RESUMO
Abstract Leptolegnia chapmanii is pathogenic to mosquito larvae. The compatibility betweenL. chapmanii and two insect growth regulators (IGR), diflubenzuron and neem oil, was evaluated. L. chapmanii was grown on culture media containing different concentrations of eachIGR. The mycelial growth was significantly reduced with the highest concentrations of IGR(F6,98= 268, p < 0.05). However, the production of zoospores (F6,56= 0.93, p > 0.05) and the lar-val mortality of Aedes aegypti (F6,56= 0.95, p > 0.05) were not significantly different amongtreatments. Furthermore, the percentage of adult emergence in the presence of different con-centrations of diflubenzuron or a neem formulation was determined, and the pathogenic activityof zoospores was evaluated at the concentrations that inhibit the emergence at 30, 50 and 90%.The pathogenicity of zoospores was not significantly different among treatments (F6,14= 0.54,p > 0.05), and the larval mortalities were above 90% in all cases.
Resumen Leptolegnia chapmanii es un patógeno de larvas de mosquitos. Se evaluó la com-patibilidad entre L. chapmanii y dos reguladores del crecimiento de insectos (IGR, por sus siglasen inglés), diflubenzurón y aceite de neem. L. chapmanii creció en medios de cultivo con diferentes concentraciones de estos IGR. El crecimiento micelial fue menor con las concentraciones más altas (F6,98= 268; p < 0,05). No hubo diferencias significativas en la producción de zoosporas (F6,56= 0,93; p > 0,05) ni en la mortalidad de las larvas de Aedes aegypti (F6,56= 0,95; p > 0,05).Se determinó el porcentaje de emergencia de adultos en presencia de diferentes concentra-ciones de diflubenzurón o de un formulado a base del aceite de neem. También se evaluó lapatogenicidad de las zoosporas a las concentraciones de los IGR que inhibieron la emergenciadel 30, 50 y 90% de adultos. No hubo diferencias significativas en la actividad de las zoosporasal comparar los tratamientos (F6,14= 054; p > 0,05). La mortalidad de las larvas fue superior al90%.
Assuntos
Animais , Oomicetos , Diflubenzuron , Aedes , Terpenos , Diflubenzuron/farmacologia , Glicerídeos , LarvaRESUMO
This study aimed to analyze the possible effects of diflubenzuron on the associated insect fauna under laboratory, semi-field and field conditions. Laboratory bioassays were performed in aquariums with mortality readings (%) every 24h until 96h, and in semi-fields, insects were kept in basins with readings every 24h for up to 12 days, in triplicates and a control. In the field experiment, a collection was performed before the application of diflubenzuron in ten brick factory pits (25m²) and 15 post-application. The values of LC50 and LC90 for Chironomus were 2.77x10-3g/L and 0.86g/L, respectively, and for Buenoa, they were 0.019g/L and 0.92g/L, a strong relationship was observed between mortality and exposure time (r²>0.8) in all concentrations used. In semi-field, similar mean values of emergency inhibition were observed, except for Euthyplociidae, which was more sensitive. There was no significant difference between the data of richness and diversity of aquatic insects in the field experiment, considering an interval of 15 days (p=0.32). Finally, the data suggest that diflubenzuron may have a negative effect on the associated insect fauna, but in the field experiment the environmental conditions of Anopheles breeding sites may have affected its efficiency.
Assuntos
Anopheles/efeitos dos fármacos , Diflubenzuron/farmacologia , Inseticidas/farmacologia , Animais , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Dose Letal Mediana , Controle de MosquitosRESUMO
Leptolegnia chapmanii is pathogenic to mosquito larvae. The compatibility between L. chapmanii and two insect growth regulators (IGR), diflubenzuron and neem oil, was evaluated. L. chapmanii was grown on culture media containing different concentrations of each IGR. The mycelial growth was significantly reduced with the highest concentrations of IGR (F6,98=268, p<0.05). However, the production of zoospores (F6,56=0.93, p>0.05) and the larval mortality of Aedes aegypti (F6,56=0.95, p>0.05) were not significantly different among treatments. Furthermore, the percentage of adult emergence in the presence of different concentrations of diflubenzuron or a neem formulation was determined, and the pathogenic activity of zoospores was evaluated at the concentrations that inhibit the emergence at 30, 50 and 90%. The pathogenicity of zoospores was not significantly different among treatments (F6,14=0.54, p>0.05), and the larval mortalities were above 90% in all cases.
Assuntos
Aedes , Diflubenzuron , Oomicetos , Animais , Diflubenzuron/farmacologia , Glicerídeos , Larva , TerpenosRESUMO
Zika virus infection and dengue and chikungunya fevers are emerging viral diseases that have become public health threats. Their aetiologic agents are transmitted by the bite of genus Aedes mosquitoes. Without effective therapies or vaccines, vector control is the main strategy for preventing the spread of these diseases. Increased insecticide resistance calls for biorational actions focused on control of the target vector population. The chitin required for larval survival structures is a good target for biorational control. Chitin synthases A and B (CHS) are enzymes in the chitin synthesis pathway. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-mediated gene silencing (RNAi) achieves specific knockdown of target proteins. Our goal in this work, a new proposed RNAi-based bioinsecticide, was developed as a potential strategy for mosquito population control. DsRNA molecules that target five different regions in the CHSA and B transcript sequences were produced in vitro and in vivo through expression in E. coli HT115 and tested by direct addition to larval breeding water. Mature and immature larvae treated with dsRNA targeting CHS catalytic sites showed significantly decreased viability associated with a reduction in CHS transcript levels. The few larval and adult survivors displayed an altered morphology and chitin content. In association with diflubenzuron, this bioinsecticide exhibited insecticidal adjuvant properties.
Assuntos
Aedes/efeitos dos fármacos , Febre de Chikungunya/prevenção & controle , Quitina Sintase/genética , Dengue/prevenção & controle , Inseticidas/farmacologia , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Mosquitos Vetores/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecção por Zika virus/prevenção & controle , Animais , Febre de Chikungunya/transmissão , Dengue/transmissão , Diflubenzuron/farmacologia , Escherichia coli/genética , Inativação Gênica , Infecção por Zika virus/transmissãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: In the tropics, the utilization of insecticides is still an important strategy for controlling Aedes aegypti, the principle vector of dengue, chikungunya and Zika viruses. However, increasing insecticide resistance in Ae. aegypti populations might hinder insecticide efficacy on a long-term basis. It will be important to understand the dynamics and evolution of insecticide resistance by assessing its frequency and the mechanisms by which it occurs. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The insecticide resistance status of four Brazilian Ae. aegypti populations was monitored. Quantitative bioassays with the major insecticides employed in the country was performed: the adulticide deltamethrin (a pyrethroid-PY) and the larvicides, temephos (an organophosphate) and diflubenzuron (a chitin synthesis inhibitor). Temephos resistance was detected in all populations although exhibiting a slight decrease over time probably due to the interruption of field use. All vector populations were susceptible to diflubenzuron, recently introduced in the country to control Ae. aegypti. Resistance against deltamethrin was extremely high in three populations. Molecular assays investigated substitutions in the voltage gated sodium channel (NaV), the PY target site, at positions 1011, 1016 and 1534. Elevated frequencies of substitutions Val1016Ile and Phe1534Cys related to high PY resistance levels were identified. Biochemical assays detected alterations in the activities of two detoxifying enzyme classes related to metabolic resistance, glutathion-S-transferases and esterases. The results obtained were evaluated in the context of both recent insecticide use and the records of dengue incidence in each locality. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The four Ae. aegypti populations evaluated were resistant to the neurotoxic insecticides, temephos and deltamethrin. However, they were still susceptible to diflubenzuron. A probable correlation between adult insect resistance to PY and the domestic application of insecticides is discussed, pointing to the need for awareness measures regarding the correct utilization by citizens. This work aims to contribute to the efficient and rational management of Ae. aegypti control of both larvae and adults.
Assuntos
Aedes/efeitos dos fármacos , Uso de Medicamentos , Resistência a Inseticidas , Inseticidas/farmacologia , Animais , Bioensaio , Brasil , Diflubenzuron/farmacologia , Nitrilas/farmacologia , Piretrinas/farmacologia , Temefós/farmacologiaRESUMO
Insecticides are still largely applied in public health to control disease vectors. In Brazil, organophosphates (OP) and pyrethroids (PY) are used against Aedes aegypti for years. Since 2009 Insect Growth Regulators (IGR) are also employed in the control of larvae. We quantified resistance to temephos (OP), deltamethrin (PY), and diflubenzuron (IGR) of A. aegypti samples from 12 municipalities distributed throughout the country, collected between 2010 and 2012. High levels of resistance to neurotoxic insecticides were detected in almost all populations: RR95 to temephos varied between 4.0 and 27.1; the lowest RR95 to deltamethrin was 13.1, and values higher than 70.0 were found. In contrast, all samples were susceptible to diflubenzuron (RR95 < 2.3). Biochemical tests performed with larvae and adults discarded the participation of acetylcholinesterase, the OP target, and confirmed involvement of the detoxifying enzymes esterases, mixed function oxidases, and glutathione-S-transferases. The results obtained were discussed taking into account the public chemical control component and the increase in the domestic use of insecticides during dengue epidemic seasons in the evaluated municipalities.
Assuntos
Aedes/efeitos dos fármacos , Aedes/fisiologia , Diflubenzuron/farmacologia , Resistência a Inseticidas/fisiologia , Inseticidas/farmacologia , Nitrilas/farmacologia , Piretrinas/farmacologia , Acetilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Aedes/metabolismo , Animais , Brasil , Vetores de Doenças , Feminino , Glutationa Transferase/metabolismo , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Larva/fisiologia , Masculino , Oxirredutases/metabolismo , Saúde Pública , Temefós/farmacologiaRESUMO
Several Aedes aegypti field populations are resistant to neurotoxic insecticides, mainly organophoshates and pyrethroids, which are extensively used as larvicides and adulticides, respectively. Diflubenzuron (DFB), a chitin synthesis inhibitor (CSI), was recently approved for use in drinking water, and is presently employed in Brazil for Ae. aegypti control, against populations resistant to the organophosphate temephos. However, tests of DFB efficacy against field Ae. aegypti populations are lacking. In addition, information regarding the dynamics of CSI resistance, and characterization of any potential fitness effects that may arise in conjunction with resistance are essential for new Ae. aegypti control strategies. Here, the efficacy of DFB was evaluated for two Brazilian Ae. aegypti populations known to be resistant to both temephos and the pyrethroid deltamethrin. Laboratory selection for DFB resistance was then performed over six or seven generations, using a fixed dose of insecticide that inhibited 80% of adult emergence in the first generation. The selection process was stopped when adult emergence in the diflubenzuron-treated groups was equivalent to that of the control groups, kept without insecticide. Diflubenzuron was effective against the two Ae. aegypti field populations evaluated, regardless of their resistance level to neurotoxic insecticides. However, only a few generations of DFB selection were sufficient to change the susceptible status of both populations to this compound. Several aspects of mosquito biology were affected in both selected populations, indicating that diflubenzuron resistance acquisition is associated with a fitness cost. We believe that these results can significantly contribute to the design of control strategies involving the use of insect growth regulators.
Assuntos
Aedes/efeitos dos fármacos , Diflubenzuron/farmacologia , Aptidão Genética/efeitos dos fármacos , Inseticidas/farmacologia , Controle de Mosquitos , Aedes/genética , Aedes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Animais , Brasil , Quitina/biossíntese , Comportamento Alimentar/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Fertilidade/efeitos dos fármacos , Insetos Vetores/efeitos dos fármacos , Insetos Vetores/genética , Insetos Vetores/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Resistência a Inseticidas/genética , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Longevidade/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Nitrilas , Óvulo/efeitos dos fármacos , Piretrinas , TemefósRESUMO
Avaliou-se, neste experimento, a eficácia in vitro e in vivo do diflubenzuron a 25% para uso em bovinos, no controle da infestação por Haematobia irritans. Para o teste in vitro, ovos de moscasdos-chifres foram mantidos em recipientes contendo fezes de animais não-tratados ou tratados com diflubenzuron a 25%, e acompanhados até emergência dos adultos. No teste in vivo, foram utilizadas 40 fêmeas aneloradas, divididas em dois grupos: controle (C) e tratado (T) com intensidade parasitária equivalente. Durante o experimento, o grupo C recebeu apenas suplementação mineral, enquanto o grupo T recebeu suplementação mineral e diflubenzuron a 25%. A contagem de moscas nos animais foi realizada na região dorsal, desde a nuca até as pontas da anca de cada animal, no início e ao final de um período de cinco meses. Na avaliação in vitro, o grupo controle apresentou média de emergência de 86% (± 8,4%), enquanto o grupo cultivado em fezes de bovinos tratados com diflubenzuron a 25% apresentou taxa de emergência média de 1% (± 0,2%), sendo a eficácia calculada de 98,83%. No teste in vivo, não foi observada redução significativa na contagem de moscas no grupo C, porém, no grupo T houve significativa redução da infestação por H. irritans (t = 16,46, p < 0,0001). A eficácia do produto, em condições de campo, foi de 99,20%. O diflubenzuron a 25% adicionado ao sal mineral mostrou-se eficaz contra H. irritans, sendo indicado para esse fim. (AU)
EFFICACY OF 25% DIFLUBENZURON FOR CONTROL OF HAEMATOBIA IRRITANS(DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE): IN VITRO AND FIELD CHALLENGES. In this experiment, the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of a 25% diflubenzuron commercial formulation were evaluated for control of Haematobia irritans infestation on cattle. For the in vitro test, horn-fly eggs were cultivated in feces from untreated or treated with 25% diflubenzuron for verification of adult emergence. In the in vivo test, 40 crossbred female bovines were divided into 2 experimental groups: Controls (C) and treated (T) with 25% diflubenzuron, with similar horn-fly infestations. In the in vitro test, the control group had a mean emergence of 86% (± 8.4%) while the group cultivated in feces from cattle treated with 25% diflubenzuron had a mean emergence rate of only 1% (± 0.2%), showing product efficacy of 98.83%. In the in vivo test no significant reduction was observed in the fly count of the C group, whereas the T group showed a clear reduction in the infestation (t = 16.46, p < 0.0001). The efficacy of the product under field conditions was 99.20%. In conclusion, the formulation of 25% diflubenzuron demonstrated efficacy against H. irritans, and is therefore indicated for this purpose. (AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Diflubenzuron/farmacologia , Ovos/análise , Insetos , Parasitologia , Muscidae/classificação , Bovinos/parasitologiaRESUMO
This assay evaluated the control efficacy of diflubenzuron, praziquantel and levamisole added to the diet of pacu (Piaractus mesoptamicus) infected with Anacanthorus penilabiatus and Dolops carvalhoi. 19 water tanks of 300 L capacity were utilized with 28 fish in each one. The treatments were made by mixing the active principles in the diet. The experiment was evaluated in four harvests done 1 day before and 3, 7 and 15 days after the treatment. The medicated feeding was applied for 7 days. The results of efficacy suggest that the diflubenzuron alone or associated with levamisole and praziquantel was efficient against the crustacean D. carvalhoi and the efficacy in the 3, 7 and 15 days evaluations ranged from 96.2 to 100%. Against the monogenean the drugs did not present efficacy. The results suggest the use of diflubenzuron for the control of D. carvalhoi in captive fishes in special conditions.
Assuntos
Anti-Helmínticos/farmacologia , Antinematódeos/farmacologia , Arguloida/efeitos dos fármacos , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis , Diflubenzuron/farmacologia , Peixes/parasitologia , Helmintos/efeitos dos fármacos , Levamisol/farmacologia , Praziquantel/farmacologia , AnimaisRESUMO
Neste trabalho, avaliou-se a eficácia antiparasitária do praziquantel, levamisol e diflubenzuron administrados via oral, adicionados à ração, para pacus (Piaractus mesopotamicus) infectados por Anacanthorus penilabiatus e Dolops carvalhoi. Foram utilizadas 19 caixas d'água de 300 L de capacidade, comportando 28 peixes cada. Os tratamentos foram feitos misturando os princípios ativos nas dietas. A intensidade parasitária e eficácia foram avaliadas 1 dia antes e 3, 7 e 15 dias após o início da alimentação com ração contendo diflubenzuron, levamisol e praziquantel isolados ou associados em diferentes concentrações por 7 dias. Os resultados da eficácia terapêutica sugerem que, isoladamente ou associado com levamisol e praziquantel, o diflubenzuron é eficiente contra o crustáceo D. carvalhoi, demonstrando que a eficácia dos tratamentos nos dias 3, 7 e 15 variou de 96,2 a 100 por cento. Contra os monogenóides, as drogas não apresentaram eficácia satisfatória. Os resultados sugerem o uso do diflubenzuron para o controle de D. cavalhoi em peixes de cativeiro e em condições de quarentenário.
This assay evaluated the control efficacy of diflubenzuron, praziquantel and levamisole added to the diet of pacu (Piaractus mesoptamicus) infected with Anacanthorus penilabiatus and Dolops carvalhoi. 19 water tanks of 300 L capacity were utilized with 28 fish in each one. The treatments were made by mixing the active principles in the diet. The experiment was evaluated in four harvests done 1 day before and 3, 7 and 15 days after the treatment. The medicated feeding was applied for 7 days. The results of efficacy suggest that the diflubenzuron alone or associated with levamisole and praziquantel was efficient against the crustacean D. carvalhoi and the efficacy in the 3, 7 and 15 days evaluations ranged from 96,2 to 100 percent. Against the monogenean the drugs did not present efficacy. The results suggest the use of diflubenzuron for the control of D. carvalhoi in captive fishes in special conditions.
Assuntos
Animais , Anti-Helmínticos/farmacologia , Antinematódeos/farmacologia , Arguloida/efeitos dos fármacos , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis , Diflubenzuron/farmacologia , Peixes/parasitologia , Helmintos/efeitos dos fármacos , Levamisol/farmacologia , Praziquantel/farmacologiaRESUMO
Aedes aegypti (L) (Diptera: Culicidae) was reared in several concentrations of diflubenzuron and methoprene under laboratory conditions in Uberlândia, State of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. Characteristics such as LC50 and LC95, the susceptibility of immature stages of different ages to these insect growth regulators and their residual effects were studied. The LC50 and LC95 of diflubenzuron and methoprene were 5.19 and 12.24 ppb; 19.95 and 72.08 ppb, respectively. While diflubenzuron caused great mortality in all larval instars, methoprene was more effective when the mosquito was exposed from the start of the fourth larval instar onwards. Commercial concentrations of these two insect growth regulators close to LC95 presented greater residual activity than did their respective technical formulations. The parameters were compared with those obtained elsewhere. The characteristics investigated here indicate that these insect growth regulators are effective alternatives for controlling the dengue vector in the Uberlândia region.
Aedes aegypti (L) (Diptera: Culicidae) foi criado em várias concentrações de diflubenzuron e methoprene sob condições de laboratório em Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, sudeste do Brasil. Foram estudados aspectos tais como, CL50 e CL95, suscetibilidade de estágios imaturos de diferentes idades a estes insect growth regulators e seu efeito residual. As CL50 e CL95 de diflubenzuron e methoprene foram: 5,19 e 12,24ppb; 19,95 e 72,08ppb, respectivamente. Enquanto diflubenzuron causou grande mortalidade em todos os estádios larvais, methoprene causou maior mortalidade quando o mosquito foi exposto a partir do início do quarto estádio larval. As concentrações comerciais dos dois insect growth regulators próximas às CL95 mostraram maior atividade residual que suas respectivas formulações técnicas. Os parâmetros são comparados com aqueles obtidos em outros locais. Os aspectos aqui investigados indicam estes insect growth regulators como alternativas efetivas para o controle do vetor da dengue na região de Uberlândia.
Assuntos
Animais , Aedes/efeitos dos fármacos , Diflubenzuron/farmacologia , Hormônios Juvenis/farmacologia , Metoprene/farmacologia , Aedes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Brasil , Relação Dose-Resposta a DrogaRESUMO
Aedes aegypti (L) (Diptera: Culicidae) was reared in several concentrations of diflubenzuron and methoprene under laboratory conditions in Uberlândia, State of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. Characteristics such as LC50 and LC95, the susceptibility of immature stages of different ages to these insect growth regulators and their residual effects were studied. The LC50 and LC95 of diflubenzuron and methoprene were 5.19 and 12.24 ppb; 19.95 and 72.08 ppb, respectively. While diflubenzuron caused great mortality in all larval instars, methoprene was more effective when the mosquito was exposed from the start of the fourth larval instar onwards. Commercial concentrations of these two insect growth regulators close to LC95 presented greater residual activity than did their respective technical formulations. The parameters were compared with those obtained elsewhere. The characteristics investigated here indicate that these insect growth regulators are effective alternatives for controlling the dengue vector in the Uberlândia region.
Assuntos
Aedes/efeitos dos fármacos , Diflubenzuron/farmacologia , Hormônios Juvenis/farmacologia , Metoprene/farmacologia , Aedes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Animais , Brasil , Relação Dose-Resposta a DrogaRESUMO
The inhibiting activity of diflubenzuron on the ecdysis of Aedes aegypti larvae was evaluated, with a view to using this product in mosquito control. This study also aimed to determine the interaction between this product, the type of artificial containers and the susceptibility of the mosquito. Bioassays were carried out in the backyard of a residence, using seven kinds of artificial habitats: tires, glass, concrete roofing, cans, plastic containers, cement and pottery. In each kind of artificial habitat, 20 Aedes aegypti larvae in the 4th instar were set. The same number of larvae was used as a control. Each test was repeated five times and the observation of mortality was done once every 24 hours, until 100% mortality was reached at 1 ppm. There was no significant difference between the main surveillance periods of the larvae, nor between the various kinds of artificial habitats. A significant difference was found between the instars, in that the 3rd instar was the most resistant to diflubenzuron inhibiting activity. It was also shown that concentrations did not interact with instars or material of the artificial habitats at the 5% significance level.
Assuntos
Aedes/efeitos dos fármacos , Diflubenzuron/farmacologia , Muda/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Bioensaio , Larva/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Laboratory colonies of the ghost ant, Tapinoma melanocephalum (F.) were administered sugar solution (10%) baits containing the insecticides boric acid, fipronil (REGENT), hydramethylnon (SIEGE), or diflubenzuron (DIMILN). Colonies were exposed to the baits for 21 d, and development of workers, queens, and brood (larvae and pupae) was observed for 4 wk. Fipronil (0.05%) caused 100% mortality in all colonies the first week. With boric acid (0.5%), 100% mortality of workers, queens, and brood was reached at the end of the third week. With hydramethylnon (2%), 83% of the colonies disappeared at the end of the fourth week, but some queens were still alive 9 wk after the trial started. Diflubenzuron (1%) behaved similarly to the control, although in some colonies, the brood production increased, whereas in other colonies, the queens disappeared. In the control colonies, workers, queens, and brood were always observed even up to 9 wk.
Assuntos
Formigas/efeitos dos fármacos , Inseticidas/administração & dosagem , Inseticidas/farmacologia , Animais , Formigas/fisiologia , Ácidos Bóricos/administração & dosagem , Ácidos Bóricos/farmacologia , Diflubenzuron/administração & dosagem , Diflubenzuron/farmacologia , Dinâmica Populacional , Pirazóis/administração & dosagem , Pirazóis/farmacologia , Pirimidinonas/administração & dosagem , Pirimidinonas/farmacologiaRESUMO
The Amejeiras strain of Blatella germanica (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) kept in lab conditions since 1994 and susceptible to arpocarb, malathion and cipermethrin insecticides, was studied. This strain was treated with 4 diflubenzuron (Dimilin OMS 1804) concentrations supplied by feeding nymphs at their first stage of development, with the purpose of determining their effect on the survival, phenotype and period of nynmphal development of this species. The dosage-mortality line of regression was determined and the values of CE50 = 0.042% and CE95 = 0.357% were obtained. Sublethal effects were observed in the nymphs treated with the 4 tested concentrations whereas the morphogenetic effects in adult insects only occurred when they were exposed to higher concentrations (0.25% and 0.4%). The nymph development stage showed a highly significant increase when the diflubenzuron concentration was raised. (F = 11.64; p < 0.001).
Assuntos
Blattellidae/efeitos dos fármacos , Diflubenzuron/farmacologia , Animais , Relação Dose-Resposta a DrogaRESUMO
Se realizaron pruebas en condiciones naturales simuladas con 2 dosis de diflubenzuron-urea (dimilin o TH-6040) en larvas de Culex (C.) quinquefasciatus Say, 1823 (Díptera: Culicidae) de tercer estadío avanzado o principio de cuarto, procedentes de la Provincia de La Habana, las cuales fueron cultivadas en el laboratorio. Las pruebas se efectuaron en el período de marzo de 1983 a marzo de 1984, según la metodología de la OMS, 1975, a temperatura ambiente. Los resultados nos muestran que con una dosis de 0,448 kg IA/ha se obtuvo una efectividad residual de 9 días