaria.
Dyslipidemias play an important role in the pathogenesís of atherosclerotic disease. Post-menopausal women lose the cardiovascular protection of estrogens and in crease their cardiovascular risk. Guidelines for the management of dyslipidemia not vary significantly among men and women, but women usually are treated in a less stregth way The treatment in women must be based cardiovascular risk, reaching goals of LDL cholsterol according to international accepted guidelines, which include LDL cholesterol less than 100mg/dl in women with cardiovascular high risk or known atherosclerotic disease. Fibrates are first line drugs in management of hypertriglyceridemia. Statins have proved to be very effective in reducing total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and also, although in a few extent, to reduce triglycerides and increase HDL cholestero!. These are the drugs of choice in women at high risk, with atherosclerotic disease or secondary prevention due to their benefit cardiovascular disease.