RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Children's overweight and obesity are global public health problems, children with obesity have grater obesity risk as adults, thus leading to develop cardiometabolic diseases. Previous studies have found positive and significant associations between the exposure to phthalates and body mass index and body composition. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the modification of the association by sex between DEHP exposure during pregnancy and the percentage of body fat in a cohort of Mexican schoolchildren. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The sample was comprised by children which had previously participated in a POSGRAD longitudinal study. A subsample of 190 mother-children binomials were included. Mothers' DEHP concentrations and its metabolites had been measured in the second trimester of pregnancy: Mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), Mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl phthalate (MECPP), Mono-2-ethyl-5-hidroxyhexyl phthalate (MEHHP), and Mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl phthalate (MEOHP). The children's adipose mass was measured at age 8, 9, and 10. Longitudinal data were analyzed using the mixed effects linear regression model, with intercept and random slope, adjusted by important confounders and stratified by sex. RESULTS: We found a differentiated effect by sex, the exposure to DEHP during pregnancy significantly increases the adipose mass in boys. The average increase was 0.058% (p = 0.02) for every 1% variation in MECPP; 0.047% (p = 0.04) in MEHHP; 0.051% (p = 0.03) in MEOHP, and 0.066% (p = 0.007) in MECPP. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest an effect differentiated by sex; with boys being the main ones affected by the prenatal exposure to phthalates. However, we cannot rule out effects in girls.
Assuntos
Tecido Adiposo/fisiopatologia , Dietilexilftalato/efeitos adversos , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/fisiopatologia , Fatores Sexuais , Adulto , Estudos de Coortes , Dietilexilftalato/metabolismo , Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Exposição Ambiental/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , México/epidemiologia , Gravidez , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/epidemiologiaRESUMO
The effects of chronic intake of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) on the main intermediate glycolytic metabolites in liver and gastrocnemius muscle were investigated in experimental animals. Male Wistar rats (90-100 g) were fed for 21 days either with a standard chow or the same diet supplemented with 2% (w/w) of DEHP. The DEHP-fed rats had an altered in vivo glucose tolerance associated with abnormal glucose intermediate metabolite contents in liver and skeletal muscle. In these rats, the hepatic content of glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P), fructose-6-phosphate, pyruvate, lactate, glucose-1-phosphate and glycogen decreased. At the same time, the G-6-P content decreased while the pyruvate and lactate levels increased in skeletal muscle. These data, along with the high plasma glucose concentration and the normal lactate blood levels of this group, could indicate that DEHP-fed rats could present a deficiency in muscle glucose and lactate transport, a reduction of the flux through muscle hexokinase and hepatic glucokinase, and a reduction in glycogen synth-
Assuntos
Glicemia/metabolismo , Dietilexilftalato/administração & dosagem , Glicólise/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Plastificantes/administração & dosagem , Ração Animal , Animais , Dietilexilftalato/efeitos adversos , Contaminação de Alimentos , Glicólise/fisiologia , Ácido Láctico/sangue , Ácido Láctico/metabolismo , Fígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Músculo Esquelético/efeitos dos fármacos , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Plastificantes/efeitos adversos , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Estatísticas não ParamétricasRESUMO
The nutritional impact of di(2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate (DEHP), specifically its energy efficiency and nitrogen utilization, was studied in the experimental rat. Groups of male Wistar rats were fed over 21 days with a standard diet alone or a standard diet supplemented with 2% (w/w) DEHP. Food intake, body weight and nitrogen compounds excretion were measured daily. The composition and energetic content of the carcass were determined in animals of both dietary groups after the feeding period, as well as in a separate group on day 0. The food and energy intakes were similar in both groups, however, the efficiencies of energy and nitrogen use were significantly reduced in the DEHP-fed rat. These alterations were reflected by a reduction of 31% on carcass energy retention and a decrease of 26% on cumulative nitrogen balance, without changes in the body composition. The increase of urinary nitrogen excretion, mainly as urea compound, is the major contributing factor to the lower nitrogen retention. These results indicate that DEHP decreases energy efficiency and nitrogen utilization, leading to a pronounced reduction in body weight gain. In addition, this study provides a possible conceptual framework that could explain the metabolic changes induced by DEHP and related compounds in experimental animals.