RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether youth, family, and neighborhood factors and minoritized status are associated with youth-reported sexual victimization from childhood through young adulthood. METHODS: We analyzed longitudinal data from 2 population-based samples of Puerto Rican youth living in the South Bronx (as a minoritized group) and Puerto Rico (as a nonminoritized group). Waves 1 to 3 were collected annually beginning in 2000 (youth age 5-13). Wave 4 was collected 2013 to 2017 (youth age 15-29). We estimated multivariable associations between youth, family, and neighborhood factors and minoritized status at Wave 1 (independent variables); and youth-reported sexual victimization at Waves 1 to 4 (dependent variables). RESULTS: None of the factors was associated with youth-reported sexual victimization at Wave 1 (N = 1911). Among youth reporting no previous history of sexual victimization at Wave 1 (n = 1823), youth in the South Bronx vs Puerto Rico were more likely to report sexual victimization at Waves 2 or 3 (odds ratio (OR) [95% confidence interval (CI)] = 3.62 [1.46-8.97]). Older youth were less likely to report sexual victimization (OR [95% CI] = 0.77 [0.65-0.91]) (all P < .01). Among youth reporting no history of sexual victimization at Waves 1 to 3 (n = 1782), youth in the South Bronx (OR [95% CI] = 2.53 [1.52-4.22]), female youth (OR [95% CI] = 2.81 [1.83-4.30]), and youth whose parents had more than a high school degree (OR [95% CI] = 2.25 [1.38-3.67]) were more likely to report sexual victimization at Wave 4 than their counterparts (all P ≤ .001). CONCLUSIONS: Future research should investigate how living as a minoritized youth may contribute to an increased risk of sexual victimization.
Assuntos
Vítimas de Crime , Hispânico ou Latino , Características de Residência , Delitos Sexuais , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Adulto Jovem , Estudos Longitudinais , Grupos Minoritários , Cidade de Nova Iorque , Porto Rico , Fatores de Risco , Delitos Sexuais/etnologia , Delitos Sexuais/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
Increasing numbers of Central American women cross the U.S.-Mexico border, prompting social service providers, advocates, and policy makers to investigate motivations and appropriate responses. Drawing from a constructivist grounded theory study and in-depth qualitative interviews, this article explores women's experiences of domestic and sexual violence in relation to migration. Findings reveal interconnections across multiple and interconnecting categories of violence as precipitating factors for migration, during border-crossing, and following arrival in the United States. This study fills gaps in our understanding of the violence-migration nexus and provides direction for policy, practice, and advocacy, in the context of shifting political landscapes and migration trends.
Assuntos
Vítimas de Crime/estatística & dados numéricos , Migração Humana/estatística & dados numéricos , Delitos Sexuais/etnologia , Adulto , América Central/etnologia , Emigração e Imigração/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Humanos , Delitos Sexuais/estatística & dados numéricos , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Violence against women is primarily a socially produced issue of gender-hierarchy cultural values. This study aimed to unveil the meanings assigned to sexual violence against women in the forró lyrics by adolescent boys living on the outskirts of Fortaleza, Ceará State, Brazil. Our point of departure was ethnomusicology, the theory of which contends that studies of regional songs and their performances transcend the geographic space in which they are performed, to the extent that they reflect universally disseminated practices in the legitimation of violence. The study was conducted in state public schools in the Bom Jardim neighborhood on the outskirts of Fortaleza. This neighborhood has the highest rates of violence against women in the city. Focus groups were conducted with six to eight participants each, debating three forró songs whose lyrics referred to sexual violence. The results showed that the lyrics reproduce and influence patriarchal ideologies among Northeast Brazilian youth. Quotes by the boys reveal the discourse of "reverse rape", which seeks to condone sexual violence through the reversal of gender roles, ignoring socially constructed asymmetries. Forró proves to be a gender arena in which gladiators compete to flaunt notions of manhood, sexuality, and gender relations, replicating the dominant sexism in contemporary Brazilian society and contributing to the perpetuation of violence against women.
A violência contra a mulher é, antes de tudo, uma questão de valores culturais hierárquicos de gênero produzidos socialmente. Desse modo, esta pesquisa buscou compreender os sentidos atribuídos à violência sexual contra a mulher expressa nas letras de forró por rapazes adolescentes residentes na periferia de Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil. Partimos da etnomusicologia, cuja teoria considera que estudos de músicas regionais e suas performances transpõem o espaço geográfico de sua execução, na medida em que descortinam práticas universalmente disseminadas de legitimação de violências. A pesquisa foi realizada em escolas estaduais do bairro Bom Jardim, na periferia de Fortaleza. Esse bairro registra os piores índices de violências contra as mulheres do município. Foram realizados grupos focais com seis a oito participantes, em que foram debatidas três músicas de forró cujas letras remetiam à violência sexual. Os resultados demonstraram como as músicas reproduzem e influenciam ideologias patriarcais entre os jovens nordestinos. Observa-se nas falas o discurso do "estupro reverso", que busca justificar a violência sexual por meio da inversão de papeis de gênero, ignorando assimetrias socialmente construídas. O forró se demonstra uma arena de gênero, onde gladiadores competem para registrar ideias de masculinidade, sexualidade e relações de gênero, replicando o sexismo dominante na sociedade contemporânea e contribuindo para a perpetuação da violência contra a mulher.
La violencia contra la mujer es, ante todo, una cuestión de valores culturales jerárquicos de género producidos socialmente. Por ello, esta investigación procuró comprender los sentidos atribuidos a la violencia sexual contra la mujer, expresada en las letras del forró por parte de chicos adolescentes, residentes en la periferia de Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil. Partimos de la etnomusicología, cuya teoría considera que los estudios de músicas regionales y sus representaciones traspasan el espacio geográfico de su ejecución, en la medida en que desvelan prácticas universalmente diseminadas de legitimación de la violencia. La investigación se realizó en escuelas estatales del barrio de Bom Jardim, en la periferia de Fortaleza. Este barrio registra los peores índices de violencia contra las mujeres del municipio. Se crearon grupos focales de seis a ocho participantes, en los que se debatieron tres canciones de forró, cuyas letras remitían a la violencia sexual. Los resultados demostraron de qué forma las canciones reproducen e influencian ideologías patriarcales entre los jóvenes nordestinos. Se observa en las intervenciones el discurso de la "violación inversa", que busca justificar la violencia sexual mediante la inversión de los papeles de género, ignorando las asimetrías socialmente construidas. El forró demuestra ser la arena de un coliseo del género, donde los gladiadores compiten para registrar ideas de masculinidad, sexualidad y relaciones de género, replicando el sexismo dominante en la sociedad contemporánea y contribuyendo a la perpetuación de la violencia contra la mujer.
Assuntos
Música , Estupro , Delitos Sexuais/etnologia , Sexismo/etnologia , Adolescente , Brasil , Cultura , Feminino , Grupos Focais , Humanos , Relações Interpessoais , Masculino , População UrbanaRESUMO
A violência contra a mulher é, antes de tudo, uma questão de valores culturais hierárquicos de gênero produzidos socialmente. Desse modo, esta pesquisa buscou compreender os sentidos atribuídos à violência sexual contra a mulher expressa nas letras de forró por rapazes adolescentes residentes na periferia de Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil. Partimos da etnomusicologia, cuja teoria considera que estudos de músicas regionais e suas performances transpõem o espaço geográfico de sua execução, na medida em que descortinam práticas universalmente disseminadas de legitimação de violências. A pesquisa foi realizada em escolas estaduais do bairro Bom Jardim, na periferia de Fortaleza. Esse bairro registra os piores índices de violências contra as mulheres do município. Foram realizados grupos focais com seis a oito participantes, em que foram debatidas três músicas de forró cujas letras remetiam à violência sexual. Os resultados demonstraram como as músicas reproduzem e influenciam ideologias patriarcais entre os jovens nordestinos. Observa-se nas falas o discurso do "estupro reverso", que busca justificar a violência sexual por meio da inversão de papeis de gênero, ignorando assimetrias socialmente construídas. O forró se demonstra uma arena de gênero, onde gladiadores competem para registrar ideias de masculinidade, sexualidade e relações de gênero, replicando o sexismo dominante na sociedade contemporânea e contribuindo para a perpetuação da violência contra a mulher.
Violence against women is primarily a socially produced issue of gender-hierarchy cultural values. This study aimed to unveil the meanings assigned to sexual violence against women in the forró lyrics by adolescent boys living on the outskirts of Fortaleza, Ceará State, Brazil. Our point of departure was ethnomusicology, the theory of which contends that studies of regional songs and their performances transcend the geographic space in which they are performed, to the extent that they reflect universally disseminated practices in the legitimation of violence. The study was conducted in state public schools in the Bom Jardim neighborhood on the outskirts of Fortaleza. This neighborhood has the highest rates of violence against women in the city. Focus groups were conducted with six to eight participants each, debating three forró songs whose lyrics referred to sexual violence. The results showed that the lyrics reproduce and influence patriarchal ideologies among Northeast Brazilian youth. Quotes by the boys reveal the discourse of "reverse rape", which seeks to condone sexual violence through the reversal of gender roles, ignoring socially constructed asymmetries. Forró proves to be a gender arena in which gladiators compete to flaunt notions of manhood, sexuality, and gender relations, replicating the dominant sexism in contemporary Brazilian society and contributing to the perpetuation of violence against women.
La violencia contra la mujer es, ante todo, una cuestión de valores culturales jerárquicos de género producidos socialmente. Por ello, esta investigación procuró comprender los sentidos atribuidos a la violencia sexual contra la mujer, expresada en las letras del forró por parte de chicos adolescentes, residentes en la periferia de Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil. Partimos de la etnomusicología, cuya teoría considera que los estudios de músicas regionales y sus representaciones traspasan el espacio geográfico de su ejecución, en la medida en que desvelan prácticas universalmente diseminadas de legitimación de la violencia. La investigación se realizó en escuelas estatales del barrio de Bom Jardim, en la periferia de Fortaleza. Este barrio registra los peores índices de violencia contra las mujeres del municipio. Se crearon grupos focales de seis a ocho participantes, en los que se debatieron tres canciones de forró, cuyas letras remitían a la violencia sexual. Los resultados demostraron de qué forma las canciones reproducen e influencian ideologías patriarcales entre los jóvenes nordestinos. Se observa en las intervenciones el discurso de la "violación inversa", que busca justificar la violencia sexual mediante la inversión de los papeles de género, ignorando las asimetrías socialmente construidas. El forró demuestra ser la arena de un coliseo del género, donde los gladiadores compiten para registrar ideas de masculinidad, sexualidad y relaciones de género, replicando el sexismo dominante en la sociedad contemporánea y contribuyendo a la perpetuación de la violencia contra la mujer.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Estupro , Delitos Sexuais/etnologia , Música , População Urbana , Grupos Focais , Cultura , Sexismo/etnologia , Relações InterpessoaisRESUMO
HIV prevalence was estimated among migrants in transit through Mexico. Data were collected on 9108 Central American migrants during a cross-sectional study performed in seven migrant shelters from 2009 to 2013. Considerations focused on their sociodemographic characteristics, sexual and reproductive health, and experience with violence. Based on a sample of 46.6 % of respondents who agreed to be HIV tested, prevalence of the virus among migrants came to 0.71 %, reflecting the concentrated epidemic in their countries of origin. A descriptive analysis was performed according to gender: the distribution of the epidemic peaked at 3.45 % in the transvestite, transgender and transsexual (TTT) population, but fell to less than 1 % in men and women. This gender differential is characteristic of the epidemic in Central America. Furthermore, 23.5 % of TTTs and 5.8 % of women experienced sexual violence. The predominant impact of sexual violence on TTTs and women will influence the course of the AIDS epidemic.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/etnologia , Migrantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/etnologia , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , América Central/etnologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Distribuição por Sexo , Delitos Sexuais/etnologia , Minorias Sexuais e de Gênero/estatística & dados numéricos , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Although research examining intimate partner violence (IPV) has expanded in recent years, there has been relatively little examination of the related demographic and psychosocial factors, as well as mental health outcomes, for IPV before and during pregnancy, especially in a Mexican American population. The current study provides a snapshot of the occurrence of IPV in a community sample of low-income, perinatal Mexican American women (n = 320). Results indicated that 13.1% of the women reported IPV before pregnancy and 11.3% reported IPV during pregnancy. For both IPV before and during pregnancy, women born in the United States were more likely to report IPV than foreign-born women. For IPV before pregnancy, women who were not in a serious romantic relationship or reported a history of childhood trauma were also more likely to report IPV. For IPV during pregnancy, women who reported higher general stress and lower social support were also more likely to report IPV. Finally, the current study provided strong evidence that a history of IPV predicted elevated postpartum depressive symptoms, above and beyond the impact of prenatal depressive symptoms. This study brings greater awareness to a complex and harmful situation in an understudied population. Results are discussed in terms of the relation between demographic and psychosocial risk for IPV before and during pregnancy, acculturation, and postpartum depressive symptoms, as well as the implications for the development of future prevention and intervention programs.
Assuntos
Depressão Pós-Parto/epidemiologia , Relações Interpessoais , Violência/psicologia , Violência/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Depressão Pós-Parto/etnologia , Feminino , Humanos , Americanos Mexicanos/etnologia , Gravidez , Prevalência , Psicologia , Fatores de Risco , Delitos Sexuais/etnologia , Delitos Sexuais/psicologia , Delitos Sexuais/estatística & dados numéricos , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Violência/etnologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Non-partner sexual violence (NPSV), an important risk factor for HIV, is of global public health significance and understudied. The 2010 earthquake interacted syndemically with structural factors to increase sexual violence and HIV risk for women in Cité Soleil, Haiti. We used an exploratory sequential qualitative design and Grounded Theory to investigate language/terminology for NPSV, victims and perpetrators, and health effects of NPSV on victims, in four focus groups: Health care providers (HCPs) (n=3; n=8), community advocates (n=8), and victims (n=8). Crucial differences exist among stakeholders: HCPs prefer French and possess different explanatory models of illness from victims, who provided more extensive and explicit descriptions (e.g., "strangled like a chicken," "tuyo"/"faucet"/"flooding" for gang rapes). Victims also reported purposeful injury to their external and internal genitalia, signaling STI/HIV risk. Reconciling within-culture differences between victims and HCPs can inform screening, diagnosis, treatment, follow-up and delivery of relevant interventions.
Assuntos
Vítimas de Crime/psicologia , Delitos Sexuais/etnologia , Adulto , Atitude Frente a Saúde/etnologia , Atenção à Saúde , Feminino , Teoria Fundamentada , Infecções por HIV/etnologia , Infecções por HIV/etiologia , Haiti/epidemiologia , Humanos , Idioma , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Características de Residência , Delitos Sexuais/psicologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
This study describes the prevalence of abuse and mental health issues among a cohort of HIV-infected Haitian women living in the United States. We present data on 96 women, ages 19-73 years (M = 47.6, SD = 11.1), who were screened for mental health concerns between 2009 and 2012. Results demonstrated that 12.5% of the women reported a history of abuse. However, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) secondary to HIV was reported by approximately 34% of women. Depression and anxiety were also highly reported, with rates of 49% and 43%, respectively. Women who reported a history of abuse were more likely to report anxiety, PTSD, and PTSD related to HIV symptoms than those without. Our findings suggest that Haitian HIV-infected women may underreport abuse and experience significant depression and anxiety. These preliminary results could be used to develop future studies and to design and implement culturally sensitive interventions for this underserved population.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/etnologia , Transtornos Mentais/etnologia , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/etnologia , Violência/etnologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Ansiedade/epidemiologia , Ansiedade/psicologia , Estudos de Coortes , Depressão/epidemiologia , Depressão/psicologia , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Infecções por HIV/psicologia , Haiti/etnologia , Humanos , Masculino , Transtornos Mentais/diagnóstico , Transtornos Mentais/psicologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Sexuais , Delitos Sexuais/etnologia , Delitos Sexuais/psicologia , Delitos Sexuais/estatística & dados numéricos , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/psicologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/etnologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/psicologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , População Urbana , Violência/psicologia , Violência/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To study immigration, U.S. nativity, and return migration as risk factors for violence among people of Mexican origin in the U.S. and Mexico. METHODS: Cross-sectional surveys in the United States (2001-2003; n=1,213) and Mexico (2001-2002; n=2,362). Discrete time survival models were used. The reference group was Mexicans living in Mexico without migrant experience or a migrant relative. RESULTS: Mexican immigrants in the U.S. have lower risk for any violence (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.5, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 0.4-0.7). U.S.-born Mexican-Americans were at higher risk for violence victimization of a sexual nature (for sexual assault, HR = 2.5, 95%CI 1.7-3.7). Return migrants were at increased risk for being kidnapped or held hostage (HR = 2.8, 95%CI 1.1-7.1). Compared to those without a mental disorder, those with a mental disorder were more likely to suffer any violence (HR = 2.3, 95%CI 1.9-2.7), regardless of the migrant experience. CONCLUSIONS: The impact of immigration on the occurrence of violence is more complex than usually believed. Return migrants are more likely to suffer violence such as being held hostage or beaten by someone other than a partner.
Assuntos
Emigrantes e Imigrantes/psicologia , Emigração e Imigração , Transtornos Mentais/epidemiologia , Transtornos Mentais/psicologia , Violência/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Métodos Epidemiológicos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Transtornos Mentais/etnologia , México/epidemiologia , México/etnologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , Distribuição por Sexo , Delitos Sexuais/etnologia , Delitos Sexuais/estatística & dados numéricos , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Violência/etnologia , Violência/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Most HIV prevention strategies assume beneficiaries can act on their prevention decisions. But some people are unable to do so. They are 'choice-disabled'. Economic and educational interventions can reduce sexual violence, but there is less evidence that they can reduce HIV. There is little research on complex interventions in HIV prevention, yet all countries in southern Africa implement combination prevention programmes. METHODS/DESIGN: The primary objective is to reduce HIV infections among women aged 15 to 29 years. Secondary objectives are reduction in gender violence and improvement in HIV-related knowledge, attitudes and practices among youth aged 15 to 29 years.A random sample of 77 census enumeration areas in three countries (Botswana, Namibia and Swaziland) was allocated randomly to three interventions, alone or in combination, in a factorial design stratified by country, HIV rates (above or below average for country), and urban/rural location. A baseline survey of youth aged 15 to 29 years provided cluster specific rates of HIV. All clusters continue existing prevention efforts and have a baseline and follow-up survey. Cluster is the unit of allocation, intervention and analysis, using generalised estimating equations, on an intention-to-treat basis.One intervention discusses evidence about choice disability with local HIV prevention services, to help them to serve the choice-disabled. Another discusses an eight-episode audio-docudrama with community groups, of all ages and both sexes, to generate endogenous strategies to reduce gender violence and develop an enabling environment. A third supports groups of women aged 18 to 25 years to build self-esteem and life skills and to set up small enterprises to generate income.A survey in all clusters after 3 years will measure outcomes, with interviewers unaware of group assignment of the clusters. The primary outcome is HIV infection in women aged 15 to 29 years. Secondary outcomes in youth aged 15 to 29 years are gender violence and protective knowledge, attitudes, subjective norms, intention to change, agency, discussion of prevention and practices related to HIV and gender violence. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ISRCTN28557578.
Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente , População Negra/psicologia , Comportamento de Escolha , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Educação de Pacientes como Assunto , Serviços Preventivos de Saúde/métodos , Comportamento Sexual , Adolescente , Adulto , África Austral , Violência Doméstica/etnologia , Violência Doméstica/prevenção & controle , Violência Doméstica/psicologia , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/etnologia , Infecções por HIV/psicologia , Humanos , Masculino , Projetos de Pesquisa , Delitos Sexuais/etnologia , Delitos Sexuais/prevenção & controle , Delitos Sexuais/psicologia , Trabalho Sexual , Apoio Social , Fatores de Tempo , Sexo sem Proteção , Adulto JovemRESUMO
This study examines the prevalence of miscarriage/stillbirth among female sex workers who inject drugs (FSW-IDUs) and measures its associations with physical and sexual violence. Baseline data from 582 FSW-IDUs enrolled in an HIV intervention study in Tijuana and Ciudad Juárez, Mexico were used for current analyses. 30% of participants had experienced at least one miscarriage/stillbirth, 51% had experienced sexual violence, and 49% had experienced physical violence. History of miscarriage/stillbirth was associated with sexual violence (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.7, p = .02) but not physical violence. Additional reproductive risks associated with miscarriage/stillbirth included high numbers of male clients in the previous month (aOR = 1.1 per 30 clients, p = 0.04), history of abortion (aOR = 3.7, p < .001), and higher number of pregnancies (aOR = 1.4 per additional pregnancy, p < .001). Programs and research with this population should integrate reproductive health and consider gender-based violence.
Assuntos
Aborto Espontâneo/epidemiologia , Americanos Mexicanos/estatística & dados numéricos , Complicações na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Delitos Sexuais/estatística & dados numéricos , Profissionais do Sexo/psicologia , Profissionais do Sexo/estatística & dados numéricos , Meio Social , Natimorto/epidemiologia , Abuso de Substâncias por Via Intravenosa/epidemiologia , Migrantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Violência/estatística & dados numéricos , Aborto Induzido/estatística & dados numéricos , Aborto Espontâneo/etnologia , Aborto Espontâneo/prevenção & controle , Adolescente , Adulto , California , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , México/etnologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gravidez , Complicações na Gravidez/etnologia , Complicações na Gravidez/prevenção & controle , Fatores de Risco , Delitos Sexuais/etnologia , Delitos Sexuais/prevenção & controle , Profissionais do Sexo/educação , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/etnologia , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/prevenção & controle , Natimorto/etnologia , Abuso de Substâncias por Via Intravenosa/etnologia , Abuso de Substâncias por Via Intravenosa/prevenção & controle , Sexo sem Proteção/etnologia , Sexo sem Proteção/estatística & dados numéricos , Violência/etnologia , Violência/prevenção & controle , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Objective: To study immigration, U.S. nativity, and return migration as risk factors for violence among people of Mexican origin in the U.S. and Mexico. Methods: Cross-sectional surveys in the United States (2001-2003; n=1,213) and Mexico (2001-2002; n=2,362). Discrete time survival models were used. The reference group was Mexicans living in Mexico without migrant experience or a migrant relative. Results: Mexican immigrants in the U.S. have lower risk for any violence (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.5, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 0.4-0.7). U.S.-born Mexican-Americans were at higher risk for violence victimization of a sexual nature (for sexual assault, HR = 2.5, 95%CI 1.7-3.7). Return migrants were at increased risk for being kidnapped or held hostage (HR = 2.8, 95%CI 1.1-7.1). Compared to those without a mental disorder, those with a mental disorder were more likely to suffer any violence (HR = 2.3, 95%CI 1.9-2.7), regardless of the migrant experience. Conclusions: The impact of immigration on the occurrence of violence is more complex than usually believed. Return migrants are more likely to suffer violence such as being held hostage or beaten by someone other than a partner. .
Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Emigrantes e Imigrantes/psicologia , Emigração e Imigração , Transtornos Mentais/epidemiologia , Transtornos Mentais/psicologia , Violência/psicologia , Distribuição por Idade , Fatores Etários , Métodos Epidemiológicos , Transtornos Mentais/etnologia , México/epidemiologia , México/etnologia , Fatores de Risco , Distribuição por Sexo , Delitos Sexuais/etnologia , Delitos Sexuais/estatística & dados numéricos , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Violência/etnologia , Violência/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
Evidence for a bi-directional relationship of depression and type 2 diabetes suggests that social distress plays a role in depression among people with diabetes. In this study, we examine the relationship between subjective distress and depression in 121 first- and second-generation Mexican immigrant women seeking diabetes care at a safety-net hospital in Chicago. We used a mixed-methods approach including narrative interview, survey, and finger-stick blood HbA1c data. Using grounded theory analysis, we identified seven life stressors from narrative interviews: interpersonal abuse, stress related to health, family, neighborhood violence, immigration status, and work, and feeling socially detached. Women reported unusually high rates of interpersonal abuse (65%) and disaggregated physical abuse (54%) and sexual abuse (23%). We evaluated depression using CES-D cut-off points of 16 and 24 and assessed rates to be 49 and 34%, respectively. We found that interpersonal abuse was a significant predictor of depression (CESD ≥ 24) in bivariate (OR 3.97; 95% CI 1.58-10.0) and multivariate (OR 5.51; 95% CI 1.85, 16.4) logistic regression analyses. These findings suggest that interpersonal abuse functions as an important contributor to depression among low-income Mexican immigrant women and should be recognized and addressed in diabetes care.
Assuntos
Depressão/etnologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/etnologia , Emigrantes e Imigrantes/psicologia , Americanos Mexicanos/psicologia , Delitos Sexuais/etnologia , Maus-Tratos Conjugais/etnologia , Adulto , Mulheres Maltratadas/psicologia , Chicago/epidemiologia , Comorbidade , Intervalos de Confiança , Estudos Transversais , Depressão/psicologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , México/etnologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Razão de Chances , Delitos Sexuais/psicologia , Maus-Tratos Conjugais/psicologiaRESUMO
Gregorio Cárdenas Hernández was Mexico's most infamous serial killer. After he confessed to killing four young women and burying them behind his home, he became the darling of the crime pages and criminological experts alike, and his case provoked a lively debate over the reinstatement of the death penalty in congress. The following essay uses his story, the policy debates it provoked, and his broader institutional odyssey in La Castañeda mental asylum (19431947) and Lecumberri prison (19481976) to explore how issues that affected Mexicans across the social spectrum were discussed and settled in a political system that was neither a dictatorship nor a democracy.
Assuntos
Pena de Morte , Vítimas de Crime , Homicídio , Opinião Pública , Política Pública , Delitos Sexuais , Pena de Morte/história , Pena de Morte/legislação & jurisprudência , Vítimas de Crime/economia , Vítimas de Crime/educação , Vítimas de Crime/história , Vítimas de Crime/legislação & jurisprudência , Vítimas de Crime/psicologia , Governo/história , História do Século XX , Homicídio/economia , Homicídio/etnologia , Homicídio/história , Homicídio/legislação & jurisprudência , Homicídio/psicologia , Hospitais Psiquiátricos/economia , Hospitais Psiquiátricos/história , Hospitais Psiquiátricos/legislação & jurisprudência , Função Jurisdicional/história , México/etnologia , Prisões , Opinião Pública/história , Política Pública/economia , Política Pública/história , Política Pública/legislação & jurisprudência , Delitos Sexuais/economia , Delitos Sexuais/etnologia , Delitos Sexuais/história , Delitos Sexuais/legislação & jurisprudência , Delitos Sexuais/psicologiaAssuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente , Relações Interpessoais , Medidas de Segurança , Sexualidade , Políticas de Controle Social , Adolescente , Comportamento do Adolescente/etnologia , Comportamento do Adolescente/fisiologia , Comportamento do Adolescente/psicologia , Brasil/etnologia , Comunismo/economia , Comunismo/história , Diversidade Cultural , Identidade de Gênero , Órgãos Governamentais/economia , Órgãos Governamentais/história , Órgãos Governamentais/legislação & jurisprudência , História do Século XX , Humanos , Poder Psicológico , Privacidade/legislação & jurisprudência , Privacidade/psicologia , Psicologia do Adolescente/economia , Psicologia do Adolescente/educação , Psicologia do Adolescente/história , Psicologia do Adolescente/legislação & jurisprudência , Medidas de Segurança/economia , Medidas de Segurança/história , Medidas de Segurança/legislação & jurisprudência , Delitos Sexuais/economia , Delitos Sexuais/etnologia , Delitos Sexuais/história , Delitos Sexuais/legislação & jurisprudência , Delitos Sexuais/psicologia , Comportamento Sexual/etnologia , Comportamento Sexual/história , Comportamento Sexual/fisiologia , Comportamento Sexual/psicologia , Sexualidade/etnologia , Sexualidade/história , Sexualidade/fisiologia , Sexualidade/psicologia , Mudança Social/história , Condições Sociais/economia , Condições Sociais/história , Condições Sociais/legislação & jurisprudência , Políticas de Controle Social/economia , Políticas de Controle Social/história , Políticas de Controle Social/legislação & jurisprudência , Predomínio Social , Adulto JovemRESUMO
CONTEXT: There is a need for community-based, culturally sensitive, cognitive-behavioral interventions to reduce sexual risk behavior among minority adolescents. Studies of adolescent risk and protective behaviors have focused on identifying modifiable psychosocial variables that predict differential outcomes for subsequent intervention efforts. Research has been scarce in studies of rural minority adolescent women. PURPOSE: To examine the protective and risk behaviors of these rural Mexican-American adolescent women and their relationship to physical or sexual abuse. METHODS: Mexican-American adolescent women aged 14-19 years were recruited through a rural health clinic and administered a self-report assessment for protective and risk behavior and sexual, physical, and psychological abuse. FINDINGS: Rural minority adolescent women endured high levels of psychological distress and many risk behaviors yet experienced few protective behaviors. Barriers to health care included access and confidentiality. Physically or sexually abused adolescents endured relatively greater risk and fewer protective behaviors than nonabused. CONCLUSIONS: Rural Mexican-American adolescent women may benefit from confidential identification and assessment of abuse history and risk and protective behaviors so that appropriate psychological treatment can accompany accessible medical treatment. The prevalence of risk behaviors and abuse among these women presents a need for development of behavioral interventions for risk reduction and promotion of health protective behaviors.