RESUMO
Selenium (Se) participates in several enzymatic reactions necessary for regulating the homeostasis of thyroid hormones. We aimed to analyze the association between dietary Se intake and subclinical hypothyroidism. Baseline data from the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto-ELSA-Brasil) in Brazil were analyzed, with a final sample size of 14,283 employees of both sexes aged 35â»74 years. Dietary data was collected using a previously validated food frequency questionnaire. Subclinical hypothyroidism was categorized as thyroid-stimulating hormone levels of >4.0 IU/mL and free prohormone thyroxine levels within normal limits, without administering drugs for thyroid disease. A multiple logistic regression model was used to assess the relationship between the presence of subclinical hypothyroidism and tertiles of Se consumption. The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism in the study sample was 5.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.8â»7.0%). Compared with the first tertile of Se intake, the second (odds ratio [OR], 0.79; 95% CI, 0.65â»0.96%) and third (OR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.58â»0.90%) tertiles were inversely associated with subclinical hypothyroidism, however further research is needed to confirm the involvement of Se in subclinical hypothyroidism using more accurate methodologies of dietary assessment and nutritional status to evaluate this relationship.
Assuntos
Doenças Assintomáticas , Deficiências Nutricionais/etiologia , Dieta/efeitos adversos , Hipotireoidismo/etiologia , Estado Nutricional , Selênio/deficiência , Glândula Tireoide/fisiopatologia , Adulto , Idoso , Doenças Assintomáticas/epidemiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Estudos de Coortes , Estudos Transversais , Deficiências Nutricionais/etnologia , Deficiências Nutricionais/fisiopatologia , Dieta/etnologia , Suplementos Nutricionais , Humanos , Hipotireoidismo/sangue , Hipotireoidismo/epidemiologia , Hipotireoidismo/etnologia , Estudos Longitudinais , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Inquéritos Nutricionais , Estado Nutricional/etnologia , Prevalência , Selênio/administração & dosagem , Tireotropina/sangue , Tiroxina/sangue , Universidades , Recursos HumanosRESUMO
PURPOSE: Zinc restriction during fetal and postnatal development could program cardiovascular diseases in adulthood. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of zinc restriction during fetal life, lactation, and/or post-weaning growth on cardiac inflammation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and nitric oxide system of male and female adult rats. METHODS: Wistar rats were fed a low- or a control zinc diet during pregnancy and up to weaning. Afterward, offspring were fed either a low- or a control zinc diet until 81 days of life. IL-6 and TNF-α levels, TUNEL assay, TGF-ß1 expression, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances that determine lipoperoxidation damage, NADPH oxidase-dependent superoxide anion production, antioxidant and nitric oxide synthase activity, mRNA and protein expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and serine1177 phosphorylation isoform were determined in left ventricle. RESULTS: Zinc deficiency activated apoptotic and inflammatory processes and decreased TGF-ß1 expression and nitric oxide synthase activity in cardiac tissue of both sexes. Male zinc-deficient rats showed no changes in endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression, but a lower serine1177 phosphorylation. Zinc deficiency induced an increase in antioxidant enzymes activity and no differences in lipoperoxidation products levels in males. Females were less sensitive to this deficiency exhibiting lower increase in apoptosis, lower decrease in expression of TGF-ß1, and higher antioxidant and nitric oxide enzymes activities. A zinc-adequate diet during postnatal life reversed most of these mechanisms. CONCLUSION: Prenatal and postnatal zinc deficiency induces alterations in cardiac apoptotic, inflammatory, oxidative, and nitric oxide pathways that could predispose the onset of cardiovascular diseases in adult life.
Assuntos
Deficiências Nutricionais/fisiopatologia , Desenvolvimento Fetal , Lactação , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Materna , Miocardite/etiologia , Estresse Oxidativo , Zinco/deficiência , Animais , Apoptose , Biomarcadores/sangue , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Vasos Coronários/imunologia , Vasos Coronários/metabolismo , Vasos Coronários/patologia , Vasos Coronários/fisiopatologia , Deficiências Nutricionais/imunologia , Deficiências Nutricionais/metabolismo , Deficiências Nutricionais/patologia , Endotélio Vascular/imunologia , Endotélio Vascular/metabolismo , Endotélio Vascular/patologia , Endotélio Vascular/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Regulação Enzimológica da Expressão Gênica , Mediadores da Inflamação/sangue , Mediadores da Inflamação/metabolismo , Masculino , Miométrio/imunologia , Miométrio/metabolismo , Miométrio/patologia , Miométrio/fisiopatologia , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo III/genética , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo III/metabolismo , Gravidez , Distribuição Aleatória , Ratos Wistar , DesmameRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Despite the well-documented importance of nutrition in optimizing performance and health, the dietary intake of soccer players has attracted little attention. AIM: We aimed to assess the pre-season dietary intake of professional soccer players and its adequacy in macro and micronutrients. METHODS: The pre-season dietary intake of 19 male athletes was assessed using a semi-structured 3-day food record. To determine dietary adequacy and excess, energy and macronutrient intake were compared with the Brazilian dietary reference values for athletes, and micronutrients were compared with the Estimated Average Requirement - EAR (minimum recommendation) and Tolerable Upper Intake Level - UL (maximum recommendation). RESULTS: Mean daily energy intake (40.74±12.81 kcal/kg) was adequate. However, there was a low carbohydrate intake (5.44±1.86 g/kg/day) and a high amount of protein and fat (1.91±0.75 and 1.27±0.50 g/kg/day, respectively). Sodium intake (3141.77±939.76 mg/day) was higher than UL (2300 mg/day), while the majority of players showed daily intake of vitamin A (74%), vitamin D (100%), folate (58%), calcium and magnesium (68%) below the EAR (625, 10 and 320 µg/day, 800 and 330 mg/day, respectively). CONCLUSION: The dietary intake of professional soccer players was adequate in energy, but inadequate in macro and micronutrients, which suggests the need to improve nutritional practices to sustain the physical demands of soccer during pre-season.
Assuntos
Atletas , Dieta Saudável , Cooperação do Paciente , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Esportiva , Adolescente , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiologia , Deficiências Nutricionais/epidemiologia , Deficiências Nutricionais/etiologia , Deficiências Nutricionais/fisiopatologia , Deficiências Nutricionais/prevenção & controle , Registros de Dieta , Dieta Rica em Proteínas e Pobre em Carboidratos/efeitos adversos , Ingestão de Energia , Humanos , Masculino , Prevalência , Recomendações Nutricionais , Risco , Estações do Ano , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Futebol , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Individuals who consume a diet deficient in zinc (Zn-deficient) develop alterations in hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis function, i.e., a low metabolic rate and cold insensitivity. Although those disturbances are related to primary hypothyroidism, intrauterine or postnatal Zn-deficient adults have an increased thyrotropin (TSH) concentration, but unchanged thyroid hormone (TH) levels and decreased body weight. This does not support the view that the hypothyroidism develops due to a low Zn intake. In addition, intrauterine or postnatal Zn-deficiency in weaned and adult rats reduces the activity of pyroglutamyl aminopeptidase II (PPII) in the medial-basal hypothalamus (MBH). PPII is an enzyme that degrades thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). This hypothalamic peptide stimulates its receptor in adenohypophysis, thereby increasing TSH release. We analyzed whether earlier low TH is responsible for the high TSH levels reported in adults, or if TRH release is enhanced by Zn deficiency at weaning. Dams were fed a 2 ppm Zn-deficient diet in the period from one week prior to gestation and up to three weeks after delivery. We found a high release of hypothalamic TRH, which along with reduced MBH PPII activity, increased TSH levels in Zn-deficient pups independently of changes in TH concentration. We found that primary hypothyroidism did not develop in intrauterine Zn-deficient weaned rats and we confirmed that metal deficiency enhances TSH levels since early-life, favoring subclinical hypothyroidism development which remains into adulthood.
Assuntos
Deficiências Nutricionais/complicações , Hipotireoidismo/etiologia , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Glândula Tireoide/metabolismo , Hormônio Liberador de Tireotropina/sangue , Tireotropina/sangue , Zinco/deficiência , Aminopeptidases/metabolismo , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Animais , Doenças Assintomáticas , Biomarcadores/sangue , Deficiências Nutricionais/sangue , Deficiências Nutricionais/fisiopatologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Idade Gestacional , Hipotálamo/metabolismo , Hipotálamo/fisiopatologia , Hipotireoidismo/sangue , Hipotireoidismo/fisiopatologia , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Materna , Estado Nutricional , Adeno-Hipófise/metabolismo , Adeno-Hipófise/fisiopatologia , Gravidez , Ácido Pirrolidonocarboxílico/análogos & derivados , Ácido Pirrolidonocarboxílico/metabolismo , Ratos Wistar , Glândula Tireoide/fisiopatologia , Regulação para Cima , Desmame , Zinco/sangueAssuntos
Deficiências Nutricionais/prevenção & controle , Suplementos Nutricionais , Metabolismo Energético , Imunidade Inata , Selênio/uso terapêutico , Animais , Cardiomiopatias/etiologia , Cardiomiopatias/prevenção & controle , Deficiências Nutricionais/imunologia , Deficiências Nutricionais/metabolismo , Deficiências Nutricionais/fisiopatologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/etiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/prevenção & controle , Suplementos Nutricionais/intoxicação , Infecções por Enterovirus/etiologia , Infecções por Enterovirus/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Doença de Kashin-Bek/etiologia , Doença de Kashin-Bek/prevenção & controle , Neoplasias/etiologia , Neoplasias/prevenção & controle , Necessidades Nutricionais , Recomendações Nutricionais , Selênio/deficiência , Selênio/metabolismo , Selênio/intoxicaçãoRESUMO
Evidence from animal and human studies has associated gut microbiota, increased translocation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and reduced intestinal integrity (II) with the inflammatory state that occurs in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Consumption of Ca may favour body weight reduction and glycaemic control, but its influence on II and gut microbiota is not well understood. Considering the impact of metabolic diseases on public health and the role of Ca on the pathophysiology of these diseases, this review critically discusses possible mechanisms by which high-Ca diets could affect gut microbiota and II. Published studies from 1993 to 2015 about this topic were searched and selected from Medline/PubMed, Scielo and Lilacs databases. High-Ca diets seem to favour the growth of lactobacilli, maintain II (especially in the colon), reduce translocation of LPS and regulate tight-junction gene expression. We conclude that dietary Ca might interfere with gut microbiota and II modulations and it can partly explain the effect of Ca on obesity and T2DM control. However, further research is required to define the supplementation period, the dose and the type of Ca supplement (milk or salt) required for more effective results. As Ca interacts with other components of the diet, these interactions must also be considered in future studies. We believe that more complex mechanisms involving extraintestinal disorders (hormones, cytokines and other biomarkers) also need to be studied.
Assuntos
Cálcio da Dieta/uso terapêutico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/prevenção & controle , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Intestinos/microbiologia , Modelos Biológicos , Obesidade/prevenção & controle , Animais , Cálcio/deficiência , Deficiências Nutricionais/imunologia , Deficiências Nutricionais/fisiopatologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/etiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/microbiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/fisiopatologia , Suplementos Nutricionais , Gastroenterite/etiologia , Humanos , Intestinos/imunologia , Intestinos/fisiopatologia , Leite , Obesidade/etiologia , Obesidade/microbiologia , Obesidade/fisiopatologia , PermeabilidadeRESUMO
NEW FINDINGS: What is the central question of this study? The aim was to explore the role and hitherto unclear mechanisms of action of iron proteins in protecting the lung against the harmful effects of iron accumulation and the ability of pulmonary cells to mobilize iron in iron deficiency. What is the main finding and its importance? We show that pulmonary hepcidin appears not to modify cellular iron mobilization in the lung. We propose pathways for supplying iron to the lung in iron deficiency and for protecting the lung against iron excess in iron overload, mediated by the co-ordinated action of iron proteins, such as divalent metal transporter 1, ZRT-IRE-like-protein 14, transferrin receptor, ferritin, haemochromatosis-associated protein and ferroportin. Iron dyshomeostasis is associated with several forms of chronic lung disease, but its mechanisms of action remain to be elucidated. The aim of the present study was to determine the role of the lung in whole-animal models with iron deficiency and iron overload, studying the divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), ZRT-IRE-like protein 14 (ZIP14), transferrin receptor (TfR), haemochromatosis-associated protein (HFE), hepcidin, ferritin and ferroportin (FPN) expression. In each model, adult CF1 mice were divided into the following groups (six mice per group): (i) iron-overload model, iron saccharate i.p. and control group (iron adequate), 0.9% NaCl i.p.; and (ii) iron-deficiency model, induced by repeated bleeding, and control group (sham operated). Proteins were assessed by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. In control mice, DMT1 was localized in the cytoplasm of airway cells, and in iron deficiency and overload it was in the apical membrane. Divalent metal transporter 1 and TfR increased in iron deficiency, without changes in iron overload. ZRT-IRE-like protein 14 decreased in airway cells in iron deficiency and increased in iron overload. In iron deficiency, HFE and FPN were immunolocalized close to the apical membrane. Ferroportin increased in iron overload. Prohepcidin was present in control groups, with no changes in iron deficiency and iron overload. In iron overload, ferritin showed intracytoplasmic localization close to the apical membrane of airway cells and intense immunostaining in macrophage-like cells. The results show that pulmonary hepcidin does not appear to modify cellular iron mobilization in the lung. We propose the following two novel pathways in the lung: (i) for supplying iron in iron deficiency, mediated principally by DMT1 and TfR and regulated by the action of FPN and HFE; and (ii) for iron detoxification in order to protect the lung against iron overload, facilitated by the action of DMT1, ZIP14, FPN and ferritin.
Assuntos
Deficiências Nutricionais/sangue , Deficiências de Ferro , Sobrecarga de Ferro/sangue , Pulmão/metabolismo , Animais , Biomarcadores/sangue , Proteínas de Transporte de Cátions/metabolismo , Deficiências Nutricionais/fisiopatologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Ferritinas/metabolismo , Proteína da Hemocromatose , Hepcidinas/metabolismo , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidade Classe I/metabolismo , Homeostase , Ferro/sangue , Sobrecarga de Ferro/fisiopatologia , Pulmão/fisiopatologia , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Camundongos , Receptores da Transferrina/metabolismoRESUMO
This article seeks to evaluate the association of iron, vitamin A and zinc deficiencies with linear growth retardation. A systematic review of electronic databases in PubMed, LILACS and SciELO was conducted. Scientific papers published between January 1995 and March 2010 were selected, inserting the key words: (growth OR nutritional status) AND (child, preschool OR infant) AND (zinc AND iron AND vitamin A) OR (zinc AND iron) OR (zinc AND vitamin A) OR (iron AND vitamin A). Fourteen observational design studies were reviewed. In the cohort studies (two), one indicated a statistical association between iron levels and stunting; and the other revealed a statistical association between serum ferritin concentrations and an increase in height. Ten cross-sectional studies investigated the statistical association between micronutrient deficiencies and stunting, three of which resulted in an association with iron, two with vitamin A and none with zinc. Elucidation of the association between stunting and iron, vitamin A and zinc deficiencies involves difficulties of a biological nature and also related to the magnitude of these deficiencies, indicating the importance of a methodological standardization of the studies.
Assuntos
Estatura , Insuficiência de Crescimento/etiologia , Crescimento , Deficiências de Ferro , Micronutrientes/deficiência , Estudos Observacionais como Assunto , Deficiência de Vitamina A/complicações , Deficiência de Vitamina A/fisiopatologia , Zinco/deficiência , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Deficiências Nutricionais/complicações , Deficiências Nutricionais/fisiopatologia , Humanos , LactenteRESUMO
This article seeks to evaluate the growth of children attending public day care centers of the Government of the State of Paraiba and the relative significance of vitamin A, iron and zinc deficiencies. It involved a cross-sectional study of 240 preschool children. The following categories of nutritional status were considered: underweight (W/H < -2 z-scores), stunting (H/A < -2 z-scores) and overweight (W/H > +2 z-scores). Serum concentrations of retinol, zinc and hemoglobin were established to assess vitamin A deficiency (< 0.70 mmol/L), zinc deficiency (< 65 mmol/L) and anemia (< 110 g/L), respectively. The prevalence of stunting was 5.8%, that of overweight 3.8%, and that of underweight 0.4%. W/H z-scores were lower and statistically significant in children aged 12-36 months. An association was also found between W/H z-scores and maternal height. This association was also observed regarding body mass index. H/A z-scores were lower and statistically significant in low birth weight children. Lower hemoglobin concentrations were detected in children aged 12-36 months who were not receiving the financial support of the Bolsa Familia (Family Allowance) program. There was no significant association between vitamin A, iron and zinc deficiencies and the anthropometric indices studied.
Assuntos
Crescimento , Deficiências de Ferro , Micronutrientes/deficiência , Deficiência de Vitamina A/fisiopatologia , Zinco/deficiência , Brasil , Criança , Creches , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Deficiências Nutricionais/complicações , Deficiências Nutricionais/fisiopatologia , Insuficiência de Crescimento/etiologia , Feminino , Governo , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Sobrepeso/etiologia , Magreza/etiologia , Deficiência de Vitamina A/complicaçõesRESUMO
O objetivo do artigo é avaliar a associação das deficiências de ferro, vitamina A e zinco com o déficit de crescimento linear. Revisão sistemática nas bases de dados eletrônicas PubMed, LILACS e SciELO. Foram selecionados artigos publicados entre janeiro de 1995 e março de 2010, considerando os descritores: (growth OR nutritional status) AND (child, preschool OR infant) AND (zinc AND iron AND vitamin A) OR (zinc AND iron) OR (zinc AND vitamin A) OR (iron AND vitamin A). Foram revisados 14 estudos de delineamento observacional. Dos estudos tipo coorte (dois), um indicou associação estatística entre o estado nutricional de ferro e o déficit de estatura; o outro apontou associação estatística entre as concentrações de ferritina sérica e o ganho de estatura. Dez estudos transversais investigaram a associação estatística entre as deficiências de micronutrientes e o déficit de estatura, resultando três deles na associação para o ferro, dois para a vitamina A e nenhum para o zinco. O esclarecimento sobre a associação entre o déficit de estatura e as deficiências de ferro, vitamina A e zinco dificulta-se por fatores de caráter biológico e relacionados à magnitude das deficiências, o que sugere a importância da padronização metodológica dos estudos.
This article seeks to evaluate the association of iron, vitamin A and zinc deficiencies with linear growth retardation. A systematic review of electronic databases in PubMed, LILACS and SciELO was conducted. Scientific papers published between January 1995 and March 2010 were selected, inserting the key words: (growth OR nutritional status) AND (child, preschool OR infant) AND (zinc AND iron AND vitamin A) OR (zinc AND iron) OR (zinc AND vitamin A) OR (iron AND vitamin A). Fourteen observational design studies were reviewed. In the cohort studies (two), one indicated a statistical association between iron levels and stunting; and the other revealed a statistical association between serum ferritin concentrations and an increase in height. Ten cross-sectional studies investigated the statistical association between micronutrient deficiencies and stunting, three of which resulted in an association with iron, two with vitamin A and none with zinc. Elucidation of the association between stunting and iron, vitamin A and zinc deficiencies involves difficulties of a biological nature and also related to the magnitude of these deficiencies, indicating the importance of a methodological standardization of the studies.
Assuntos
Criança , Pré-Escolar , Humanos , Lactente , Estatura , Insuficiência de Crescimento/etiologia , Crescimento , Ferro/deficiência , Micronutrientes/deficiência , Estudos Observacionais como Assunto , Deficiência de Vitamina A/complicações , Deficiência de Vitamina A/fisiopatologia , Zinco/deficiência , Estudos Transversais , Deficiências Nutricionais/complicações , Deficiências Nutricionais/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar o perfil de crescimento das crianças assistidas no Núcleo de Creches do Governo da Paraíba e a contribuição relativa das deficiências de vitamina A, ferro e zinco. Estudo transversal em 240 crianças pré-escolares. Foram consideradas as categorias de diagnóstico nutricional: déficit ponderal, déficit de estatura e sobrepeso. As concentrações séricas de retinol, zinco e de hemoglobina foram determinadas para avaliar a deficiência de vitamina A (< 0,70 µmol/L), deficiência de zinco (< 65 Μmol/L) e anemia (< 110 g/L), respectivamente. A prevalência de déficit de estatura foi de 5,8%, a de sobrepeso de 3,8%, e a de déficit de peso de 0,4%. A média de Escore-Z para o índice P/E foi menor e estatisticamente significante quando a mãe da criança foi diagnosticada com baixa estatura ou com baixo peso e nas crianças de 12-36 meses de idade. Para o índice E/I, a média de Escore-Z foi menor e estatisticamente significante quando a criança nasceu com baixo peso e quando a mãe da criança apresentou baixa estatura. Crianças de 12-36 meses e sem o beneficio do Programa Bolsa Família tiveram média de hemoglobina menor. Verificou-se ausência de associação significante entre as deficiências de vitamina A, ferro e zinco e os índices antropométricos estudados.
This article seeks to evaluate the growth of children attending public day care centers of the Government of the State of Paraiba and the relative significance of vitamin A, iron and zinc deficiencies. It involved a cross-sectional study of 240 preschool children. The following categories of nutritional status were considered: underweight (W/H < -2 z-scores), stunting (H/A < -2 z-scores) and overweight (W/H > +2 z-scores). Serum concentrations of retinol, zinc and hemoglobin were established to assess vitamin A deficiency (< 0.70 mmol/L), zinc deficiency (< 65 mmol/L) and anemia (< 110 g/L), respectively. The prevalence of stunting was 5.8%, that of overweight 3.8%, and that of underweight 0.4%. W/H z-scores were lower and statistically significant in children aged 12-36 months. An association was also found between W/H z-scores and maternal height. This association was also observed regarding body mass index. H/A z-scores were lower and statistically significant in low birth weight children. Lower hemoglobin concentrations were detected in children aged 12-36 months who were not receiving the financial support of the Bolsa Familia (Family Allowance) program. There was no significant association between vitamin A, iron and zinc deficiencies and the anthropometric indices studied.
Assuntos
Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Crescimento , Ferro/deficiência , Micronutrientes/deficiência , Deficiência de Vitamina A/fisiopatologia , Zinco/deficiência , Brasil , Creches , Estudos Transversais , Deficiências Nutricionais/complicações , Deficiências Nutricionais/fisiopatologia , Insuficiência de Crescimento/etiologia , Governo , Sobrepeso/etiologia , Magreza/etiologia , Deficiência de Vitamina A/complicaçõesRESUMO
The thymus gland, where T lymphocyte development occurs, is targeted in malnutrition secondary to protein energy deficiency. There is a severe thymic atrophy, resulting from massive thymocyte apoptosis (particularly affecting the immature CD4+CD8+ cell subset) and decrease in cell proliferation. The thymic microenvironment (the non-lymphoid compartment that drives intrathymic T-cell development) is also affected in malnutrition: morphological changes in thymic epithelial cells were found, together with a decrease of thymic hormone production, as well as an increase of intrathymic contents of extracellular proteins. Profound changes in the thymus can also be seen in deficiencies of vitamins and trace elements. Taking Zn deficiency as an example, there is a substantial thymic atrophy. Importantly, marginal Zn deficiency in AIDS subjects, children with diarrhoea and elderly persons, significantly impairs the host's immunity, resulting in an increased risk of opportunistic infections and mortality; effects that are reversed by Zn supplementation. Thymic changes also occur in acute infectious diseases, including a severe thymic atrophy, mainly due to the depletion of CD4+CD8+ thymocytes, decrease in thymocyte proliferation, in parallel to densification of the epithelial network and increase in the extracellular matrix contents, with consequent disturbances in thymocyte migration and export. In conclusion, the thymus is targeted in several conditions of malnutrition as well as in acute infections. These changes are related to the impaired peripheral immune response seen in malnourished and infected individuals. Thus, strategies inducing thymus replenishment should be considered as adjuvant therapeutics to improve immunity in malnutrition and/or acute infectious diseases.
Assuntos
Deficiências Nutricionais/imunologia , Imunidade Celular/fisiologia , Infecções/imunologia , Micronutrientes/deficiência , Desnutrição Proteico-Calórica/imunologia , Linfócitos T/fisiologia , Timo/imunologia , Deficiências Nutricionais/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Infecções/fisiopatologia , Desnutrição Proteico-Calórica/fisiopatologia , Timo/patologia , Timo/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the preliminary effects of intense physical training (swimming) on oxidative stress in rats with nutritional deficiencies. METHODS: Rats were fed with a standard diet or a diet deficient in vitamins and minerals for 4 months. The deficient diet contained one-fourth of the recommended vitamin and mineral levels for rats. From the second month, half of the animals were subjected to a swimming exercise in a plastic container with water maintained at 34 +/- 1 degrees C for 1 h/d, five times per week, for 11 wk. The rats were subjected to swimming exercise with loads attached to the dorsal region, which were progressively increased according to their body weight (1% to 7%). Sedentary rats were transported to the experimental room and handled as often in a similar way as the exercise group, except that they were not put in water. RESULTS: In the exercised group, blood lactate levels were significantly lower and the heart weight/body weight ratio was significantly higher than in the sedentary group (P < 0.05). Increased lipid peroxidation was observed in the liver, heart, and skeletal muscle of rats fed with the deficient diet, but it was completely reversed by exercise. Exercise also decreased lipid peroxidation levels in the heart and skeletal muscle of rats fed with the standard diet (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This pilot study leads to the continuity of the studies, because the partial results observed suggest that inadequate nutrition may enhance oxidative stress, and that intense chronic physical training may activate antioxidant defenses, possibly by hormesis.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Deficiência de Vitaminas/fisiopatologia , Deficiências Nutricionais/fisiopatologia , Coração/anatomia & histologia , Estresse Oxidativo , Condicionamento Físico Animal/fisiologia , Análise de Variância , Animais , Deficiência de Vitaminas/sangue , Deficiência de Vitaminas/metabolismo , Deficiências Nutricionais/sangue , Deficiências Nutricionais/metabolismo , Ácido Láctico/sangue , Peroxidação de Lipídeos , Fígado/anatomia & histologia , Fígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Minerais/administração & dosagem , Músculo Esquelético/anatomia & histologia , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Miocárdio/metabolismo , Tamanho do Órgão , Oxirredução , Projetos Piloto , Distribuição Aleatória , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Natação , Substâncias Reativas com Ácido Tiobarbitúrico , Vitaminas/administração & dosagemAssuntos
Endotélio Vascular/fisiopatologia , Hormônio do Crescimento Humano/deficiência , Hormônio do Crescimento Humano/uso terapêutico , Deficiências Nutricionais/tratamento farmacológico , Deficiências Nutricionais/fisiopatologia , Endotélio Vascular/metabolismo , Terapia de Reposição Hormonal , Hormônio do Crescimento Humano/administração & dosagem , HumanosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome and peripheral neuropathy are very uncommon in bariatric surgical practice. The literature indicates that these complications tend to strike patients receiving unbalanced diets or undergoing rapid weight-loss. METHODS: In a retrospective analysis of the initial experience of a bariatric team in the city of Belem, Pará, in northern Brazil, 5 cases were diagnosed in the first year, 4 of them following gastric bypass and the last one after therapy with an intragastric balloon. RESULTS: All episodes followed periods of severe vomiting, which certainly interfered with intake of food as well as of routine vitamin supplements, resulting in severe polyneuropathy and other neurologic manifestions, mostly damaging motility of lower limbs. Therapy consisted of pharmacologic doses of vitamin B1 along with restoration of adequate diet and multivitamin prescriptions. Physical therapy was employed to prevent atrophy and accelerate normalization of muscle strength. All patients responded to this program after variable intervals without significant sequelae. CONCLUSIONS: Thiamine-related neurologic derangements were a cause for much concern and prolonged morbidity in this series, but responded to vitamin B1 replenishment. A high degree of clinical suspicion in bariatric patients and urgent therapeutic intervention whenever postoperative vomiting persists for several days, especially during the first 2-3 months after operation, are the safest approach to these uncommon episodes. It is speculated whether peculiarities in the regional diet of this area in Brazil could have influenced the high incidence of the neurologic aberrations.
Assuntos
Deficiências Nutricionais/complicações , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos do Sistema Digestório/efeitos adversos , Síndrome de Korsakoff/etiologia , Obesidade Mórbida/cirurgia , Polineuropatias/etiologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias , Adulto , Índice de Massa Corporal , Brasil/epidemiologia , Análise por Conglomerados , Deficiências Nutricionais/epidemiologia , Deficiências Nutricionais/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Humanos , Síndrome de Korsakoff/epidemiologia , Síndrome de Korsakoff/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Obesidade Mórbida/epidemiologia , Obesidade Mórbida/fisiopatologia , Polineuropatias/epidemiologia , Polineuropatias/fisiopatologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Tempo , Redução de Peso/fisiologiaRESUMO
The purpose of this article is to review theoretical aspects and research performed in Mexico suggesting the existence of marginal zinc deficiency in rural children and its consequences on health. Zinc is an indispensable nutrient for humans since it plays an important role in several metabolic pathways: it participates in the catalytic site of several enzymes, as a structural ion of biological membranes and is closely associated to protein synthesis, among other functions. It is therefore related to functional and health impairments, specially in children. A marginal deficiency of zinc in Mexican children is relevant because of its potential effects. Studies suggest that marginal zinc deficiency is associated to diets based on plant foods which are rich in zinc absorption inhibitors. Such diets are habitually consumed in rural areas and in poor areas of the cities. Marginal zinc deficiency was found to cause an increase in infectious diseases, specially diarrhea, and an impairment of the cognitive functions.
Assuntos
Zinco/deficiência , Cognição , Doenças Transmissíveis/etiologia , Deficiências Nutricionais/fisiopatologia , Dieta , Crescimento , Humanos , México , Zinco/metabolismoRESUMO
A series of reports in the 1960s highlighted nutritional copper deficiencies in infants and children recovering from malnutrition in Peru; since that time, a cascade of additional cases in premature infants, in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition, and in those receiving special diets or unmodified cow milk have been reported. The identification by Danks that Menkes syndrome, a genetically determined defect in copper absorption and utilization, is responsible for the observed clinical manifestations provided further insight into the physiopathologic effects of copper deficiency. New information on the metabolism and physiologic role of copper, plus the identification of additional copper metalloenzymes and improvement in how to determine copper status, has fueled interpretation and speculation on how and why the classic signs of copper deficiency occur, as well as on the possible effects of mild deficiencies. Also under scrutiny are potential interactions between other elements and the effects of other elements, even when given in acceptable amounts, on copper status. There should be no constraints in thinking on other possible effects of impaired copper status in humans. I review some of the history of nutritional copper deficiency in infants and children and attempt to interpret some of the clinical manifestations in light of newly acquired information.
Assuntos
Transtornos da Nutrição Infantil/fisiopatologia , Cobre/deficiência , Animais , Transtornos da Nutrição Infantil/tratamento farmacológico , Transtornos da Nutrição Infantil/etiologia , Cobre/fisiologia , Cobre/uso terapêutico , Deficiências Nutricionais/etiologia , Deficiências Nutricionais/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Doenças do Prematuro/etiologia , Doenças do Prematuro/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
An epidemic neuropathy that broke out in Cuba in late 1991 has exhibited clinical manifestations similar to those of other polyneuropathies of nutritional origin. To investigate its possible association with diet, a study was conducted on the Isle of Youth in 1993, at the start of an outbreak there. Thirty-four subjects with cases and 65 controls were interviewed regarding their diets, measured anthropometrically, and evaluated. As a whole, the subjects with cases demonstrated greater weight loss before the onset of disease, lower body mass indexes (BMI), lower percentages of body fat, and more deficient diets than the control subjects. Analysis of individual variables found associations between occurrence of the disease and the following: weight loss, low BMI, a broad range of specific dietary deficiencies, a sugar intake exceeding 15% of total caloric intake, alcohol consumption, and smoking. Also, protective associations were found between absence of the disease and regular consumption of certain foods at or above specified levels. Multivariate analysis indicated that while smoking and alcohol consumption reinforced the effects of the dietary deficiencies, they did not account for occurrence of the disease by themselves. Overall, the results indicate that diets which are deficient in caloric energy, protein, fat, and the micronutrients included in the study, and which reflect an imbalance resulting from a relative excess of sugar, with consequent effects on body weight, are strongly associated with, and causally related to, the occurrence of epidemic neuropathy in Cuba.