RESUMO
BACKGROUND: In this international, multicenter study of patients undergoing lung transplantation (LT), we explored the association between the amount of intraoperative packed red blood cell (PRBC) transfusion and occurrence of primary graft dysfunction (PGD) and associated outcomes. METHODS: The Extracorporeal Life Support in LT Registry includes data on LT recipients from 9 high-volume (>40 transplants/y) transplant centers (2 from Europe, 7 from the United States). Adult patients who underwent bilateral orthotopic lung transplant from January 2016 to January 2020 were included. The primary outcome of interest was the occurrence of grade 3 PGD in the first 72 h after LT. RESULTS: We included 729 patients who underwent bilateral orthotopic lung transplant between January 2016 and November 2020. LT recipient population tertiles based on the amount of intraoperative PRBC transfusion (0, 1-4, and >4 units) were significantly different in terms of diagnosis, age, gender, body mass index, mean pulmonary artery pressure, lung allocation score, hemoglobin, prior chest surgery, preoperative hospitalization, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation requirement. Inverse probability treatment weighting logistic regression showed that intraoperative PRBC transfusion of >4 units was significantly ( P < 0.001) associated with grade 3 PGD within 72 h (odds ratio [95% confidence interval], 2.2 [1.6-3.1]). Inverse probability treatment weighting analysis excluding patients with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support produced similar findings (odds ratio [95% confidence interval], 2.4 [1.7-3.4], P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In this multicenter, international registry study of LT patients, intraoperative transfusion of >4 units of PRBCs was associated with an increased risk of grade 3 PGD within 72 h. Efforts to improve post-LT outcomes should include perioperative blood conservation measures.
Assuntos
Transplante de Pulmão , Disfunção Primária do Enxerto , Adulto , Humanos , Transfusão de Eritrócitos/efeitos adversos , Disfunção Primária do Enxerto/diagnóstico , Disfunção Primária do Enxerto/etiologia , Disfunção Primária do Enxerto/epidemiologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Transplante de Pulmão/efeitos adversos , PulmãoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The aims of this study were to determine the incidence of severe and moderate primary graft dysfunction (PGD) in our center, to identify, retrospectively, donors' and recipients' risk factors for PGD development, and to evaluate the impact of PGD within 30 days after heart transplantation. METHODS: Donors' and recipients' medical records of 64 consecutive adult cardiac transplantations performed between January 2016 and June 2017 were reviewed. The International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) criteria were used to diagnose moderate and severe PGD. Associations of risk factors for combined moderate/severe PGD were assessed with appropriate statistical analyses. RESULTS: Sixty-four patients underwent heart transplantation in this period. Twelve recipients (18.7%) developed severe or moderate PGD. Development of PGD was associated with previous donor cardiopulmonary resuscitation and a history of prior heart surgery in the recipient (P=0.01 and P=0.02, respectively). The 30-day in hospital mortality was similar in both PGD and non-PGD patients. CONCLUSION: The use of the ISHLT criteria for PGD is important to identify potential risk factor. The development of PGD did not affect short-term survival in our study. More studies should be done to better understand the pathophysiology of PGD.
Assuntos
Transplante de Coração , Transplante de Coração-Pulmão , Disfunção Primária do Enxerto , Humanos , Adulto , Estudos Retrospectivos , Disfunção Primária do Enxerto/etiologia , Disfunção Primária do Enxerto/diagnóstico , Disfunção Primária do Enxerto/epidemiologia , Transplante de Coração/efeitos adversos , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Graft failure and postoperative mortality are the most serious complications after liver transplantation. The aim of this study is to establish a prognostic scoring system to predict graft and patient survival based on serum transaminases levels that are routinely used during the postoperative period in human cadaveric liver transplants. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Postoperative graft failure and patient mortality after liver transplant were analyzed from a consecutive series of 1299 patients undergoing cadaveric liver transplantation. This was correlated with serum liver function tests and the rate of reduction in transaminase levels over the first postoperative week. A cut-off transaminase level correlating with graft and patient survival was calculated and incorporated into a scoring system. RESULTS: Aspartate-aminotransferase (AST) on postoperative day one showed significant correlation with early graft failure for levels above 723U/dl and early postoperative mortality for levels above 750U/dl. AST reduction rate (day 1 to 3) greater than 1.8 correlated with reduced graft failure and greater than 2 with mortality. Alanine-aminotransferase (ALT) reduction in the first 48h post transplantation also correlated with outcomes. CONCLUSION: A scoring system with these three variables allowed us to classify our patients into three groups of risk for early graft failure and mortality.
Assuntos
Alanina Transaminase/sangue , Aspartato Aminotransferases/sangue , Doença Hepática Terminal/cirurgia , Infarto Hepático/epidemiologia , Transplante de Fígado , Mortalidade , Disfunção Primária do Enxerto/epidemiologia , Trombose/epidemiologia , Adulto , Fosfatase Alcalina/sangue , Feminino , Sobrevivência de Enxerto , Artéria Hepática , Humanos , Testes de Função Hepática , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Veia Porta , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/epidemiologia , Período Pós-Operatório , Prognóstico , Medição de Risco , Reino Unido/epidemiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between donor plasma cytokine levels and the development of primary graft dysfunction of organs transplanted from deceased donors. METHODS: Seventeen deceased donors and the respective 47 transplant recipients were prospectively included in the study. Recipients were divided into two groups: group 1, patients who developed primary graft dysfunction; and group 2, patients who did not develop primary graft dysfunction. Donor plasma levels of TNF, IL-6, IL-1ß, and IFN-γ assessed by ELISA were compared between groups. RESULTS: Sixty-nine organs were retrieved, and 48 transplants were performed. Donor plasma cytokine levels did not differ between groups (in pg/mL): TNF, group 1: 10.8 (4.3 - 30.8) versus group 2: 8.7 (4.1 - 33.1), p = 0.63; IL-6, group 1: 1617.8 (106.7 - 5361.7) versus group 2: 922.9 (161.7 - 5361.7), p = 0.56; IL-1ß, group 1: 0.1 (0.1 - 126.1) versus group 2: 0.1 (0.1 - 243.6), p = 0.60; and IFN-γ, group 1: 0.03 (0.02 - 0.2) versus group 2: 0.03 (0.02 - 0.1), p = 0.93). Similar findings were obtained when kidney transplants were analyzed separately. CONCLUSION: In this sample of transplant recipients, deceased donor plasma cytokines TNF, IL-6, IL-1ß, and IFN-γ were not associated with the development of primary graft dysfunction.
OBJETIVO: Examinar a associação entre os níveis de citocinas no plasma do doador e o desenvolvimento de disfunção primária do enxerto de órgãos transplantados a partir de doadores falecidos. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos no estudo de forma prospectiva 17 doadores falecidos e os respectivos 47 pacientes receptores de transplante. Os receptores foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo 1, de pacientes que desenvolveram disfunção primária do enxerto, e grupo 2, de pacientes que não desenvolveram disfunção primária do enxerto. Os níveis de TNF, IL-6, IL-1ß, e IFN-γ, avaliados por meio de ELISA, foram comparados entre os grupos. RESULTADOS: Obtiveram-se 69 órgãos, sendo realizados 48 transplantes. Os níveis plasmáticos de citocinas nos doadores não diferiram entre os grupos (em pg/mL): TNF no grupo 1, com 10,8 (4,3 - 30,8) versus no grupo 2, com 8,7 (4,1 - 33,1), com valor de p = 0,63; IL-6 no grupo 1: 1.617,8 (106,7 - 5.361,7) versus no grupo 2: 922,9 (161,7 - 5.361,7), com p = 0,56; IL-1ß, no grupo 1: 0,1 (0,1 - 126,1) versus no grupo 2: 0,1 (0,1 - 243,6), com p = 0,60; e IFN-γ, no grupo 1: 0,03 (0,02 - 0,2) versus no grupo 2: 0,03 (0,02 - 0,1), p = 0,93). Obtivemos resultados similares ao examinar separadamente os casos de transplante renal. CONCLUSÃO: Nesta amostra de receptores de transplante, os níveis plasmáticos das citocinas TNF, IL-6, IL-1ß e IFN-γ nos doadores não se associaram com o desenvolvimento de disfunção primária do enxerto.
Assuntos
Morte Encefálica/sangue , Citocinas/sangue , Transplante de Órgãos/métodos , Doadores de Tecidos , Adulto , Idoso , Estudos de Coortes , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Disfunção Primária do Enxerto/epidemiologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Obtenção de Tecidos e Órgãos/métodosRESUMO
RESUMO Objetivo: Examinar a associação entre os níveis de citocinas no plasma do doador e o desenvolvimento de disfunção primária do enxerto de órgãos transplantados a partir de doadores falecidos. Métodos: Foram incluídos no estudo de forma prospectiva 17 doadores falecidos e os respectivos 47 pacientes receptores de transplante. Os receptores foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo 1, de pacientes que desenvolveram disfunção primária do enxerto, e grupo 2, de pacientes que não desenvolveram disfunção primária do enxerto. Os níveis de TNF, IL-6, IL-1β, e IFN-γ, avaliados por meio de ELISA, foram comparados entre os grupos. Resultados: Obtiveram-se 69 órgãos, sendo realizados 48 transplantes. Os níveis plasmáticos de citocinas nos doadores não diferiram entre os grupos (em pg/mL): TNF no grupo 1, com 10,8 (4,3 - 30,8) versus no grupo 2, com 8,7 (4,1 - 33,1), com valor de p = 0,63; IL-6 no grupo 1: 1.617,8 (106,7 - 5.361,7) versus no grupo 2: 922,9 (161,7 - 5.361,7), com p = 0,56; IL-1β, no grupo 1: 0,1 (0,1 - 126,1) versus no grupo 2: 0,1 (0,1 - 243,6), com p = 0,60; e IFN-γ, no grupo 1: 0,03 (0,02 - 0,2) versus no grupo 2: 0,03 (0,02 - 0,1), p = 0,93). Obtivemos resultados similares ao examinar separadamente os casos de transplante renal. Conclusão: Nesta amostra de receptores de transplante, os níveis plasmáticos das citocinas TNF, IL-6, IL-1β e IFN-γ nos doadores não se associaram com o desenvolvimento de disfunção primária do enxerto.
ABSTRACT Objective: To examine the association between donor plasma cytokine levels and the development of primary graft dysfunction of organs transplanted from deceased donors. Methods: Seventeen deceased donors and the respective 47 transplant recipients were prospectively included in the study. Recipients were divided into two groups: group 1, patients who developed primary graft dysfunction; and group 2, patients who did not develop primary graft dysfunction. Donor plasma levels of TNF, IL-6, IL-1β, and IFN-γ assessed by ELISA were compared between groups. Results: Sixty-nine organs were retrieved, and 48 transplants were performed. Donor plasma cytokine levels did not differ between groups (in pg/mL): TNF, group 1: 10.8 (4.3 - 30.8) versus group 2: 8.7 (4.1 - 33.1), p = 0.63; IL-6, group 1: 1617.8 (106.7 - 5361.7) versus group 2: 922.9 (161.7 - 5361.7), p = 0.56; IL-1β, group 1: 0.1 (0.1 - 126.1) versus group 2: 0.1 (0.1 - 243.6), p = 0.60; and IFN-γ, group 1: 0.03 (0.02 - 0.2) versus group 2: 0.03 (0.02 - 0.1), p = 0.93). Similar findings were obtained when kidney transplants were analyzed separately. Conclusion: In this sample of transplant recipients, deceased donor plasma cytokines TNF, IL-6, IL-1β, and IFN-γ were not associated with the development of primary graft dysfunction.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Idoso , Doadores de Tecidos , Morte Encefálica/sangue , Citocinas/sangue , Transplante de Órgãos/métodos , Obtenção de Tecidos e Órgãos/métodos , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Estudos Prospectivos , Estudos de Coortes , Disfunção Primária do Enxerto/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeAssuntos
Rejeição de Enxerto/etiologia , Transplante de Pulmão/efeitos adversos , Complicações Pós-Operatórias , Disfunção Primária do Enxerto/etiologia , Rejeição de Enxerto/epidemiologia , Sobrevivência de Enxerto , Humanos , Incidência , Philadelphia/epidemiologia , Disfunção Primária do Enxerto/epidemiologia , Prognóstico , Fatores de Risco , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Primary graft dysfunction (PGD) is a syndrome encompassing a spectrum of mild to severe lung injury that occurs within the first 72 hours after lung transplantation. PGD is characterized by pulmonary edema with diffuse alveolar damage that manifests clinically as progressive hypoxemia with radiographic pulmonary infiltrates. In recent years, new knowledge has been generated on risks and mechanisms of PGD. Following ischemia and reperfusion, inflammatory and immunological injury-repair responses appear to be key controlling mechanisms. In addition, PGD has a significant impact on short- and long-term outcomes; therefore, the choice of donor organ is impacted by this potential adverse consequence. Improved methods of reducing PGD risk and efforts to safely expand the pool are being developed. Ex vivo lung perfusion is a strategy that may improve risk assessment and become a promising platform to implement treatment interventions to prevent PGD. This review details recent updates in the epidemiology, pathophysiology, molecular and genetic biomarkers, and state-of-the-art technical developments affecting PGD.
Assuntos
Lesão Pulmonar Aguda/etiologia , Transplante de Pulmão/métodos , Disfunção Primária do Enxerto/fisiopatologia , Lesão Pulmonar Aguda/epidemiologia , Lesão Pulmonar Aguda/fisiopatologia , Animais , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Marcadores Genéticos , Humanos , Disfunção Primária do Enxerto/epidemiologia , Disfunção Primária do Enxerto/prevenção & controle , Medição de Risco/métodos , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Fatores de Tempo , Obtenção de Tecidos e Órgãos/métodosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Acute rejection has been identified as the main cause of renal graft dysfunction during the first year after transplantation; it is associated with chronic structural and functional damage, which causes loss of graft and decrease in patient survival. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective and descriptive research consisting in a review of the final reports of biopsies performed due to renal graft dysfunction during the postransplant period. Patients included were transplanted at the Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ) from January 2007 to December 2011. RESULTS: A total number of 223 patients underwent renal transplantation during the period considered for this study purpose, 222 biopsies were performed due to renal graft dysfunction in 118 patients (52.9%). 74.5% of patients developed graft dysfunction in the first year after transplantation. The main histopathological findings reported were immunologic events in both living donor (LDRTR) and deceased donor renal transplant recipients (DDRTR), borderline changes were the most common diagnosis. The median time to detect immune events as cause of dysfunction was shorter for DDRTR and they tend to occur in the first 4 months after transplantation. CONCLUSION: We observed an incidence of 11.8% for acute rejection in the first year after transplantation for LDRTR and 17.4% for DDRTR. Further studies are needed to determine the causes of immunological events and their implications in the evolution of renal graft and patient's survival.
Assuntos
Rejeição de Enxerto/epidemiologia , Transplante de Rim , Disfunção Primária do Enxerto/epidemiologia , Adulto , Biópsia , Cadáver , Comorbidade , Feminino , Rejeição de Enxerto/imunologia , Humanos , Imunossupressores/uso terapêutico , Incidência , Isoanticorpos/imunologia , Falência Renal Crônica/patologia , Falência Renal Crônica/cirurgia , Doadores Vivos , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Early allograft dysfunction (EAD) had been related to poor transplant outcomes during the early years of liver transplantation. We sought to determine the incidence of EAD at our unit and to evaluate its impact on posttransplant outcomes. METHODS: This single-center retrospective study included primary deceased donor liver grafts transplanted under the model for end-stage liver disease system. EAD was defined as a peak values of aminotransferase >2000 IU/mL during the first week or an international normalized ratio of ≥1.6 and/or bilirubin ≥10 mg/dL at day 7. The main endpoints were patient and graft survivals. RESULTS: Patients with versus without EAD showed similar recipient characteristics. Donors who experienced EAD who comprises 56% of recipients were heavier with larger body mass indices. EAD was an independent risk factor for allograft loss. Most retransplants were performed early due to nonfunction. The primary nonfunction rate among subjects with versus without EAD were 7% and 12% respectively (P < .05). Patient survival among those with EAD was 87.4%, while without EAD it was 90% (P = NS) with graft survivals of 81.4% and 88.7% respectively (P < .05). CONCLUSION: Patients with EAD show a significantly higher risk for allograft loss, but with a comparable survival after transplantation. Despite their worse outcomes, it seems that not all of these recipients behave equally.
Assuntos
Transplante de Fígado/efeitos adversos , Disfunção Primária do Enxerto/epidemiologia , Alanina Transaminase/sangue , Aspartato Aminotransferases/sangue , Bilirrubina/sangue , Biomarcadores/sangue , Brasil/epidemiologia , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Feminino , Sobrevivência de Enxerto , Humanos , Incidência , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Transplante de Fígado/mortalidade , Masculino , Disfunção Primária do Enxerto/sangue , Disfunção Primária do Enxerto/mortalidade , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Estudos Retrospectivos , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Lung transplantation has become a standard procedure for some end-stage lung diseases, but primary graft dysfunction (PGD) is an inherent problem that impacts early and late outcomes. The aim of this study was to define the incidence, risk factors, and impact of mechanical ventilation time on mortality rates among a retrospective cohort of lung transplantations performed in a single institution. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study of 118 lung transplantations performed between January 2003 and July 2010. The most severe form of PGD (grade III) as defined at 48 and 72 hours was examined for risk factors by multivariable logistic regression models using donor, recipient, and transplant variables. RESULTS: The overall incidence of PGD at 48 hours was 19.8%, and 15.4% at 72 hours. According multivariate analysis, risk factors associated with PGD were donor smoking history for 48 hours (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 4.83; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.236-18.896; P = .022) and older donors for 72 hours (adjusted OR, 1.046; 95% CI, 0.997-1.098; P = .022). The operative mortality was 52.9% among patients with PGD versus 20.3% at 48 hours (P = .012). At 72 hours, the mortality rate was 58.3% versus 21.2% (P = .013). The 90-days mortality was also higher among patients with PGD. The mechanical ventilation time was longer in patients with PGD III at 48 hours namely, a mean time of 72 versus 24 hours (P = .001). When PGD was defined at 72 hours, the mean ventilation time was even longer, namely 151 versus 24 hours (P < .001). The mean overall survival for patients who developed PGD at 48 hours was 490.9 versus 1665.5 days for subjects without PGD (P = .001). Considering PGD only at 72 hours, the mean survival was 177.7 days for the PGD group and 1628.9 days for the other patients (P < .001). CONCLUSION: PGD showed an important impacts on operative and 90-day mortality rates, mechanical ventilation time, and overall survival among lung transplant patients. PGD at 72 hours was a better predictor of lung transplant outcomes than at 48 hours. The use of donors with a smoking history or of advanced age were risk factors for the development of PGD.