RESUMO
Pesticides, which are associated with endocrine dysfunction, immunological dysregulation, and cancer, are widespread sources of drinking water contamination. The state of Paraná has a population of 11 million, is the second largest grain producer in Brazil and is a leading consumer of pesticides. In this study, we analyzed the extent of drinking water contamination from 11 proven, probable, or potentially carcinogenic pesticides (alachlor, aldrin-dieldrin, atrazine, chlordane, DDT-DDD-DDE, diuron, glyphosate-AMPA, lindane-γ-HCH, mancozeb-ETU, molinate, and trifluralin) in 127 grain-producing municipalities in the state of Paraná. Extensive contamination of drinking water was found, including legacy pesticides such as aldrin-dieldrin (mean 0.047 ppb), DDT-DDD-DDE (mean: 0.07), chlordane (mean: 0.181), and lindane-HCH (mean: 2.17). Most of the municipalities were significantly above the maximum limits for each one of the currently allowed pesticides (67% for alachlor, 9.44% for atrazine, 96.85% for diuron, 100% for glyphosate-AMPA, 80.31% for mancozeb-ETU, 91.33% for molinate, and 12.6% for trifluralin). Ninety-seven percent of municipalities presented a sum of all pesticides at levels significantly above (189.84 ppb) the European Union preconized limits (<0.5 ppb). Using the mean pesticide concentration in water (ppb), the exposed population for each municipality, and the benchmark cancer risk for pesticides, we estimated the minimum number of cancer cases attributable to pesticide-contaminated drinking water during the period (total of 542 cases). More than 80% were attributed to mancozeb-ETU and diuron. Glyphosate-AMPA and diuron-attributable cases strongly correlated with the total cancer cases in the same period (R = 0.8117 and 0.8138, respectively) as well as with breast cancer cases (R = 0.7695 and 0.7551, respectively). Water contamination was significantly correlated with the sum of the estimated cancer cases for all 11 pesticides detected in each city (R = 0.58 and p < 0.0001). These findings reveal extensive contamination of drinking water in the state of Paraná and suggest that contamination may increase the risk of cancer in this region.
Assuntos
Atrazina , Água Potável , Neoplasias , Praguicidas , Aldrina , Brasil , Clordano , DDT , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno , Dieldrin , Diurona , Hexaclorocicloexano/análise , Neoplasias/epidemiologia , Praguicidas/análise , Trifluralina , Ácido alfa-Amino-3-hidroxi-5-metil-4-isoxazol PropiônicoRESUMO
Water quality degradation by organochlorine pesticides and potentially toxic elements is of worldwide concern. This research explores groundwater conditions, regarding organochlorine pesticides and potentially toxic elements, in Hopelchen, Campeche, which is located in the buffer zone of the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve. Unfortunately, agriculture is allowed and agrochemical use is not monitored and sanctioned. Results show that Heptachlor, Endosulfan, and Dieldrin, all recognized carcinogens, had concentrations above the Mexican normative recommended values. Conversely, Cd and Ni concentrations were below recommended values. These results demonstrate that government intervention involving immediate control over agrochemical use is mandatory. Also, the results underscore the contamination of groundwater in several of the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve's buffer zones by organochlorine pesticides concentrations, posing a probable threat for local inhabitants who consume this water and use it for recreation.
Assuntos
Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Água Subterrânea/química , Substâncias Perigosas/análise , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/análise , Praguicidas/análise , Agricultura , Dieldrin/análise , Endossulfano/análise , Heptacloro/análise , México , Recursos Hídricos/provisão & distribuiçãoRESUMO
The inhibition of cholinesterase (ChE) activity has been used as a biomarker of exposure to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides. ChE of nesting female green turtles (Chelonia mydas) were biochemically characterized using two substrates, acetylthiocholine iodide and butyrylthiocholine iodide, and three ChE inhibitors (eserine sulfate, BW284C51 and iso-OMPA). The results indicated that BChE is the predominant plasma ChE in female C. mydas, but with atypical properties that differ from those found in human BChE. Eggs from green turtles nesting at two sites in Laguna de Terminos contained µg g-1 (wet weight) quantities of organochlorine (OC) pesticides. Drins (aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, endrin ketone, endrin aldehyde) were found at the highest concentrations with no significant differences in the concentrations in eggs collected at the two sampling sites. A negative relationship was found between levels of OC pesticides in eggs and BChE activity in the plasma of female turtles laying the eggs. Since OC pesticides are not cholinesterase inhibitors, we hypothesized that this inverse relationship may be related to an antagonistic effect between OCs and organophosphate pesticides and mobilization of OCs from the fatty tissues of the female turtles into their eggs. However, further study is required to verify the hypothesis. It is also possible that other contaminants, such as petroleum hydrocarbons are responsible for the modulation of cholinesterase activity in female turtles.
Assuntos
Colinesterases/sangue , Ovos/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/metabolismo , Praguicidas/metabolismo , Tartarugas/fisiologia , Poluentes Químicos da Água/metabolismo , Animais , Inibidores da Colinesterase/metabolismo , Colinesterases/metabolismo , Dieldrin/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Inseticidas/metabolismo , México , Tartarugas/sangueRESUMO
The Uruguay River is receptor of pollutants, such as pesticides, from agriculture activities along its course. The present study reports concentration levels of organochlorinate, organophosphorus, and other pesticides in water and suspended solids in nine sampling sites of the Uruguay River. Data analyses included principal component analysis (PCA) to assess differences between sampling sites contamination. Most of the tested pesticides were ubiquitous due to the widely use in the chemical control of pests implemented in the region. Detected concentrations of aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor epoxide, lindane, 4,4'-DDT, endosulfan, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, methyl-parathion, and malathion were found to be over regional and international concentration level guidelines, according to the European Union, the US Environmental Protection Agency, or the Argentinean Secretariat of Environment and Sustainable Development. For this reason, future studies in Uruguay River Basin are needed.
Assuntos
Monitoramento Ambiental , Praguicidas/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Agricultura , Aldrina/análise , Argentina , DDT/análise , Dieldrin/análise , Endossulfano/análise , Hexaclorocicloexano/análise , Malation/análise , Rios , Inquéritos e Questionários , UruguaiRESUMO
In this study, 24 breast milk samples, obtained from rural Maya women, from municipalities of Yucatan, Mexico, were analyzed for organochlorine pesticide (OCP) residues by gas chromatography. Recent studies have shown that Maya communities have a poor perception about the proper usage and handling of OCP. The karstic soil in this area has a high vulnerability to groundwater pollution by the use of OCP in agriculture and livestock activities. The impact of the ecosystem on human health is much more critical due to the prevailing poverty and a very low educational level of these communities. About 30% of the Maya population consumes water directly from contaminated wells and sinkholes, resulting in a chronic exposure to OCP. The samples served to identify and quantify high levels of OCP residues (18.43 mg/kg of heptachlor epoxide and 1.92 mg/kg of endrin in the metropolitan zone; 2.10 mg/kg of dieldrin, 0.117 mg/kg of endosulfan II, 0.103 mg/kg of heptachlor, 0.178 mg/kg of endrin, and 0.127 mg/kg of endrin aldehyde in the main agricultural zone and on the west coast). The detected levels of OCP residues are a major concern and represent a potential risk to women and children in the region. This could be associated with the high rates of cervical uterine and breast cancer mortality in Yucatan. Thus, regulations on the usage of OCP and their enforcement are necessary, and it is important to establish a yearly monitoring program for OCP residues in breast milk and groundwater, as well as to implement health promotion programs for women in particular and the general population in general.
Assuntos
Poluentes Ambientais/metabolismo , Exposição Materna/estatística & dados numéricos , Leite Humano/metabolismo , Agricultura , Criança , Cromatografia Gasosa , Dieldrin/análise , Dieldrin/metabolismo , Endossulfano/análise , Endossulfano/metabolismo , Monitoramento Ambiental , Poluentes Ambientais/análise , Feminino , Água Subterrânea/química , Heptacloro/análise , Humanos , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/análise , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/metabolismo , México/etnologia , Leite Humano/química , Resíduos de Praguicidas/análise , Resíduos de Praguicidas/metabolismo , Praguicidas/análise , Praguicidas/metabolismo , Grupos Populacionais , SoloRESUMO
The toxicity induced by insecticides in aquatic organisms is of utmost relevance because it may give a clue about the degree of health or damage of the involved ecosystem. In the present report, we determined the effect of dieldrin (DD) and chlorpyrifos (CP) on the freshwater crayfish, Cambarellus montezumae. The organisms (4-6 cm in diameter) were collected in the Ignacio Ramirez Reservoir, situated at 50 km Northeast of Mexico City, in the Rio Lerma Basin. Initially, we determined the LC50 value with the Probit method, then the DNA damage with single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay applied at 24, 48, and 72 h of exposure) to the brain and hepatopancreas of animals exposed (in reconstituted water) to 0.05 and 0.5 microg/L of each insecticide. In the hepatopancreas of the same organisms, we determined the lipid peroxidation by applying the TBARS test. DNA damage and lipid peroxidation were also evaluated with the same methods to organisms exposed in water from the reservoir. In regard to the LC50, at 72 h of exposure, we found a value of 5.1 microg/L and a value of 5.62 microg/L for DD and CP, respectively. The comet assay applied at different exposure times showed significant DNA damage to both organs, with respect to the control level. In the case of DD, statistical significance was observed for the two doses in the whole evaluated schedule. CP was genotoxic in the brain with the high dose at 72 h, and in the hepatopancreas with the two tested doses at all evaluated exposure times. Also, a significant lipid peroxidation increase was detected with the two doses of insecticides. In the study with water from the reservoir, a more pronounced DNA damage was detected. Our results showed strong DNA damage induced by both insecticides in the crayfish, as well as a correlation with the lipid peroxidation effect, suggesting that oxidative stress is involved in the genotoxic alteration. Our results also showed the usefulness of the studied organism as well as the applied tests for the evaluation of toxicological effects, and suggested the pertinence of applying the comet assay to other freshwater organisms to evaluate the bioaccumulation of insecticides.
Assuntos
Astacoidea/efeitos dos fármacos , Clorpirifos/toxicidade , Dieldrin/toxicidade , Inseticidas/toxicidade , Animais , Ensaio Cometa , Dano ao DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Água Doce , Peroxidação de Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , MéxicoRESUMO
The toxicity induced by insecticides in aquatic organisms is of utmost relevance because it may give a clue about the degree of health or damage of the involved ecosystem. In the present report, we determined the effect of dieldrin (DD) and chlorpyrifos (CP) on the freshwater crayfish, Cambarellus montezumae. The organisms (4-6cm in diameter) were collected in the Ignacio Ramírez Reservoir, situated at 50km Northeast of Mexico City, in the Rio Lerma Basin. Initially, we determined the LC50 value with the Probit method, then the DNA damage with single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay applied at 24, 48, and 72h of exposure) to the brain and hepatopancreas of animals exposed (in reconstituted water) to 0.05 and 0.5µg/L of each insecticide. In the hepatopancreas of the same organisms, we determined the lipid peroxidation by applying the TBARS test. DNA damage and lipid peroxidation were also evaluated with the same methods to organisms exposed in water from the reservoir. In regard to the LC50 at 72h of exposure, we found a value of 5.1µg/L and a value of 5.62µg/L for DD and CP, respectively. The comet assay applied at different exposure times showed significant DNA damage to both organs, with respect to the control level. In the case of DD, statistical significance was observed for the two doses in the whole evaluated schedule. CP was genotoxic in the brain with the high dose at 72h, and in the hepatopancreas with the two tested doses at all evaluated exposure times. Also, a significant lipid peroxidation increase was detected with the two doses of insecticides. In the study with water from the reservoir, a more pronounced DNA damage was detected. Our results showed strong DNA damage induced by both insecticides in the crayfish, as well as a correlation with the lipid peroxidation effect, suggesting that oxidative stress is involved in the genotoxic alteration. Our results also showed the usefulness of the studied organism as well as the applied tests for the evaluation of toxicological effects, and suggested the pertinence of applying the comet assay to other freshwater organisms to evaluate the bioaccumulation of insecticides. Rev. Biol. Trop. 63 (1): 83-96. Epub 2015 March 01.
La toxicidad inducida por insecticidas en organismos acuáticos es de gran relevancia porque puede orientar sobre el grado de salud o daño del ecosistema involucrado. En el presente estudio determinamos el efecto del dieldrín (DD) y del clorpirifós (CP) en el acocil de agua dulce Cambarellus montezumae. Los organismos (4-6cm de diámetro) se recolectaron en la Represa Ignacio Ramírez, situada a 50km al Noreste de la Ciudad de México, en la cuenca del Río Lerma. Inicialmente determinamos la LC50 con el método de Probit y después el daño al ADN mediante la electroforesis unicelular en gel (ensayo cometa, aplicado a las 24, 48 y 72 h de exposición) en el cerebro y el hepatopáncreas de animales expuestos (en agua reconstituida) a 0.05 y 0.5µg/L de cada insecticida. En el hepatopáncreas de los mismos organismos determinamos la peroxidación lipídica aplicando la prueba de TBARS. El daño al ADN y la peroxidación lipídica también se evaluaron con los mismos métodos en organismos expuestos a los insecticidas en agua de la represa. En relación a la LC50, a las 72h de exposición encontramos un valor de 5.1µg/L y un valor de 5.62µg/L para DD y CP, respectivamente. El ensayo cometa aplicado a diferentes tiempos de exposición mostró un significativo daño al ADN en ambos órganos con respecto al valor del testigo. En el caso del DD se observó significancia estadística para las dos dosis en todo el horario evaluado. CP fue genotóxico en el cerebro con la dosis más alta a las 72 h y en hepatopáncreas con las dos dosis, en todos los tiempos de exposición evaluados. También se detectó un significativo aumento de la peroxidación lipídica con las dos dosis de los insecticidas. En el estudio con el agua de la represa se detectó un daño más pronunciado en el ADN. Nuestros resultados mostraron un fuerte daño al ADN en Cambarellus montezumae por ambos insecticidas, así como una correlación con el efecto de la peroxidación lipídica, lo que sugiere que el estrés oxidativo está involucrado en la alteración genotóxica. Nuestros resultados también mostraron la utilidad del organismo estudiado y de las pruebas aplicadas para evaluar efectos tóxicos, y sugieren la pertinencia de aplicar el ensayo cometa en otros organismos de agua dulce para evaluar la bioacumulación de insecticidas.
Assuntos
Animais , Astacoidea/efeitos dos fármacos , Clorpirifos/toxicidade , Dieldrin/toxicidade , Inseticidas/toxicidade , Ensaio Cometa , Dano ao DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Água Doce , Peroxidação de Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , MéxicoRESUMO
The aim of this study was to assess the exposure to organochlorine compounds (OC) in 91 primary wing feathers of avian scavengers, Turkey vulture (Cathartes aura), American black vulture (Coragyps atratus) and Southern crested caracaras (Polyborus plancus) from the southern tip of South America, in the Argentinean Patagonia. We analyzed for a series of OC including hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers, endosulfan, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p'-DDT), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (p,p'-DDD), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE), heptachlor and heptachlor-epoxide. This is the first study on OC in feathers of three terrestrial top carnivores from South America. OC concentrations found in the studied species were much higher than those found in feathers of raptors from Europe and Asia, which likely indicate their high use in the region, specifically in agriculture, and other possible uses of OC in this area. ∑HCH had the highest median concentration, followed by ∑Drins, ∑DDT, ∑Heptachlor, and ∑Endosulfan, similar to those reported in several food samples in Argentina. On the other hand, differences in OC profiles between species and areas may be related to feeding and migratory habits, as well as the molt period. Three individuals showed ∑DDT (DDT, DDD and DDE) concentrations in feathers related to sublethal effects. However, this comparison should be used with caution due to problems with extrapolating such data across tissues and species.
Assuntos
Aves , Poluentes Ambientais/análise , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/análise , Aldrina/análise , Animais , Argentina , DDT/análise , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno/análise , Diclorodifenildicloroetano/análise , Dieldrin/análise , Endossulfano/análise , Plumas/química , Heptacloro/análise , Hexaclorocicloexano/análiseRESUMO
Brown pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis) were listed as endangered in the United States in 1970, largely due to reproductive failure and mortality caused by organochlorine contaminants, such as DDT. The southeast population, P.o. carolinensis, was delisted in 1985, while the west coast population, P.o. californicus, was not delisted until 2009. As fish-eating coastal seabirds, brown pelicans may serve as a biomonitors. Organic contaminants were examined in brown pelican eggs collected from the Gulf of California in 2004 and South Carolina in 2005 using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Contaminants were compared using all individual data as well as statistically pooled samples to provide similar sample sizes with little difference in results. Principal components analysis separated the Gulf of California brown pelican eggs from the South Carolina eggs based on contaminant patterns. The South Carolina population had significantly (P<0.05) higher levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), chlordanes, dieldrin and mirex, while the Gulf of California eggs had higher levels of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs). With the exception of dieldrin and brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) 47, this pattern was observed for mussel and oyster tissues from these regions, indicating the need for further study into the differences between east and west coast brown pelican populations and ecosystem contamination patterns.
Assuntos
Aves , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Poluentes Ambientais/análise , Óvulo/química , Análise de Variância , Animais , Clordano/análise , DDT/análise , Dieldrin/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental/estatística & dados numéricos , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Hexaclorocicloexano/análise , Limite de Detecção , México , Mirex/análise , Análise Multivariada , Oceanos e Mares , Bifenilos Policlorados/análise , Análise de Componente Principal , South CarolinaRESUMO
The green mussel, Perna viridis, was used to measure bioaccumulated levels of organochlorine pesticides in the marine environment of Cuba. Samples were collected in the Cienfuegos Bay between January and December 2010. The organochlorine pesticides (i.e. DDT, Dieldrin, Chlordane, Endosulfan, HCB, Aldrin, Heptachlor and Lindane) were quantified by gas chromatography. The sum of all organochlorine pesticides in P. viridis was 6.31 ng g(-1). The concentration ranged from 3.53 to 4.42 ng g(-1) dry weight (dw) for DDTs (i.e. sum of pp' DDT, pp' DDD, op' DDE and pp' DDE); 1.7-1.9 ng g(-1) dw for Dieldrin; 0.17-0.20 ng g(-1) dw for Chlordanes; 0.14-0.16 ng g(-1) dw for Endosulfan; 0.11-0.17 ng g(-1) dw for HCB; 0.07-0.11 ng g(-1) dw for Aldrin; 0.046-0.054 ng g(-1) dw for Heptachlor and 0.035-0.039 ng g(-1) dw for Lindane. These levels can be considered as low when compared to reported values from similar studies conducted elsewhere in the world. The concentrations of all organochlorines residues detected in this study fell below the EU Maximum Residue Limits.
Assuntos
Monitoramento Ambiental , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/metabolismo , Perna (Organismo)/metabolismo , Praguicidas/metabolismo , Poluentes Químicos da Água/metabolismo , Aldrina/metabolismo , Animais , Baías/química , Cuba , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno/metabolismo , Dieldrin/metabolismo , Endossulfano/metabolismo , Heptacloro/metabolismo , Hexaclorobenzeno/metabolismo , Hexaclorocicloexano/metabolismo , Poluição Química da Água/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
Thirty six samples of bovine milk were collected from Chiapas State, Mexico between January 2011 and December 2011 with the intention of identifying and quantifying organochlorine pesticide residues in organic farms. The analyses were done using gas chromatography with an electron capture detector (Ni(63)). In general the values found in raw milk were lower than the permissible limit proposed by FAO/WHO/Codex Alimentarius 2006. Average concentrations for alpha + beta HCH were 3.62 ng/g, gamma HCH 0.34 ng/g, heptachlor + epoxide 0.67 ng/g, DDT and isomers 1.53 ng/g, aldrin + dieldrin 0.77 ng/g, and endrin 0.66 ng/g (only present in samples from farm 2). The organic milk from Chiapas has shown low concentrations of pesticide residues in recent years and satisfies international and national regulations for commercialization.
Assuntos
Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/análise , Leite/química , Resíduos de Praguicidas/análise , Aldrina/análise , Animais , Dieldrin/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Contaminação de Alimentos/estatística & dados numéricos , Hexaclorocicloexano/análise , MéxicoRESUMO
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including legacy POPs (PCBs, chlordanes, mirex, DDTs, HCB, and dieldrin) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants were determined in 300 blubber biopsy samples from coastal and near shore/estuarine male bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) sampled along the U.S. East and Gulf of Mexico coasts and Bermuda. Samples were from 14 locations including urban and rural estuaries and near a Superfund site (Brunswick, Georgia) contaminated with the PCB formulation Aroclor 1268. All classes of legacy POPs in estuarine stocks varied significantly (p < 0.05) among sampling locations. POP profiles in blubber varied by location with the most characteristic profile observed in bottlenose dolphins sampled near the Brunswick and Sapelo estuaries along the Georgia coast which differed significantly (p < 0.001) from other sites. Here and in Sapelo, PCB congeners from Aroclor 1268 dominated indicating widespread food web contamination by this PCB mixture. PCB 153, which is associated with non-Aroclor 1268 PCB formulations, correlated significantly to human population indicating contamination from a general urban PCB source. Factors influencing regional differences of other POPs were less clear and warrant further study. This work puts into geographical context POP contamination in dolphins to help prioritize efforts examining health effects from POP exposure in bottlenose dolphins.
Assuntos
Golfinho Nariz-de-Garrafa/metabolismo , Compostos Orgânicos/metabolismo , Poluentes Químicos da Água/metabolismo , Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Animais , Oceano Atlântico , Clordano/metabolismo , DDT/metabolismo , Dieldrin/metabolismo , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Hexaclorobenzeno/metabolismo , Mirex/metabolismo , Bifenilos Policlorados/metabolismo , Poluição Química da Água/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
Selected POPs were analyzed in blubber samples of Pontoporia blainvillei from Southern Brazil to appraise temporal trend over a 10 year period (1994-2004). Overall, levels of POPs were relatively low, especially when compared to Northern Hemisphere concentrations. Apart from Mirex and PCBs, which showed stable concentrations, DDTs, HCB, CHLs, Dieldrin levels presented a slight decrease over the studied period. In addition, the increase in the PCBs/DDTs ratio supports the idea that inputs of DDTs are decaying faster than PCBs.
Assuntos
Golfinhos/metabolismo , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/metabolismo , Praguicidas/metabolismo , Bifenilos Policlorados/metabolismo , Poluentes Químicos da Água/metabolismo , Poluição Química da Água/estatística & dados numéricos , Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Fatores Etários , Animais , Brasil , DDT/metabolismo , Dieldrin/metabolismo , Monitoramento Ambiental , Feminino , Previsões , Hexaclorobenzeno/metabolismo , Masculino , Mirex/metabolismo , Resíduos de Praguicidas/metabolismo , Fatores SexuaisRESUMO
Organochlorine (OC) pesticides were measured in the ambient air of Chiapas, Mexico during 2000-2001. Concentrations of some OC pesticides (DDTs, chlordanes, toxaphene) were elevated compared with levels in the Great Lakes region, while those of other pesticides were not (hexachlorocyclohexanes, dieldrin). While this suggests southern Mexico as a source region for the former group of chemicals, comparably high levels have also been reported in parts of the southern United States, where their suspected sources are soil emissions (DDTs, toxaphene) and termiticide usage (chlordane). Ratios of p,p'-DDT/p,p'-DDE and trans-chlordane/cis-chlordane/trans-nonachlor (TC/CC/TN) in Chiapas suggest a mixture of fresh and weathered sources, while congener profiles of toxaphene suggest emission of old residues from soils. This is supported by air parcel back trajectory analysis, which indicated that air masses over Chiapas at the time of sampling had previously passed over areas of continuing or recent use of some OC pesticides as well as areas of past use.
Assuntos
Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/análise , Inseticidas/análise , Aldrina/análise , Clordano/análise , DDT/análise , Dieldrin/análise , Endossulfano/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Hexaclorocicloexano/análise , México , Toxafeno/análiseRESUMO
Se describen los efectos diferidos de la exposición prenatal a algunos compuestos orgánicos persistentes, por el mecanismo del imprinting (reprogramación celular). Entre estos compuestos están algunas dioxinas, policlorobifenilos, el DDT y su metabolico DDE, el metoxiclor, clordecona (kepone), dieldrina, lindano, benzo(a)pireno y pentaclorofenol. El mecanismo involucra alteraciones irreversibles en la diferenciación o en la programación de diversos tipos celulares, con cambios en las características de algunos de sus receptores hormonales, los que favorecen el desarrollo de diversas patologías más tarde en la vida. Entre los efectos que se detectan durante la edad adulta en animales o humanos expuestos perinatalmente, se destacan alteraciones neuroconductuales, retraso en el desarrollo cognitivo, depresión inmune, infertilidad y otras alteraciones del aparato reproductor masculino y femenino, cambios en concentraciones de receptores para diversas hormonas y neurotransmisores y cambios en la capacidad del hígado a inducir diversos sistemas enzimáticos.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Compostos Orgânicos , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Clordecona , Poluentes Conservativos , DDT , Dieldrin , Dioxinas , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos , Hexaclorocicloexano , Pentaclorofenol , Bifenilos PolicloradosRESUMO
The annual global production of farmed salmon has increased by a factor of 40 during the past two decades. Salmon from farms in northern Europe, North America, and Chile are now available widely year-round at relatively low prices. Salmon farms have been criticized for their ecological effects, but the potential human health risks of farmed salmon consumption have not been examined rigorously. Having analyzed over 2 metric tons of farmed and wild salmon from around the world for organochlorine contaminants, we show that concentrations of these contaminants are significantly higher in farmed salmon than in wild. European-raised salmon have significantly greater contaminant loads than those raised in North and South America, indicating the need for further investigation into the sources of contamination. Risk analysis indicates that consumption of farmed Atlantic salmon may pose health risks that detract from the beneficial effects of fish consumption.
Assuntos
Ração Animal , Poluentes Ambientais/análise , Pesqueiros , Contaminação de Alimentos , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/análise , Oncorhynchus , Salmo salar , Análise de Variância , Ração Animal/análise , Ração Animal/toxicidade , Animais , Dieldrin/análise , Dieldrin/toxicidade , Dieta , Dioxinas/análise , Dioxinas/toxicidade , Poluentes Ambientais/toxicidade , Europa (Continente) , Produtos Pesqueiros/análise , Produtos Pesqueiros/toxicidade , Rotulagem de Alimentos , Humanos , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/toxicidade , América do Norte , Política Nutricional , Oncorhynchus keta , Oncorhynchus kisutch , Bifenilos Policlorados/análise , Bifenilos Policlorados/toxicidade , Medição de Risco , América do Sul , Toxafeno/análise , Toxafeno/toxicidade , Estados Unidos , United States Environmental Protection Agency , United States Food and Drug AdministrationRESUMO
Este trabalho apresenta um monitoramento de resíduos de pesticidas organoclorados em amostras de água e solo na região de Bauru, no período de 1997 a 2002, podendo, o mesmo protocolo, ser aplicado a outras regiões. As amostras estudadas foram coletadas em áreas agrícolas, buscando-se eleger micro-regiões com culturas representativas da área estudada, com situação geográfica e geoquímica típicas. Os resultados obtidos apontam para uma diminuição da concentração dos compostos alvos, quando avaliados após a estação de tratamento de águas, o que se deve especialmente a capacidade de adsorção dos mesmos na superfície de partículas em suspensão e/ou adsorção na argila utilizada, no sistema de filtro, durante o processo de tratamento da água distribuída a população
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Uso de Praguicidas , DDT , Dieldrin , Aldrina , Heptacloro , Resíduos de Praguicidas/análise , Resíduos Tóxicos , Microbiologia da Água , Análise do SoloRESUMO
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were quantified by GC-ECD in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) during a vegetation period. Plants were harvested at 15, 60, and 151 days after seed germination. Leaves, stem, roots, and fruit (peel and flesh) were analyzed separately. The results showed that tomato plants were able to accumulate OCPs from soils, and a trend to reach the equilibrium among tissues at mature stages was also observed. Endosulfans comprised the main OCP group, probably due to its spray during summer months in the surrounding areas. Banned pesticides such as DDTs, heptachlor, and dieldrin were found. OCPs levels in the fruit were below the maximum residues limits (MRL) considered by the Codex Alimentarius. DDE/DDT and alpha-/gamma-HCH ratios of <1 would indicate recent inputs of DDT and lindane in the environment. The occurrence of OCPs in the study farm, where agrochemicals have never been used, is a result of atmospheric deposition of those pesticides.
Assuntos
Alimentos Orgânicos/análise , Inseticidas/análise , Solanum lycopersicum/química , DDT/análise , Dieldrin/análise , Endossulfano/análise , Frutas/química , Heptacloro/análise , Folhas de Planta/química , Raízes de Plantas/química , Caules de Planta/química , Solo/análiseRESUMO
Amphibians, turtles, birds (mostly passerines) and mice collected from a conservation area in northwestern Costa Rica were analyzed for organochlorine (OC) pesticide contamination. Six of 39 amphibians (three of eight species), three of six turtles (two species), one of eight mice (one species) and 19 of 55 birds (five of seven species) contained OCs at levels up to 580 ng/g. The most frequently detected compound in 23 of 108 organisms was p,p'DDE. Dieldrin, delta-BHC, heptachlor, p,p'DDD, and endosulfan II were each found in at least four organisms, while eight other OCs were found in at least one organism. The presence of OCs in taxa from the conservation area indicates the likelihood of long-distance transport of such compounds through the atmosphere.
Assuntos
Ecossistema , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Poluentes Ambientais/análise , Poluição Ambiental , Inseticidas/análise , Anfíbios , Animais , Aves , Costa Rica , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno/análise , Diclorodifenildicloroetano/análise , Dieldrin/análise , Endossulfano/análise , Heptacloro/análise , Hexaclorocicloexano/análise , Camundongos , TartarugasRESUMO
The 2-week no observed effect (NOEC) and lowest observed effect (LOEC) concentrations of dieldrin were determined for Macrobrachium faustinum de Sassure in fresh and brackish waters. LOEC1,10,50,95 values in fresh water were 0.001, 0.003, 0.011 and 0.058 microg l(-1), respectively, and in brackish water, 0.00006, 0.00027, 0.00165, and 0.0172 microg l(-1), respectively. The 96-hr LC10, LC50 and LC95 values were 0.029, 0.123 and 0.771 microg l(-1), respectively. It is proposed that NOEC and LOEC be redefined to take into account the percentage of individuals affected, the severity of symptoms and the recovery of poisoned individuals. Two new terms are proposed--Median Observable Effect Concentration (MOEC) for pronounced toxic symptoms in most individuals but mortality in <50%, and Pronounced Observed Effect Concentration (POEC), which inflicts mortality in >50% individuals. Bioaccumulation of dieldrin by M. faustinum from surrounding fresh and brackish waters were rapid and fairly uniform for the first 48 h when the bioconcentration equilibrium (14.4 +/- 0.42 ng g(-1) at 0.001 microg l(-1) and 42.5 +/- 1.72 ng g(-1) at 0.01 phi g l(-1)) was achieved. Relative partitioning of residues (ng g(-1) wet wt.), after 24h exposure to 0.001 microg l(-1) of dieldrin in fresh water, in the different tissues was hepatopancreas > gonads > gills > large claws > muscle and exoskeleton. Shrimp which had accumulated 10.5 +/- 0.52 ng g(-1) dieldrin in fresh and brackish water, eliminated only about 52% of the residues after eight days in uncontaminated water.