RESUMO
Hematophagous arthropod bloodmeal identification has remained a challenge in the field of vector biology, but these studies are important to understand blood feeding patterns of arthropods, spatial, and temporal patterns in arbovirus transmission cycles, and risk of human and veterinary disease. We investigated the use of an existing vertebrate primer set for use on the droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) platform, to explore the use of this technology in the identification and quantification of vertebrate DNA in mosquito blood meals. Host DNA was detectable 48-h post-engorgement in some mosquitoes by ddPCR, compared with 24-h post-engorgement using traditional PCR. The capability of ddPCR for absolute quantification of template DNA offers unique potential applications of this new technology to field studies on the ecology of vector-borne diseases, but currently with limited scope.
Assuntos
Culicidae/química , DNA/análise , Animais , Bovinos , Reação em Cadeia da PolimeraseRESUMO
In this study, 10 mosquito coils manufactured in China were obtained in Suriname, South America, where they are used extensively. The coils were analyzed for organics (allethrin, permethrin, and butylated hydroxytoluene) and heavy metals (Cr, Co, As, Cd, and Pb) by GC-MS and ICP-MS, respectively. Allethrin was the only target organic compound detected in all mosquito coils with concentrations ranging from ~1900 to ~4500 µg/g. The concentrations of heavy metals varied as follows (in µg/g): Cr: 2.9-9.4, Co: 0.1-1.2, Cu: 0.7-16.1, Se: 0.10-0.4, Ni: 2.1-5.8, As: 0.10-2.2, Cd: 0.10-0.2, and Pb: 1.1-3.6.
Assuntos
Culicidae/citologia , Repelentes de Insetos/análise , Repelentes de Insetos/química , Inseticidas/análise , Inseticidas/química , Metais Pesados/análise , Metais Pesados/toxicidade , Aletrinas/análise , Animais , China , Culicidae/química , Monitoramento Ambiental , Permetrina/análise , SurinameRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of West Nile Virus (WNV) infection in animals, mosquitoes and employees from two zoos of Tabasco state, Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHODS: WNV antibodies were detected by blocking ELISA in serum samples from animals. Viral RNA was detected by RT-PCR from mosquitoes and serum samples from employees at "Yum-Ká" zoo. RESULTS: Seroprevalence in birds was 25.65% (19/74) and 85% (6/7) in reptiles from "La Venta" zoo. Thirty-one percent of birds (50/160) and 34.48% mammals (16/29) at the "Yum-Ká" zoo, were seropositive. All human serum samples from Yum-ká zoo were negative by RT-PCR. A pool of mosquitoes (Culex quinquefasciatus) was positive for WNV. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of WNV antibodies in animals from both zoos and the detection of viral genome in mosquitoes demonstrate the presence of WNV in this region and indicates a potential risk of infection in animals and humans.
Assuntos
Animais de Zoológico , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , RNA Viral/sangue , Febre do Nilo Ocidental/veterinária , Animais , Culicidae/química , Humanos , México , Prevalência , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Febre do Nilo Ocidental/epidemiologia , Vírus do Nilo Ocidental/genética , Vírus do Nilo Ocidental/imunologiaRESUMO
OBJETIVO: Determinar la prevalencia de infección por el virus del Nilo Occidental (VNO) en animales, mosquitos y personal que labora en dos zoológicos del estado de Tabasco, en México. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Con la utilización de ELISA de bloqueo se detectaron anticuerpos en sueros de animales: se buscó un fragmento del genoma del VNO por RT-PCR en el suero de animales, empleados y mosquitos. RESULTADOS: En el zoológico "La Venta" se encontró una seroprevalencia de 25.67 por ciento (19/74) en aves y de 85.71 por ciento (6/7) en reptiles. En el zoológico "Yum-Ká", 31.25 por ciento (50/160) de las aves y 34.48 por ciento (16/29,) de los mamíferos, tuvieron anticuerpos contra el VNO. En un grupo de mosquitos (Culex quinquefasciatus) se detectó el genoma del virus. CONCLUSIONES: La detección de anticuerpos contra el VNO en animales de ambos zoológicos y del genoma viral en mosquitos demuestra la presencia del virus, lo cual representa un riesgo potencial de infección para animales y humanos.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of West Nile Virus (WNV) infection in animals, mosquitoes and employees from two zoos of Tabasco state, Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHODS: WNV antibodies were detected by blocking ELISA in serum samples from animals. Viral RNA was detected by RT-PCR from mosquitoes and serum samples from employees at "Yum-Ká" zoo. RESULTS: Seroprevalence in birds was 25.65 percent (19/74) and 85 percent (6/7) in reptiles from "La Venta" zoo. Thirty-one percent of birds (50/160) and 34.48 percent mammals (16/29) at the "Yum-Ká" zoo, were seropositive. All human serum samples from Yum-ká zoo were negative by RT-PCR. A pool of mosquitoes (Culex quinquefasciatus) was positive for WNV. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of WNV antibodies in animals from both zoos and the detection of viral genome in mosquitoes demonstrate the presence of WNV in this region and indicates a potential risk of infection in animals and humans.
Assuntos
Animais , Humanos , Animais de Zoológico , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , RNA Viral/sangue , Febre do Nilo Ocidental/veterinária , Culicidae/química , México , Prevalência , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Febre do Nilo Ocidental/epidemiologia , Vírus do Nilo Ocidental/genética , Vírus do Nilo Ocidental/imunologiaRESUMO
It has been demonstrated that mosquito larvae crude extract has an inhibiting effect on the mitotic rate of several mouse cell populations. The sampling period was 16-24 h after treatment, when mitotic peak normally occurs. The present paper reports the effect of mosquito larvae crude extract on the proliferation of hepatocytes, renocytes, Lieberkhün crypt enterocytes, and sialocytes. In this case, the sampling period covered the dark phase of the day, during the first 12 h after treatment. Colchicine-arrested metaphases were controlled at 20/04, 00/08 and 04/12 (Time of Day/Time Post Injection). The mitotic rate was significantly increased in hepatocytes and renocytes and inhibited in duodenum enterocytes. In view of the time chosen to administer the treatments and the time elapsed until sampling, we conclude a probable effect of the extract at the G2-M point of the cell cycle.
Assuntos
Extratos Celulares/farmacologia , Culicidae/química , Larva/química , Animais , Divisão Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Cultivadas/citologia , Células Cultivadas/efeitos dos fármacos , Duodeno/citologia , Rim/citologia , Fígado/citologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C3H , Glândula Submandibular/citologia , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
As it is known, some cell populations of mosquito Aedes aegypti larvae do not proliferate. This fact suggests the existence of some mitosis inhibiting factor. We have assayed the effect of mosquito larvae crude extract on 85 C3HS young male mice (25 +/- 1 days old) and the effect of the dialyzed fraction of the same extract on 47 partially hepatectomized C3HS adult male mice. The injection was performed at 16:00 hour (before the raising of the DNAS curve) and the controls were made at 08:00/16, 12:00/20 and 16:00/24 (Time of Day/Time Post Injection). Colchicine arrested metaphases of nephrocytes, hepatocytes, sialocytes (submaxillary glands) and enterocytes were controlled. The mitotic rate was significantly inhibited in hepatocytes, sialocytes and enterocytes in young growing mice, and in hepatocytes in partially hepatectomized adult mice. We conclude that TGF-beta, actually found in insects, or alternatively some other known or unknown factor, could be responsible for the results observed in the present experiments.