RESUMO
The corvette Vital de Oliveira was the first Brazilian Navy vessel to circumnavigate the world, from 1879 to 1881. One of the items that concerned its captain, Júlio de Noronha, in his trip report was the food supply, which was further reinforced in the medical report for the expedition written by the head surgeon, Galdino Magalhães. This concern was notable due to the high numbers of sailors who sickened and died during the trip, which according to both reports may have been caused by shortages of certain foods. This article discusses the relationship between food and health in the crew, as well as the relationship between this journey and the implementation of a new ration table that took effect in 1886.
Entre 1879 e 1881 a corveta Vital de Oliveira realizou a primeira viagem de circum-navegação da Marinha Brasileira. Um dos itens que ocuparam as preocupações do comandante do navio, Júlio de Noronha, em seu relatório da viagem foi a alimentação; preocupação reforçada no relatório médico da expedição redigido pelo primeiro-cirurgião Galdino Magalhães. Essa preocupação ganhou destaque devido ao elevado saldo de enfermos e mortos durante a viagem, para o que teria contribuído a carência de determinados gêneros alimentícios, de acordo com ambos os relatórios. O artigo discute a relação entre a alimentação e a saúde das tripulações. Além disso, trata da relação entre a viagem da Vital e a implementação de uma nova tabela de rações efetivada em 1886.
Assuntos
Dieta/história , Expedições/história , Militares/história , Ciências da Nutrição/história , Brasil , História do Século XIX , Humanos , Masculino , Desnutrição/história , Recomendações Nutricionais/história , Navios/históriaRESUMO
Resumo Entre 1879 e 1881 a corveta Vital de Oliveira realizou a primeira viagem de circum-navegação da Marinha Brasileira. Um dos itens que ocuparam as preocupações do comandante do navio, Júlio de Noronha, em seu relatório da viagem foi a alimentação; preocupação reforçada no relatório médico da expedição redigido pelo primeiro-cirurgião Galdino Magalhães. Essa preocupação ganhou destaque devido ao elevado saldo de enfermos e mortos durante a viagem, para o que teria contribuído a carência de determinados gêneros alimentícios, de acordo com ambos os relatórios. O artigo discute a relação entre a alimentação e a saúde das tripulações. Além disso, trata da relação entre a viagem da Vital e a implementação de uma nova tabela de rações efetivada em 1886.
Abstract The corvette Vital de Oliveira was the first Brazilian Navy vessel to circumnavigate the world, from 1879 to 1881. One of the items that concerned its captain, Júlio de Noronha, in his trip report was the food supply, which was further reinforced in the medical report for the expedition written by the head surgeon, Galdino Magalhães. This concern was notable due to the high numbers of sailors who sickened and died during the trip, which according to both reports may have been caused by shortages of certain foods. This article discusses the relationship between food and health in the crew, as well as the relationship between this journey and the implementation of a new ration table that took effect in 1886.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , História do Século XIX , Dieta/história , Expedições/história , Ciências da Nutrição/história , Militares/história , Brasil , Desnutrição/história , Recomendações Nutricionais/históriaAssuntos
Desnutrição/história , Pancreatopatias/história , Pediatria/história , Publicações Periódicas como Assunto/história , Criança , História do Século XX , Humanos , Desnutrição/diagnóstico , Desnutrição/etiologia , Pancreatopatias/complicações , Pancreatopatias/diagnóstico , Testes de Função PancreáticaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Recent measles outbreaks in the United States and Europe have highlighted the threat of the disease. We studied the 1917-1918 epidemic in Puerto Rico to better understand the social and place-specific risk factors and severity of such crises. METHODS: We reviewed medical and government reports, newspapers and private contemporary documents. RESULTS: The epidemic developed over two years, encompassed the Island, and caused nearly 2,000 deaths among more than 9,000 registered cases (with much underreporting). During the first six months, 59% of fatalities were children under 2 years of age. Officials recognized poor nutrition and living conditions as an important determinant of epidemic severity. Responses came from different social sectors before the central government mobilized to help. In San Juan, Catholic and Protestant churches and philanthropic women from both Spanish and Englishlanguage communities joined to provide free milk to needy children and create a temporary Infants' Hospital. Despite food scarcity and wartime conditions, central and municipal governments established hospitals and milk stations. CONCLUSION: Studies that examine the impact of reemerging diseases in a time and place-specific context look at disease severity together with the socioeconomic conditions of patients and health care systems. This type of investigation also suggests avenues into the history of pediatrics, the use of epidemiologic methods, the utility of historical statistics, nutritional history, and the history of disaster response. Historical and recent outbreaks show the need for health care professionals and public health systems to be prepared to confront measles epidemics.
Assuntos
Transtornos da Nutrição Infantil/história , Surtos de Doenças/história , Desnutrição/história , Sarampo/história , Fatores Etários , Transtornos da Nutrição Infantil/complicações , Pré-Escolar , História do Século XX , Humanos , Desnutrição/complicações , Sarampo/epidemiologia , Sarampo/mortalidade , Saúde Pública/história , Porto Rico/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
In this study, we shed light on the interdependency of child growth, morbidity and life expectancy in the fisher-hunter-gatherers of the Jabuticabeira II shell mound (1214-830 cal B.C.E. - 118-413 cal C.E.) located at the South Coast of Brazil. We test the underlying causes of heterogeneity in frailty and selective mortality in a population that inhabits a plentiful environment in sedentary settlements. We reconstruct osteobiographies of 41 individuals (23 adults and 18 subadults) using 8 variables, including age-at-death, stature, non-specific stress markers (cribra orbitalia, porotic hyperostosis, periosteal reactions, periapical lesions and linear enamel hypoplasia), as well as weaning patterns based on stable isotope data to examine how stress factors module growth and survival. Our results show that shorter adult statures were linked to higher morbidity around weaning age and higher chances of dying earlier (before 35 years) than taller adult statures. In addition, short juvenile stature was related to physiological stressors and mortality. The adult "survivors" experienced recurrent periods of morbidity during childhood and adulthood, possibly associated with the high parasite load of the ecosystem and dense settlement rather than to malnourishment. An association between early-stress exposure and premature death was not demonstrated in our sample. To explain our data, we propose a new model called "intermittent stress of low lethality". According to this model, individuals are exposed to recurrent stress during the juvenile and adult stages of life, and, nevertheless survive until reproductive age or later with relative success.
Assuntos
Desenvolvimento Infantil , Fósseis/anatomia & histologia , Expectativa de Vida/história , Estresse Fisiológico , Adulto , Antropologia Física , Estatura , Brasil , Criança , Hipoplasia do Esmalte Dentário/história , Dieta Paleolítica/história , Ecossistema , Feminino , Fragilidade , Transtornos do Crescimento/história , História Antiga , Humanos , Masculino , Desnutrição/história , Modelos Biológicos , MorbidadeRESUMO
The aim of this manuscript is to highlight the contribution of the first two generations of physicians who faced malnutrition in Chile, between the end of nineteenth century and the first decades of the twentieth century. In the history of Chilean medicine, there is a paucity of research about the role of these physicians in the fight against malnutrition. The main interest was centered in the forties of the twentieth century and the first policies and actions for the working class feeding have been overlooked. The existence of two pioneering groups that have common elements and differences to face the problem of under nutrition is established.
Assuntos
Pesquisa Biomédica/história , Desnutrição/história , Chile , Ingestão de Energia , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , Humanos , Desnutrição/prevenção & controle , Política Nutricional/história , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
The aim of this manuscript is to highlight the contribution of the first two generations of physicians who faced malnutrition in Chile, between the end of nineteenth century and the first decades of the twentieth century. In the history of Chilean medicine, there is a paucity of research about the role of these physicians in the fight against malnutrition. The main interest was centered in the forties of the twentieth century and the first policies and actions for the working class feeding have been overlooked. The existence of two pioneering groups that have common elements and differences to face the problem of under nutrition is established.
Assuntos
Humanos , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , Pesquisa Biomédica/história , Desnutrição/história , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Ingestão de Energia , Chile , Política Nutricional/história , Desnutrição/prevenção & controleAssuntos
Dissacarídeos/história , Desnutrição/história , Doenças Metabólicas/história , Criança , Dissacarídeos/efeitos adversos , Dissacarídeos/metabolismo , História do Século XX , Humanos , Desnutrição/complicações , Desnutrição/metabolismo , Doenças Metabólicas/complicações , Pediatria/história , Publicações Periódicas como Assunto/históriaRESUMO
Entre el 8 y 10% de los niños atendidos en atención primaria, presentan una falta de progreso en el peso. El diagnóstico diferencial incluye ingesta calórica inadecuada, inadecuada absorción y metabolismo aumentado. Se reconoce a un niño que no sube de peso por su historia alimentaria, historia médica, historia social, historia familiar y evaluación del apetito. Entre las diferentes causas de falla para crecer están baja talla constitucional, abuso sexual, maltrato infantil, depresión postparto, enfermedad celíaca y esofagitis eosinofílica, entre otros. Entre los pilares en el manejo del niño que no progresa de peso están enfoque terapéutico, apoyo nutricional, hábitos dietéticos y manejo especializado.
Between 8 and 10% of children seen in primary care, have a lack of progress in weight. The differential diagnosis includes inadequate caloric intake, inadequate absorption and increased metabolism. It is recognized that a child does not gain weight by diet history, medical history, social history, family history and evaluation of appetite. Among the various causes of failure to thrive are constitutional short stature, sexual abuse, child abuse, postpartum depression, celiac disease and eosinophilic esophagitis, among others. Among the mainstays in the management of child weight are not progressing therapeutic approach, nutritional support, dietary habits and specialized management.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Crescimento/fisiologia , Crescimento/genética , Desnutrição/classificação , Desnutrição/complicações , Desnutrição/congênito , Desnutrição/diagnóstico , Desnutrição/dietoterapia , Desnutrição/epidemiologia , Desnutrição/genética , Desnutrição/história , Desnutrição/mortalidade , Desnutrição/patologia , Desnutrição/prevenção & controleRESUMO
From its earliest years, INCAP gave a high priority to a multidisciplinary effort to learn as much as possible about the dietary habits, nutritional status, and their consequences in the populations of Central America and Panama. Most of the papers in this Special Issue contain some of this information. The first studies were in schoolchildren but were soon extended to preschool children, pregnant and lactating women, and other adults. This paper describes the principal findings of the initial dietary, biochemical, and clinical community-based studies. From 1965-67, very extensive studies were carried out in all six countries including dietary, biochemical, clinical, and anthological studies were carried out in all six countries, the results of which are summarized.
Assuntos
Academias e Institutos/história , Desnutrição/história , América Central/epidemiologia , Países Desenvolvidos , Dieta , História do Século XX , Humanos , Comunicação Interdisciplinar , Desnutrição/epidemiologia , Inquéritos Nutricionais , Estado Nutricional , Panamá/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
This Special Issue summarizes the results of several studies aimed at providing information on a series of questions related to the adequate protein and energy intakes that allow adequate growth and function in children and work performance and productivity in adults. The effect of different sources of protein on nitrogen balance and the requirements of essential amino acids in young children were also explored in fully recovered, previously malnourished children housed in the Metabolic Ward of the Biomedical Division of INCAP. The following are the main results of these investigations: Animal experiments and studies in children recovering from protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) strongly suggest that even when requirements of all nutrients are satisfied, inactivity reduces the rate of linear growth and physical activity improves it as well as lean body mass repletion. The effects of different energy intakes on nitrogen balance demonstrated how energy intake modifies the need to ingest different amounts of protein to satisfy protein requirements. Insensible nitrogen losses in preschool children and their relation to protein intake was demonstrated. The quality of even "good protein sources" modifies the amount needed to satisfy nitrogen requirements, and corn and bean-based diets can satisfy protein needs for health and even growth of young children. Essential amino acid requirements of 2-year-old children was assessed by diverse measurements of nitrogen metabolism and amino acid levels in blood, and were found lower than those recommended by FAO-WHO. In rural adult populations the relationship between energy and protein intake, productivity and body composition, and the impact of environmental hygiene on nitrogen balance was demonstrated and measured.
Assuntos
Academias e Institutos/história , Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Proteínas Alimentares/metabolismo , Metabolismo Energético , Desnutrição/história , Adulto , Animais , Composição Corporal , América Central , Criança , Desenvolvimento Infantil , Pré-Escolar , História do Século XX , Humanos , Desnutrição/fisiopatologia , Atividade Motora , Política Nutricional/história , Necessidades Nutricionais , Desnutrição Proteico-Calórica/dietoterapia , Desnutrição Proteico-Calórica/história , Desnutrição Proteico-Calórica/fisiopatologia , Análise e Desempenho de TarefasRESUMO
As soon as the Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama (INCAP) began to study the poor nutritional status and stunting of children in the rural villages of Central America, it was apparent that infections, particularly diarrheas, were also a serious problem. Studies of kwashiorkor indicated that infections precipitated kwashiorkor and anemia in children who were already malnourished. In the 1940s there was almost no suggestion in the literature of a relation between nutrition and infection. INCAP gradually identified the mechanisms by which any infection worsens nutritional status and demonstrated that infections were more severe and more often fatal in malnourished children and adults. These studies ultimately led to the 1968 World Health Organization (WHO) monograph "Interactions of nutrition and infection" and widespread recognition by public health workers of the importance of this relationship for morbidity and mortality in poorly nourished populations.
Assuntos
Academias e Institutos/história , Infecções/história , Desnutrição/história , Adulto , América Central/epidemiologia , Criança , Desenvolvimento Infantil , Pré-Escolar , Pesquisa Participativa Baseada na Comunidade , Dieta , Surtos de Doenças/história , Disenteria/complicações , Disenteria/epidemiologia , Disenteria/história , Feminino , História do Século XX , Humanos , Infecções/complicações , Infecções/epidemiologia , Infecções/etiologia , Masculino , Desnutrição/complicações , Desnutrição/epidemiologia , Desnutrição/imunologia , Estado Nutricional/imunologia , GravidezRESUMO
This paper reviews the main findings and policy implications of 50 years (1949-1999) of research conducted by INCAP on growth and development. Topical areas reviewed include a) maternal size and birthweight and the causes of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), b) patterns and causes of postnatal growth retardation, c) the relative importance of genetics and the environment in explaining differences in growth among populations, d) the implications of being small, for both children and adults, e) bone growth and maturation and dental development, f) menarche, and g) methodological contributions such as anthropometric reference data, quality control of data collection, development of risk indicators and use of anthropometry in nutrition surveillance systems. Key contributions to knowledge by INCAP include a) characterization of growth failure and maturational delays as mainly occurring during the intrauterine period and the first 3 years of life b) clarification of the role of small maternal size and of inadequate dietary intakes during pregnancy as major causes of intrauterine growth failure, c) evidence that diarrheal diseases and poor dietary intakes are the principal causes of growth failure in early childhood, d) demonstration that environmental factors related to poverty, and not genetic or racial ancestry, account for most of the differences in growth between populations, e) evidence that growth failure predicts functional impairment in the child as well as in the adult andf) demonstration that nutrition interventions are effective in preventing growth failure and its consequences, if targeted to needy women and young children. INCAP's work has contributed knowledge that has informed and improved policies and programs aimed at overcoming maternal and child undernutrition and promoting optimal growth and development.
Assuntos
Academias e Institutos/história , Pesquisa Biomédica , Desenvolvimento Infantil , Desnutrição/história , Adolescente , Adulto , Desenvolvimento Ósseo , América Central/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Dieta , Feminino , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/epidemiologia , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/etiologia , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/história , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/fisiopatologia , Transtornos do Crescimento/epidemiologia , Transtornos do Crescimento/etiologia , Transtornos do Crescimento/história , Transtornos do Crescimento/fisiopatologia , História do Século XX , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Desnutrição/complicações , Desnutrição/epidemiologia , Desnutrição/fisiopatologia , Menarca , Política Nutricional , Pobreza , Gravidez , Doenças Dentárias/etiologia , Doenças Dentárias/históriaRESUMO
This paper reviews research with policy relevance for food and nutrition in Central America and similar areas. The research was conducted by the Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama (INCAP) during the last three decades of the past millennium (1970-99). Six policy areas were selected for this review: agricultural commercialization and rural development; wage and price policies; human resource development; social safety nets, particularly complementary food programs; multi-sectoral nutrition planning; and food and nutrition monitoring for policy formulation. The contents and major conclusions of the work are described, as well as their public policy implications.
Assuntos
Academias e Institutos , Desenvolvimento Econômico/história , Economia , Desnutrição/epidemiologia , Política Nutricional , Pobreza/prevenção & controle , Academias e Institutos/história , Agricultura , América Central/epidemiologia , Comércio , Economia/história , Emprego , Características da Família , Abastecimento de Alimentos/economia , Planejamento em Saúde , História do Século XX , Humanos , Desnutrição/história , Política Nutricional/história , Estado Nutricional , Vigilância de Evento SentinelaRESUMO
This article analyzes the links between the biological and social spheres established by Josué de Castro in his studies of alimentation. First it looks at how the author introduced modem dietary principles at the same time that hunger and malnutrition were unveiled in parts of Brazil, aiming at the configuration of a national alimentation policy. Second, at it examines how he expanded the debate, giving visibility to the dynamics of states and the political direction of a world that was being dismantled in which hunger and alimentation were an intrinsic part of the spatial distribution of power. In the postwar scenario the dietary principles of quantity, quality, harmony and adequacy were transposed as the guiding principles for a society without hunger at the global scale.
Assuntos
Dietética/história , Abastecimento de Alimentos/história , Fome , Desnutrição/história , Política Nutricional/história , Brasil , Ingestão de Energia/fisiologia , Geografia , História do Século XX , Humanos , Fome/fisiologia , Política , I Guerra MundialRESUMO
Este estudo analisa os efeitos das carências alimentares na saúde dos goianos ao longo do século XIX. Em decorrência das limitações da atividade de subsistência, que não conseguia produzir o necessário para o consumo, havia um verdadeiro estado crônico de carestia e de crise alimentar que comumente se tornava fome declarada e generalizada. Desde os tempos mais remotos, os goianos habituaram-se a buscar suprimentos alimentícios nas matas para completar a sua dieta, diante da insuficiente produção de alimentos. Tais condições determinaram a constituição de uma alimentação banal, baseada em milho, mandioca, arroz, feijão, carne-seca, temperada com pouquíssimo sal. Apesar de essa comida enfadonha ter saciado a fome de muitos, a longo prazo, contribuiu para a disseminação de doenças, principalmente as nutricionais (AU).