RESUMO
Herein, we provide a supplemental description of Caballerotrema annulatum (Diesing, 1850) Ostrowski de Núñez and Sattmann, 2002 (Digenea: Caballerotrematidae Tkach, Kudlai, and Kostadinova, 2016) based on specimens collected from the intestine of an electric eel, Electrophorus cf. varii (Gymnotiformes: Gymnotidae) captured in the Amazon River (Colombia). This caballerotrematid can be differentiated from its congeners by the following combination of morphological features: body surface spines forming contiguous transverse rows, concentric (wrapping dorso-ventrally around body), distributing into posterior body half (vs. restricted to anterior body half in Caballerotrema brasiliensePrudhoe, 1960; indeterminate for Caballerotrema aruanenseThatcher, 1980 and Caballerotrema piscicola [Stunkard, 1960] Kostadinova and Gibson, 2001); head collar lacking projections (vs. having them in C. brasiliense, C. aruanense, and C. piscicola), narrow (head collar more narrow than maximum body width vs. the head collar being obviously wider than the body in C. brasiliense, C. aruanense, and C. piscicola); corner spines clustered (vs. corner spines distributing as 2 separated pairs in C. brasiliense, C. aruanense, and C. piscicola); pharynx approximately at level of the corner spines (vs. pharynx far anterior to corner spines in C. brasiliense, C. aruanense, and C. piscicola); and testes ovoid and nonoverlapping (C. aruanense; vs. sinuous and overlapping in C. brasiliense and C. piscicola). Based on our results, we revise the diagnosis of CaballerotremaPrudhoe, 1960 to include features associated with the shape and distribution of body surface spines, orientation and position of head collar spines, cirrus sac, seminal vesicle, oviduct, Laurer's canal, oötype, vitellarium, and transverse vitelline ducts. We performed Bayesian inference analyses using the partial large subunit ribosomal (28S) DNA gene. Our 28S sequence of C. annulatum was recovered sister to that of Caballerotrema sp. (which is the only other caballerotrematid sequence available in GenBank) from an arapaima, Arapaima gigas (Schinz, 1822) (Osteoglossiformes: Arapaimidae) in the Peruvian Amazon. Our sequence of C. annulatum comprises the only caballerotrematid sequenced tethered to a morphological description and a voucher specimen in a lending museum. The present study is a new host record and new locality record for C. annulatum. The phylogeny comprises the most resolved and taxon-rich evolutionary hypothesis for Echinostomatoidea published to date.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Peixes , Filogenia , Rios , Trematódeos , Infecções por Trematódeos , Animais , Trematódeos/classificação , Trematódeos/anatomia & histologia , Infecções por Trematódeos/parasitologia , Infecções por Trematódeos/veterinária , Infecções por Trematódeos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Colômbia , Gimnotiformes/parasitologia , DNA de Helmintos/química , RNA Ribossômico 28S/genética , Intestinos/parasitologiaRESUMO
Here, we report for the first time the snail intermediate host for the Amphimerus liver fluke, a foodborne trematodiasis. In Ecuador, Amphimerus of the Opisthorchiidae family, infects humans, cats, and dogs, in the tropical Pacific-coast region. Opisthorchiidae comprising also Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis sp., and Metorchis sp., have complex life cycles involving a definitive and two intermediate hosts. We identified morphologically and investigated the presence and prevalence of Amphimerus cercaria and DNA in freshwater snails collected in a human-amphimeriasis endemic region in Ecuador, extracted DNA from snail tissue and emerged cercariae, performed real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the newly developed primers and probe amplifying the Amphimerus ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region, and sequenced the amplified DNA fragment. We collected 2,800 snails, characterized four species Aroapyrgus sp., Melanoides tuberculata, Biomphalaria cousini, and Aplexa marmorata, isolated three cercariae morphotypes. Of the 640 snails analyzed by qPCR, only Aroapyrgus and one of the three cercariae resulted positive, at a 15% infection prevalence. Polymerase chain reaction revealed that the Aroapyrgus snail and cercaria-morphotype-3 corresponded to Amphimerus, but not to C. sinensis, Fasciola hepatica, or Paragonimus mexicanus. The sequence of amplified DNA product matched that of human-isolated Amphimerus. This finding constitutes the first documentation that Aroapyrgus sp. is the first intermediate host for the Amphimerus sp. that infect humans in Ecuador. The ITS2-gene PCR and sequencing analysis demonstrated a high prevalence of snail infection and proved useful for detecting the infection in snails, which findings can help the establishment of suitable control programs against transmission in any endemic region of interest.
Assuntos
Gastrópodes/parasitologia , Opisthorchidae/classificação , Infecções por Trematódeos/parasitologia , Animais , DNA de Helmintos/química , DNA de Helmintos/classificação , DNA de Helmintos/isolamento & purificação , Equador , Água Doce , Gastrópodes/anatomia & histologia , Gastrópodes/classificação , Humanos , Opisthorchidae/anatomia & histologia , Opisthorchidae/genética , Opisthorchidae/isolamento & purificação , Filogenia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Infecções por Trematódeos/transmissãoRESUMO
Two new species of Viannaia from the intestine of the North American opossums, Didelphis virginiana (Virginia opossum), and Philander opossum (gray four-eyed opossum), are described based on morphological and molecular data, through an integrative taxonomic approach. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses for each dataset and the concatenated dataset were performed using a mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene, and the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2). The phylogenetic analyses revealed 2 new species that occur in Mexico, one from the western state of Colima and another from the southern state of Chiapas. Our phylogenetic trees for both molecular markers and concatenated datasets yielded similar topologies with high bootstrap values and posterior probabilities. Viannaia is recovered as a monophyletic group, but the family Viannaiidae appears as non-monophyletic, due to the position of Travassostrongylus scheibelorum, similar to previous studies. Finally, the morphology of Viannaia and Hoineffia is discussed.
Assuntos
Gambás/parasitologia , Trichostrongyloidea/classificação , Tricostrongiloidíase/veterinária , Animais , Teorema de Bayes , DNA de Helmintos/química , DNA de Helmintos/isolamento & purificação , DNA Intergênico/genética , Complexo IV da Cadeia de Transporte de Elétrons/genética , Feminino , Genes Mitocondriais , Intestinos/parasitologia , Funções Verossimilhança , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Filogenia , RNA Ribossômico 5,8S/genética , Alinhamento de Sequência , Trichostrongyloidea/anatomia & histologia , Trichostrongyloidea/genética , Trichostrongyloidea/ultraestrutura , Tricostrongiloidíase/epidemiologia , Tricostrongiloidíase/parasitologiaRESUMO
The hawksbill turtle Eretmochelys imbricata is a critically endangered species with a worldwide distribution. Limited information is available about the naturally occurring intestinal parasites of this species and what impact these parasites may have on the health of the hawksbill turtle. Diaschistorchis pandus was identified postmortem in 5 hawksbill turtles from Grenada, West Indies, using morphologic characterization. Sanger sequencing was performed for conserved ribosomal regions (5.8S, ITS2, 28S) and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (COI). Phylogenetic analysis of the 28S rRNA gene sequence data shows D. pandus clustering with other trematodes in the family Pronocephalidae, corroborating morphological classification. No genetic sequences have been previously reported for this trematode species, which has limited the collection of objective epidemiological data about this parasite of marine turtles.
Assuntos
Trematódeos/classificação , Infecções por Trematódeos/veterinária , Tartarugas/parasitologia , Animais , Autopsia/veterinária , DNA de Helmintos/química , DNA de Helmintos/genética , Espécies em Perigo de Extinção , Granada , Intestino Delgado/parasitologia , Intestino Delgado/patologia , Masculino , Filogenia , RNA Ribossômico 28S/genética , Trematódeos/anatomia & histologia , Trematódeos/genética , Trematódeos/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Trematódeos/parasitologiaRESUMO
Salamanders of the tribe Bolitoglossini Hallowell are a highly diversified group of amphibians, and their helminth parasite fauna has been scarcely studied. Some species of plethodontid salamanders distributed along the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, in central Mexico, were sampled, and their helminth parasites were recovered for taxonomic identification. Specimens of a pharyngodonid nematode from 2 species of bolitoglossines of the genus Pseudoeurycea Taylor were morphologically identified as Batracholandros salamandrae (Schad, 1960) Petter and Quentin, 1976. These specimens were studied in further detail through light and scanning electron microscopy and were sequenced for 2 ribosomal genes and 1 mitochondrial gene to test the hypothesis of whether B. salamandrae is a species widely distributed in salamanders across the Nearctic biogeographic region, or if it represents a cryptic species complex. Our molecular results revealed that these specimens consisted of 2 genetic lineages in concordance with host species, although with slight morphological differences among specimens in each of them. A thorough study, including the generation of molecular data from individuals from other areas of North America, and the examination of type specimens, is required to test the reliability of these morphological differences and to corroborate the species identity of the 2 genetic lineages.
Assuntos
Oxyuroidea/fisiologia , Urodelos/parasitologia , Animais , Teorema de Bayes , DNA de Helmintos/química , Feminino , Comportamento de Retorno ao Território Vital , Masculino , México , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Microscopia de Interferência , Oxyuroidea/anatomia & histologia , Oxyuroidea/classificação , Oxyuroidea/genética , Filogenia , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
Bess beetles (Passalidae) display important roles in forestall ecosystems, particularly in energy extraction from dead wood. These organisms maintain complex biological interactions with their gut symbiotic communities, including bacteria, protists, and metazoans. Very little is known about symbionts since most of the species of Passalidae haven't been studied from a parasitological point of view. Here we describe a new genus and 2 new species of nematodes of the family Hystrignathidae associated with 2 beetle species of the tribe Proculini collected in the State of Oaxaca, Mexico. Tuhmai garciaprietoi n. gen., n. sp., found in Vindex agnoscendus is characterized by the presence of an unarmed cervical cuticle, a subcylindrical procorpus and a conspicuous isthmus, a monodelphic-prodelphic reproductive system, and a short subulate tail. Urbanonema osorioi n. sp., found in Verres hageni mainly differs from other species of Urbanonema by the number and disposition of cervical spines, as well as by a subulate tail. For each new taxon, we describe the external and internal morphology, and we generated molecular data (nuclear ribosomal DNA) to place the new taxa in a phylogenetic context.
Assuntos
Besouros/parasitologia , Spirurina/classificação , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Teorema de Bayes , Besouros/microbiologia , DNA de Helmintos/química , México , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Filogenia , Spirurina/anatomia & histologia , Spirurina/genética , Spirurina/ultraestruturaRESUMO
The 19 genera within the phylum Nematomorpha contain approximately 350 species. The cosmopolitan genus Gordionus Müller, 1926 contains about 58 species, 6 of which occur in the contiguous United States of America. Recently, 2 new Gordionus species were described from high-altitude streams within the southern Rocky Mountains, near Santa Fe, New Mexico. Here we describe another new Gordionus species, from a high-altitude stream in the southern Rocky Mountains, from near Taos, New Mexico. The sites consisted of temporary puddles and a small human-made stream at 3,175-3,250-m altitude in aspen/pine woodland. Gordionus lokeri n. sp. has 1 areole type, which varies in shape and size between and within body regions. Midbody areoles are elongated, polygonal, or triangular, shingled, with the raised side of the areole serrated. The interareolar space is narrow, containing few bristles. The male cloacal opening is surrounded inside and outside by narrow branching bristles that bifurcate or trifurcate deeply; the furcae then subdivide several times terminally. Adhesive warts are lacking. Genetic data, consisting of partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences, clearly separated G. lokeri n. sp. from other Nearctic species. This is the third Gordionus species described from high-elevation streams in the Rocky Mountains. It appears that this high-altitude habitat represents the preferential niche for numerous species of this genus, and thus future work should focus on describing gordiid diversity in other parts of the Rocky Mountains.
Assuntos
Helmintos/classificação , Altitude , Animais , Código de Barras de DNA Taxonômico , DNA de Helmintos/química , Complexo IV da Cadeia de Transporte de Elétrons/genética , Feminino , Helmintos/enzimologia , Helmintos/genética , Helmintos/ultraestrutura , Masculino , New Mexico , Rios/parasitologiaRESUMO
In January and February 2019, a malacological survey was conducted in the area surrounding the residence of a 12-year-old child that had contracted cerebral angiostrongyliasis in the municipality of Macapá, capital of the Amapá State, northern Brazil. The serological examination was positive for Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection, the principal etiological agent of this parasitosis. A sample of 54 molluscs was artificially and individually digested for parasitological analysis, containing 38 specimens of Achatina fulica, nine specimens of Bulimulus tenuissimus and seven specimens of Sarasinula linguaeformis. A. fulica was the most abundant mollusc, and the only species infected with A. cantonensis, as well as presenting co-infections with other nematodes. This is the first report of cerebral angiostrongyliasis in the Amazon Region, and the first record of A. fulica infected with A. cantonensis in Amapá. These findings highlight the potential risks of human angiostrongyliasis, and the need to implement public health measures to control the spread of the disease.
Assuntos
Angiostrongylus cantonensis/isolamento & purificação , Caramujos/parasitologia , Infecções por Strongylida/diagnóstico , Infecções por Strongylida/veterinária , Animais , Anticorpos Anti-Helmínticos , Brasil , Criança , Cidades , DNA de Helmintos/química , DNA de Helmintos/genética , Humanos , Infecções por Strongylida/parasitologiaRESUMO
A new species of the nematode Triumphalisnema Kloss, 1962 (Oxyuridomorpha), is described from the wood beetle Proculejus hirtus Truqui from the mountain mesophilic forest in Hidalgo State, Mexico. Triumphalisnema zuuei n. sp. is distinguished from the other 4 congeners species by the presence of an expanded cervical ring, well-developed lateral alae, an obtuse cauda with a short and bifurcated caudal appendage, series of cuticular folds at ventral and dorsal body surface from excretory pore level to anal region, and ellipsoidal eggs ornamented with numerous small mushroom-like structures over the surface. The phylogenetic position of the new species is inferred based on a Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference analysis of partial sequences of 18S SSU rRNA. The phylogenetic analysis showed that Triumphalisnema zuuei n. sp., the only representative of the Traklosiidae in our study, is closely related to Coynema poeyi and species of Longior, Hystrignathus, and Lepidonema, all of them members of Hystrignathidae. These relationships are supported by high support values. The present study increases to 5 the number of species assigned to Triumphalisnema, all of them parasites of Passalidae. Additionally, a taxonomic key to the species of the genus is provided.
Assuntos
Besouros/parasitologia , Spirurina/classificação , Altitude , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Teorema de Bayes , DNA de Helmintos/química , DNA de Helmintos/isolamento & purificação , Feminino , Florestas , Intestinos/parasitologia , Funções Verossimilhança , México , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Filogenia , RNA Ribossômico 18S/genética , Alinhamento de Sequência , Spirurina/anatomia & histologia , Spirurina/genética , Spirurina/ultraestruturaRESUMO
PURPOSE: Cardiocephaloides is a small genus of strigeid digeneans with an essentially cosmopolitan distribution. Most members of Cardiocephaloides are found in larid birds, however, Cardiocephaloides physalis is an exception and parasitizes penguins in some coastal regions of South America and South Africa. No prior molecular phylogenetic studies have included DNA sequence data of C. physalis. Herein, we provide molecular phylogenetic analyses of Cardiocephaloides using DNA sequences from five species of these strigeids. METHODS: Adult Cardiocephaloides spp. were obtained from larid birds and penguins collected from 3 biogeographical realms (Palearctic, Nearctic and Neotropics). We have generated sequences of the complete ITS region and partial 28S gene of the nuclear ribosomal DNA, along with partial sequences of the mitochondrial CO1 gene for C. physalis, C. medioconiger and the type species of the genus, C. longicollis and used them for phylogenetic inference. RESULTS: Cardiocephaloides spp. appeared as a 100% supported clade in the phylogenetic tree based on 28S sequences. The position of C. physalis varied between the phylogenetic trees based on the relatively conservative 28S gene on one hand, and variable ITS1 and COI sequences on the other. Cardiocephaloides physalis was nested within the clade of Cardiocephaloides spp. in the 28S tree and appeared as the sister group to the remaining members of the genus in the ITS1 region and COI trees. We detected 0.4-1.6% interspecific divergence in 28S, 1.9-6.9% in the ITS region and 8.7-11.8% in CO1 sequences of Cardiocephaloides spp. Our 28S sequence of C. physalis from South America and a shorter sequence from Africa available in the GenBank were identical. CONCLUSION: Cardiocephaloides as represented in the currently available dataset is monophyletic with C. physalis parasitism in penguins likely resulting from a secondary host-switching event. Identical 28S sequences of C. physalis from South America and Africa cautiously confirm the broad distribution of this species, although comparison of faster mutating genes (e. g., CO1) is recommended for a better substantiated conclusion.
Assuntos
Doenças das Aves/parasitologia , Spheniscidae/parasitologia , Trematódeos/classificação , Infecções por Trematódeos/veterinária , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Teorema de Bayes , Charadriiformes/parasitologia , Chile , DNA de Helmintos/química , DNA Mitocondrial/química , DNA Ribossômico/química , Complexo IV da Cadeia de Transporte de Elétrons/química , Complexo IV da Cadeia de Transporte de Elétrons/genética , Cadeias de Markov , Método de Monte Carlo , Filogenia , RNA Ribossômico 28S/genética , Alinhamento de Sequência , Spheniscidae/classificação , Trematódeos/genética , Infecções por Trematódeos/parasitologiaRESUMO
In January and February 2019, a malacological survey was conducted in the area surrounding the residence of a 12-year-old child that had contracted cerebral angiostrongyliasis in the municipality of Macapá, capital of the Amapá State, northern Brazil. The serological examination was positive for Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection, the principal etiological agent of this parasitosis. A sample of 54 molluscs was artificially and individually digested for parasitological analysis, containing 38 specimens of Achatina fulica, nine specimens of Bulimulus tenuissimus and seven specimens of Sarasinula linguaeformis. A. fulica was the most abundant mollusc, and the only species infected with A. cantonensis, as well as presenting co-infections with other nematodes. This is the first report of cerebral angiostrongyliasis in the Amazon Region, and the first record of A. fulica infected with A. cantonensis in Amapá. These findings highlight the potential risks of human angiostrongyliasis, and the need to implement public health measures to control the spread of the disease.
Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Criança , Caramujos/parasitologia , Infecções por Strongylida/diagnóstico , Infecções por Strongylida/veterinária , Angiostrongylus cantonensis/isolamento & purificação , Brasil , Anticorpos Anti-Helmínticos , Cidades , Infecções por Strongylida/parasitologia , DNA de Helmintos/genética , DNA de Helmintos/químicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Parasites of deep-sea fishes from the South-East Pacific (SPO) are poorly known. Of c.1030 species of fish found in this area, 100-150 inhabit the deep-sea (deeper than 200 m). Only six articles concerning metazoan parasites of fish from deep-waters of SOP are known, and nine monogenean species have been reported. Currently, ten species are known in Acanthocotyle Monticelli, 1888 (Monogenea) and when stated, all of them are found in shallow waters (10-100 m). Acanthocotyle gurgesiella Ñacari, Sepulveda, Escribano & Oliva, 2018 is the only known species parasitizing deep-sea skates (350-450 m) in the SPO. The aim of this study was the description of two new species of Acanthocotyle from two Rajiformes. METHODS: In September 2017, we examined specimens of two species of deep-sea skates (Rajiformes), Amblyraja frerichsi (Krefft) and Bathyraja peruana McEachran & Myyake, caught at c.1500 m depth off Tocopilla, northern Chile, as a by-catch of the Patagonian tooth fish Dissostichus eleginoides Smitt fishery. Specimens of Acanthocotyle were collected from the skin of the skates. Morphometric (including multivariate analysis of proportional measurements, standardized by total length), morphological and molecular analyses (LSU rRNA and cox1 genes) were performed in order to identify the collected specimens. RESULTS: The three approaches used in this study strongly suggest the presence of two new species in the genus Acanthocotyle: Acanthocotyle imo n. sp. and Acanthocotyle atacamensis n. sp. parasitizing the skin of the thickbody skate Amblyraja frerichsi and the Peruvian skate Bathyraja peruana, respectively. The main morphological differences from the closely related species Acanthocotyle verrilli Goto, 1899 include the number of radial rows of sclerites, the non-discrete vitelline follicles and the number of testes. CONCLUSIONS: The two species of monogeneans described here are the only recorded parasites from their respective host species in the SPO. Assessing host specificity for members of Acanthocotyle requires clarifying the systematics of Rajiformes.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Platelmintos/classificação , Rajidae/parasitologia , Infecções por Trematódeos/veterinária , Animais , Teorema de Bayes , Chile , DNA de Helmintos/química , DNA de Helmintos/isolamento & purificação , Complexo IV da Cadeia de Transporte de Elétrons/genética , Genes Mitocondriais , Especificidade de Hospedeiro , Funções Verossimilhança , Cadeias de Markov , Método de Monte Carlo , Análise Multivariada , Oceano Pacífico , Filogenia , Platelmintos/anatomia & histologia , Platelmintos/genética , Análise de Componente Principal , RNA Ribossômico/genética , Pele/parasitologia , Infecções por Trematódeos/parasitologiaRESUMO
The nematode genus Bidigiticauda has 2 species (Bidigiticauda vivipara and Bidigiticauda embryophilum), which are parasites of bats from the Neotropical region. The present paper describes a new species of Bidigiticauda from a male Artibeus planirostris specimen collected in the Pratigi Environmental Protection Area in Bahia state, Brazil. The new species, Bidigiticauda serrafreirei n. sp., differs from B. embryophilum by having longer spicules, rays 5 and 6 arising from a common trunk and bifurcating in its first third, rays 3 and 4 emerging slightly separated from each other, and dorsal rays reaching the margin of the caudal bursa. The new species also differs from B. vivipara by the dorsal ray bifurcating at the extremity of the trunk. A molecular phylogenetic analysis was conducted to determine the evolutionary affinities of Bidigiticauda serrafreirei n. sp. within the Strongylida, which identified a clade that grouped Bidigiticauda with the other members of the Anoplostrongylinae. However, the molineid subfamilies did not group together, indicating that the family Molineidae is polyphyletic. Further analyses, which include additional taxa and genetic markers, should elucidate the complex relationships within the Molineidae, in particular its subfamilies and the evolution of the traits that define these groups.
Assuntos
Quirópteros/parasitologia , Filogenia , Trichostrongyloidea/classificação , Tricostrongiloidíase/veterinária , Animais , Teorema de Bayes , Brasil , Código de Barras de DNA Taxonômico/veterinária , DNA de Helmintos/química , DNA de Helmintos/isolamento & purificação , Complexo IV da Cadeia de Transporte de Elétrons/genética , Feminino , Florestas , Masculino , Mitocôndrias/enzimologia , RNA Ribossômico 28S/genética , Trichostrongyloidea/anatomia & histologia , Trichostrongyloidea/genética , Trichostrongyloidea/isolamento & purificação , Tricostrongiloidíase/parasitologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Parasite traits associated with transmission success, such as the number of infective stages released from the host, are expected to be optimized by natural selection. However, in the trematode parasite Schistosoma mansoni, a key transmission trait, i.e. the number of cercariae larvae shed from infected Biomphalaria spp. snails, varies significantly within and between different parasite populations and selection experiments demonstrate that this variation has a strong genetic basis. In this study, we compared the transmission strategies of two laboratory schistosome population and their consequences for their snail host. METHODS: We infected inbred Biomphalaria glabrata snails using two S. mansoni parasite populations (SmBRE and SmLE), both isolated from Brazil and maintained in the laboratory for decades. We compared life history traits of these two parasite populations by quantifying sporocyst growth within infected snails (assayed using qPCR), output of cercaria larvae and impact on snail host physiological response (i.e. hemoglobin rate, laccase-like activity) and survival. RESULTS: We identified striking differences in virulence and transmission between the two studied parasite populations. SmBRE (low shedder (LS) parasite population) sheds very low numbers of cercariae and causes minimal impact on the snail physiological response (i.e. laccase-like activity, hemoglobin rate and snail survival). In contrast, SmLE (high shedder (HS) parasite population) sheds 8-fold more cercariae (mean ± SE cercariae per shedding: 284 ± 19 vs 2352 ± 113), causes high snail mortality and has strong impact on snail physiology. We found that HS sporocysts grow more rapidly inside the snail host, comprising up to 60% of cells within infected snails, compared to LS sporocysts, which comprised up to 31%. Cercarial production is strongly correlated to the number of S. mansoni sporocyst cells present within the snail host tissue, although the proportion of sporocyst cells alone does not explain the low cercarial shedding of SmBRE. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated the existence of alternative transmission strategies in the S. mansoni parasite consistent with trade-offs between parasite transmission and host survival: a "boom-bust" strategy characterized by high virulence, high transmission and short duration infections and a "slow and steady" strategy with low virulence, low transmission but long duration of snail host infections.
Assuntos
Biomphalaria/parasitologia , Schistosoma mansoni/fisiologia , Schistosoma mansoni/patogenicidade , Esquistossomose mansoni/parasitologia , Esquistossomose mansoni/transmissão , Animais , Biomphalaria/fisiologia , Brasil , Cercárias , Estudos de Coortes , Cricetinae , DNA de Helmintos/química , DNA de Helmintos/isolamento & purificação , Vetores de Doenças , Feminino , Hemoglobinas/análise , Hemolinfa/química , Hemolinfa/enzimologia , Humanos , Lacase/análise , Masculino , Mesocricetus , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Multiplex , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Schistosoma mansoni/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Razão de Masculinidade , VirulênciaRESUMO
A new species of nematode, Ascarophis morronei n. sp. (Cystidicolidae), is described from the stomach wall of the woolly sculpin Clinocottus analis (Cottidae) collected in the rocky intertidal from northwestern Baja California, Mexico. Collected nematodes were studied using both light and scanning electron microscopy. Sequence fragments for 18S rDNA molecular markers were obtained from the new nematode species, in order to test its position within the family Cystidicolidae under a phylogenetic context. Main characters distinguishing this new species include the reduced labia and the morphology of the eggs, distances of nerve ring and excretory pore from the anterior end, and left spicule of males. The new species described here is the second for the genus Ascarophis reported as adult in the Southern California Bight, and the first one recorded for the fish genus Clinocottus.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Perciformes/parasitologia , Infecções por Spirurida/veterinária , Spiruroidea/classificação , Animais , Teorema de Bayes , Sequência Consenso , DNA de Helmintos/química , DNA de Helmintos/genética , DNA de Helmintos/isolamento & purificação , DNA Ribossômico/química , DNA Ribossômico/genética , DNA Ribossômico/isolamento & purificação , Feminino , Doenças dos Peixes/epidemiologia , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Filogenia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Infecções por Spirurida/epidemiologia , Infecções por Spirurida/parasitologia , Spiruroidea/genética , Spiruroidea/isolamento & purificação , Spiruroidea/ultraestrutura , Estômago/parasitologiaRESUMO
Two new genera and species of freshwater turtle blood flukes (TBFs) are described herein based on specimens infecting the nephritic and mesenteric blood vessels of "matamatas" (a side-necked turtle, Chelus fimbriata [Schneider, 1783] [Pleurodira: Chelidae]) from the Amazon River Basin, Peru. These taxa comprise the first-named species and the first-proposed genera of freshwater TBFs from the continent of South America. A new comparison of all TBF genera produced 6 morphologically diagnosed groups that are discussed in light of previous TBF classification schemes and a novel phylogenetic hypothesis based on the nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA (28S). Considering external and internal anatomical features, species of the new genera (Atamatam Bullard and Roberts n. gen., Paratamatam Bullard and Roberts n. gen.) are most similar to each other and are together most similar to those of several marine TBF genera. The 28S phylogenetic analysis supported the monophyly of all 6 morphologically diagnosed groups of genera. Most notably, the freshwater TBFs of South America comprise a derived group nested within the clade that includes the paraphyletic marine TBFs. Not surprisingly in light of morphology, another marine TBF lineage (Neospirorchis Price, 1934) clustered with the freshwater TBFs of Baracktrema Roberts, Platt, and Bullard, 2016 and Unicaecum Stunkard, 1925. Our results, including an ancestral state reconstruction, indicated that (1) freshwater TBFs have colonized marine turtles twice independently and that (2) the South American freshwater TBFs comprise a marine-derived lineage. This is the first evidence that TBFs have twice independently transitioned from a marine to freshwater definitive host. Marine incursion is considered as a possible mechanism affecting the natural history of marine-derived freshwater TBFs in South America. A dichotomous key to accepted TBF genera is provided.
Assuntos
Trematódeos/classificação , Infecções por Trematódeos/veterinária , Tartarugas/parasitologia , Animais , Teorema de Bayes , DNA de Helmintos/química , DNA de Helmintos/isolamento & purificação , Água Doce , Funções Verossimilhança , Mesentério/irrigação sanguínea , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura/veterinária , Peru , Filogenia , Rios , Alinhamento de Sequência/veterinária , Trematódeos/anatomia & histologia , Trematódeos/genética , Trematódeos/ultraestrutura , Infecções por Trematódeos/parasitologiaRESUMO
Canine dirofilariasis is common in Brazil, but molecular diagnosis is rare even though molecular studies increase our knowledge about molecular epidemiology and circulating genotypes from helminths worldwide. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of infection with a modified Knott's test and to perform molecular characterization of Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy, 1856) Railliet and Henry, 1911, in dogs from endemic areas of Maricá and Niterói municipalities, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Molecular characterization was performed in 33 blood samples from dogs positive for microfilariae and 4 adult worms obtained from 2 other dogs. DNA extraction followed by PCR for mitochondrial target 12S rDNA and cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) of D. immitis were performed, and the amplified products were sequenced. All sequences were identical for both gene targets and showed 100% identity with D. immitis sequences from different animal species from various countries. The study concluded that this genotype of D. immitis might be dispersed worldwide.
Assuntos
Dirofilaria immitis/genética , Dirofilariose/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/parasitologia , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , DNA de Helmintos/sangue , DNA de Helmintos/química , DNA de Helmintos/isolamento & purificação , DNA Ribossômico/química , DNA Ribossômico/isolamento & purificação , Dirofilaria immitis/classificação , Dirofilariose/parasitologia , Cães , Complexo IV da Cadeia de Transporte de Elétrons/genética , Doenças Endêmicas/veterinária , Genótipo , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Prevalência , RNA Ribossômico/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Twelve species of Filisoma Van Cleave, 1928 are recognized parasitizing tropical and subtropical fish. Four of these species were described from kyphosid fish and it has been suggested that a co-speciation may have occurred among species of Kyphosus Lacepède, 1801 and Filisoma, which could provide valuable information about the evolution history of this host-parasite system. PURPOSE: During a survey of the helminth fauna of Kyphosus sectatrix (Linnaeus, 1758) and Kyphosus incisor (Cuvier, 1831) (Kyphosidae Jordan, 1887) off Rio de Janeiro coast, a new species of Filisoma was found and is described herein based on morphological, genetic, and ultrastructural data. METHODS: Fish were obtained off Rio de Janeiro coast, Brazil. The parasites found in the intestine were measured and drawings were made with a drawing tube. Type specimens were deposited at the Helminthological Collection of Oswaldo Cruz Institute (CHIOC). The ultrastructure was studied using scanning electron microscope. The genetic analysis included the study of the partial sequences of 18S, ITS1, 5.8S and 28S rDNA, and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 gene (cox 1), with phylogenetic reconstructions based on the maximum likelihood analysis. RESULTS: Filisoma caudata n. sp. is characterized by a proboscis with 16â18 longitudinal rows of 38â45 hooks each. Hooks are uniform in shape dorsoventrally, gradually decreasing in size towards the base of the proboscis. Anterior hooks are 30â45 µ long, middle hooks 30â35 µ long and 5 basal transversal hooks 20â30 µ long. The new species is differentiated from the closest species Filisoma filiformis Weaver and Smales, 2013 by the size and distribution of hooks, apart from having a subterminal vulva and a curved posterior trunk end (tail) measuring 500â1,000 long. Phylogenetic analysis based on 18S, 28S rDNA and mtDNA-cox1 markers grouped the new species with Filisoma bucerium Van Cleave, 1940 and Filisoma rizalinum Tubangui and Masiluñgan, 1946 showing a close relationship between these species of Cavisomidae Meyer, 1932 and Echinorhynchidae Cobbold, 1879; the latter represented by species of Acanthocephalus Koelreuther, 1771. The new species can be differentiated from others on morphological and molecular basis. A key to the 13 species of Filisoma Van Cleave, 1928 is provided. CONCLUSION: Filisoma caudata n. sp. is described herein based on morphological, genetic, and ultrastructural data. The topologies of obtained phylogenies suggest that species of Echinorhynchidae should be reevaluated since the family is considered paraphyletic in all analyses conducted.
Assuntos
Acantocéfalos/classificação , Acantocéfalos/isolamento & purificação , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Helmintíase Animal/parasitologia , Perciformes/parasitologia , Acantocéfalos/anatomia & histologia , Acantocéfalos/genética , Animais , Brasil , Análise por Conglomerados , DNA de Helmintos/química , DNA de Helmintos/genética , DNA Ribossômico/química , DNA Ribossômico/genética , DNA Espaçador Ribossômico/química , DNA Espaçador Ribossômico/genética , Complexo IV da Cadeia de Transporte de Elétrons/genética , Estudos Longitudinais , Microscopia , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Filogenia , RNA Ribossômico 18S/genética , RNA Ribossômico 28S/genética , RNA Ribossômico 5,8S/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
The in vitro effect of progesterone in T. canis larvae on their enlargement and motility were evaluated, together to the possible presence of progesterone receptors (PRs). T. canis larvae were cultured in RPMI-1640 with different concentrations of progesterone (0, 20, 40, 80, 400 and 800 ng/mL). Enlargement and increases in motility were dependent on the concentration only from 0 to 80 ng/mL (p < 0.05). The mean percentage of PR + cells in newly obtained larvae as measured by flow cytometry was 8.16 ± 0.4. The number of PR + cells increased depending on concentration from 0 to 80 ng/mL (p < 0.001). Cells obtained from larvae stimulated at any of the studied hormone concentrations showed greater mean fluorescence intensity when compared to non-stimulated cells. Additionally, the expression and location of PR + cells were determined in the larvae. The sequence of an amplicon (420-bp) obtained by PCR from T. canis larvae showed 100% homology with a gene fragment that codes for the PR of the dog. PR + cells were immunolocated using confocal microscopy in the intestinal region of the larvae that had been recently obtained. The results of this study show that T. canis larvae can recognize and respond to the presence of progesterone through a molecule possibly able to bind it. Since we previously observed a similar response to prolactin, we suggest that both hormones could participate sequentially in the reactivation of T. canis larvae in pregnant bitches.
Assuntos
Progesterona/farmacologia , Progestinas/farmacologia , Receptores de Progesterona/efeitos dos fármacos , Toxocara canis/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Sequência de Bases , DNA de Helmintos/química , DNA de Helmintos/isolamento & purificação , Cães , Feminino , Citometria de Fluxo , Intestinos/parasitologia , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Larva/fisiologia , Camundongos , Microscopia Confocal , Movimento/efeitos dos fármacos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Receptores de Progesterona/análise , Receptores de Progesterona/genética , Receptores de Progesterona/metabolismo , Toxocara canis/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Toxocara canis/fisiologiaRESUMO
Aphanoblastella magna n. sp. is described from the gills of the heptapterid catfish Pimelodella avanhandavae Eigenmann, 1917 in southeastern Brazil (Paraná River Basin). This new species most closely resembles Aphanoblastella chagresii Mendoza-Franco, Aguirre-Macedo and Vidal-Martínez, 2007 described from a congeneric fish host in Panama, but can be distinguished by the shape of the accessory piece and shape and size of the ventral and dorsal bars. From the other species of the genus, A. magna n. sp. differs mainly in the shape of the male copulatory organ (MCO), which is sinuous, versus spirally coiled in other species of the genus, except for A. travassosi (Price, 1938), and by the accessory piece which resembles a 'shoehorn'. Aphanoblastella magna n. sp. is the seventh species of the genus and the first dactylogyrid described from P. avanhandavae. A partial 28S rDNA gene sequence of the new species is also provided; it forms a monophyletic clade with two congeners for which molecular data are available.