RESUMO
Introducción. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el impacto sobre la mortalidad según el perfil de ingreso a un centro de trauma del suroccidente colombiano, como método para entender las dinámicas de atención del paciente con trauma. Métodos. Se realizó un subanálisis del registro de la Sociedad Panamericana de Trauma asociado a un centro de trauma en el suroccidente colombiano. Se analizaron los pacientes atendidos entre los años 2012 y 2021. Se compararon los pacientes con condición de ingreso directo y aquellos que ingresaron remitidos. Se hicieron análisis de poblaciones de interés como pacientes con trauma severo (ISS > 15) y pacientes con/sin trauma craneoencefálico. Se evaluó el impacto de los pacientes remitidos y su condición al ingreso sobre la mortalidad. Resultados. Se incluyeron 10.814 pacientes. La proporción de pacientes remitidos fue del 54,7 %. Los pacientes que ingresaron remitidos presentaron diferencias respecto a la severidad del trauma y compromiso fisiológico al ingreso comparado con los pacientes con ingreso directo. Los pacientes remitidos tienen mayor riesgo de mortalidad (RR: 2,81; IC95% 2,44-3,22); sin embargo, es el estado fisiológico al ingreso lo que impacta en la mortalidad. Conclusión. Los pacientes remitidos de otras instituciones tienen un mayor riesgo de mortalidad, siendo una inequidad en salud que invita a la articulación de actores institucionales en la atención de trauma. Un centro de trauma debe relacionarse con las instituciones asociadas para crear un sistema de trauma que optimice la atención de los pacientes y la oportunidad
Introduction. This study aims to evaluate the impact on mortality by admission profile to a trauma center in Southwest Colombia between direct and referred patients, as a method to understand the dynamics of trauma care.Methods. A sub-analysis of the Panamerican Trauma Society registry associated with a trauma center in Southwest Colombia was performed. Patients attended between 2012-2021 were analyzed. Patients with direct admission and referred condition were compared. Analyses of populations of interest such as patients with severe trauma (ISS > 15) and patients with/without brain trauma were made. The impact of referred patients and their admission status on mortality was evaluated. Results. A total of 10,814 patients were included. The proportion of referred patients was 54.7%. Patients admitted referred vs. with direct admission have differences regarding trauma severity and physiological compromise on admission. The referred patient has a higher risk of mortality (RR: 2.81; 95% CI 2.44-3.22). There is a high proportion of penetrating trauma by gunshot wounds. However, it is the physiological state at admission that impacts mortality. Conclusion. Patients referred from other institutions have a higher mortality risk, being a health inequity that invites the articulation of institutional actors in trauma care. A trauma center should relate to partner institutions to create a trauma system that optimizes care and timeliness
Assuntos
Humanos , Centros de Traumatologia , Assistência Pré-Hospitalar , Encaminhamento e Consulta , Ferimentos e Lesões , Índices de Gravidade do Trauma , Cuidados de Suporte Avançado de Vida no TraumaRESUMO
Patients with hemodynamic instability have a sustained systolic blood pressure less or equal to 90 mmHg, a heart rate greater or equal to 120 beats per minute and an acute compromise of the ventilation/oxygenation ratio and/or an altered state of consciousness upon admission. These patients have higher mortality rates due to massive hemorrhage, airway injury and/or impaired ventilation. Damage control resuscitation is a systematic approach that aims to limit physiologic deterioration through strategies that address the physiologic debt of trauma. This article aims to describe the experience earned by the Trauma and Emergency Surgery Group (CTE) of Cali, Colombia in the management of the severely injured trauma patient in the emergency department following the basic principles of damage control surgery. Since bleeding is the main cause of death, the management of the severely injured trauma patient in the emergency department requires a multidisciplinary team that performs damage control maneuvers aimed at rapidly controlling bleeding, hemostatic resuscitation, and/or prompt transfer to the operating room, if required.
Un paciente politraumatizado hemodinámicamente inestable es aquel que ingresa al servicio de urgencias con una presión arterial sistólica menor o igual de 90 mmHg, una frecuencia cardiaca mayor o igual a 120 latidos por minuto y un compromiso agudo de la relación ventilación/oxigenación y/o del estado de conciencia. Por esta razón, existe una alta mortalidad dentro de las primeras horas de un trauma severo ya sea por una hemorragia masiva, una lesión de la vía aérea y/o una alteración de la ventilación. Siendo el objetivo de este artículo describir el manejo en urgencias del paciente politraumatizado hemodinámicamente inestable de acuerdo con los principios de control de daños. El manejo del paciente politraumatizado es una estrategia dinámica de alto impacto que requiere de un equipo multidisciplinario de experiencia. El cual debe de evolucionar conjunto a las nuevas herramientas de diagnóstico y tratamiento endovascular que buscan ser un puente para lograr una menor repercusión hemodinámica en el paciente y una más rápida y efectiva estabilización con mayores tasas de sobrevida.
Assuntos
Cuidados de Suporte Avançado de Vida no Trauma/métodos , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência , Hemorragia/terapia , Ressuscitação/métodos , Colômbia , Veia Femoral , Técnicas Hemostáticas , Humanos , Escala de Gravidade do Ferimento , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Dispositivos de Acesso VascularRESUMO
Trauma damage control seeks to limit life-threatening bleeding. Sequential diagnostic and therapeutic approaches are the current standard. Hybrid Room have reduced hemostasis time by integrating different specialties and technologies. Hybrid Rooms seek to control bleeding in an operating room equipped with specialized personnel and advanced technology including angiography, tomography, eFAST, radiography, endoscopy, infusers, cell retrievers, REBOA, etc. Trauma Hybrid Service is a concept that describes a vertical work scheme that begins with the activation of Trauma Code when admitting a severely injured patient, initiating a continuous resuscitation process led by the trauma surgeon who guides transfer to imaging, angiography and surgery rooms according to the patient's condition and the need for specific interventions. Hybrid rooms integrate different diagnostic and therapeutic tools in one same room, reducing the attention time and increasing all interventions effectiveness.
El control de daños en trauma busca limitar el sangrado que amenaza la vida. El enfoque diagnóstico y terapéutico secuenciales son el estándar actual. Las salas híbridas que integran especialidades y tecnologías han reducido el tiempo de hemostasia. Las salas híbridas buscan controlar el sangrado en un quirófano equipado con personal especializado y tecnología de punta como sistemas de angiografía, tomografía, eFAST, radiografía, endoscopia, infusores, recuperadores de células, REBOA, etc. El concepto del servicio hibrido de atención de trauma integra un trabajo vertical que inicia con la activación del código de trauma al admitir un paciente traumatizado grave, iniciando los esfuerzos de reanimación dirigida por el cirujano de trauma que orienta el traslado a salas de imágenes, angiografía y cirugía según la condición del paciente y la necesidad de intervenciones específicas. Las salas hibridas le permite al cirujano de trauma tener todas estas herramientas tanto diagnosticas como terapéuticas al alcance de una sola sala, reduciendo el tiempo de atención y aumentando la efectividad de las intervenciones realizadas.
Assuntos
Cuidados de Suporte Avançado de Vida no Trauma , Hemorragia/terapia , Salas Cirúrgicas/organização & administração , Equipe de Assistência ao Paciente/organização & administração , Ressuscitação/métodos , Colômbia , Diagnóstico por Imagem/métodos , Técnicas Hemostáticas , Equipe de Respostas Rápidas de Hospitais/organização & administração , HumanosRESUMO
Penetrating torso trauma is the second leading cause of death following head injury. Traffic accidents, falls and overall blunt trauma are the most common mechanism of injuries in developed countries; whereas, penetrating trauma which includes gunshot and stabs wounds is more prevalent in developing countries due to ongoing violence and social unrest. Penetrating chest and abdominal trauma have high mortality rates at the scene of the incident when important structures such as the heart, great vessels, or liver are involved. Current controversies surround the optimal surgical approach of these cases including the use of an endovascular device such as the Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta (REBOA) and the timing of additional imaging aids. This article aims to shed light on this subject based on the experience earned during the past 30 years in trauma critical care management of the severely injured patient. We have found that prioritizing the fact that the patient is hemodynamically unstable and obtaining early open or endovascular occlusion of the aorta to gain ground on avoiding the development of the lethal diamond is of utmost importance. Damage control surgery starts with choosing the right surgery of the right cavity in the right patient. For this purpose, we present a practical and simple guide on how to perform the surgical approach to penetrating torso trauma in a hemodynamically unstable patient.
El trauma penetrante del torso representa la segunda causa de muerte de origen traumático después del trauma craneoencefálico. En países desarrollados existe mayor prevalencia de trauma cerrado, asociado principalmente a accidentes de tránsito o caídas de grandes alturas. Mientas, que en países en vía de desarrollo el trauma penetrante es más prevalente con heridas por arma de fuego o por arma blanca asociado a la violencia y las desigualdades sociales. El trauma penetrante torácico y abdominal pueden presentar altas tasas de mortalidad en la escena del trauma si se comprometen estructuras importantes como el corazón, los grandes vasos o el hígado. Actualmente, existen controversias sobre el adecuado abordaje quirúrgico con la implementación o no de dispositivos endovasculares como el balón de resucitación endovascular de oclusión aórtica (Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Oclussion of the Aorta - REBOA) y la realización de ayudas imagenológicas. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar el conocimiento sobre este tema, basado en la experiencia adquirida durante los últimos 30 años con el manejo del trauma, cirugía general y cuidado crítico. Sostenemos que en un paciente hemodinámicamente inestable se debe realizar una temprana oclusión aórtica endovascular o abierta con el objetivo de evitar el desarrollo o propagación del rombo de la muerte. Con este propósito, presentamos una guía práctica y sencilla sobre el abordaje quirúrgico del paciente hemodinámicamente inestable con trauma penetrante del torso.
Assuntos
Traumatismos Abdominais/cirurgia , Cuidados de Suporte Avançado de Vida no Trauma/métodos , Aorta/lesões , Esternotomia/métodos , Traumatismos Torácicos/cirurgia , Ferimentos Penetrantes/cirurgia , Cuidados de Suporte Avançado de Vida no Trauma/normas , Oclusão com Balão/métodos , Humanos , Ilustração Médica , Lesões do Sistema Vascular/terapiaRESUMO
The spleen is one of the most commonly injured solid organs of the abdominal cavity and an early diagnosis can reduce the associated mortality. Over the past couple of decades, management of splenic injuries has evolved to a prefered non-operative approach even in severely injured cases. However, the optimal surgical management of splenic trauma in severely injured patients remains controversial. This article aims to present an algorithm for the management of splenic trauma in severely injured patients, that includes basic principles of damage control surgery and is based on the experience obtained by the Trauma and Emergency Surgery Group (CTE) of Cali, Colombia. The choice between a conservative or a surgical approach depends on the hemodynamic status of the patient. In hemodynamically stable patients, a computed tomography angiogram should be performed to determine if non-operative management is feasible and if angioembolization is required. While hemodynamically unstable patients should be transferred immediately to the operating room for damage control surgery, which includes splenic packing and placement of a negative pressure dressing, followed by angiography with embolization of any ongoing arterial bleeding. It is our recommendation that both damage control principles and emerging endovascular technologies should be applied to achieve splenic salvage when possible. However, if surgical bleeding persists a splenectomy may be required as a definitive lifesaving maneuver.
El bazo es uno de los órganos sólidos comprometidos con mayor frecuencia en el trauma abdominal y el diagnóstico oportuno disminuye la mortalidad. El manejo del trauma esplénico ha cambiado considerablemente en las últimas décadas y hoy en día se prefiere un abordaje conservador incluso en casos de lesión severa. Sin embargo, la estrategia óptima para el manejo del trauma esplénico en el paciente severamente traumatizado aún es controvertida. El objetivo de este artículo es proponer una estrategia de manejo para el trauma esplénico en pacientes politraumatizados que incluye los principios de la cirugía de control de daños en base a la experiencia obtenida por el grupo de Cirugía de Trauma y Emergencias (CTE) de Cali, Colombia. La decisión entre un abordaje conservador o quirúrgico depende del estado hemodinámico del paciente. En pacientes hemodinámicamente estables, se debe realizar una tomografía axial computarizada con contraste endovenoso para determinar si es posible un manejo conservador y si requiere angio-embolización. Mientras que los pacientes hemodinámicamente inestables deben ser trasladados inmediatamente al quirófano para empaquetamiento esplénico y colocación de un sistema de presión negativa, seguido de angiografía con embolización de cualquier sangrado arterial persistente. Es nuestra recomendación aplicar conjuntamente los principios del control de daños y las tecnologías endovasculares emergentes para lograr la conservación del bazo, cuando sea posible. Sin embargo, si el sangrado persiste puede requerirse una esplenectomía como medida definitiva para salvaguardar la vida del paciente.
Assuntos
Algoritmos , Tratamento Conservador , Tratamentos com Preservação do Órgão , Baço/lesões , Traumatismos Abdominais/complicações , Traumatismos Abdominais/cirurgia , Cuidados de Suporte Avançado de Vida no Trauma/normas , Colômbia , Angiografia por Tomografia Computadorizada , Embolização Terapêutica , Tamponamento Interno/métodos , Técnicas Hemostáticas , Humanos , Tratamento de Ferimentos com Pressão Negativa , Baço/irrigação sanguínea , Baço/diagnóstico por imagem , Baço/cirurgia , Esplenectomia , Artéria Esplênica/lesões , Artéria Esplênica/cirurgiaRESUMO
Introducción: Es creciente el uso de nuevos agentes hemostáticos para controlar la hemorragia en entornos militares. Objetivos: Sintetizar y analizar la evidencia disponible sobre la eficacia de diferentes agentes hemostáticos utilizados en ambientes tácticos, transportados por los combatientes del ejército. Desarrollo: Se realizó una revisión narrativa de artículos publicados en inglés y español, en las bases de datos Medline (PubMed), Cochrane, Web of Science y en revistas, protocolos, libros y manuales del ámbito de urgencias y emergencias en el campo de batalla, que analizaron el fenómeno de estudio y cumplieron los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Tras la búsqueda y selección de los estudios, 7 artículos fueron incluidos en la síntesis narrativa. En los estudios se utilizaron los siguientes agentes hemostáticos QuikClot®, HemCon®, Celox® y el ChitoGauze HemCon®; en la mayoría de los estudios, los agentes hemostáticos tuvieron una eficacia superior al 88 por ciento para detener, disminuir y controlar la hemorragia externa en víctimas de combate, sobre todo en zonas de unión (articulaciones) y para reducir la morbilidad y mortalidad. Solo QuikClot® tuvo efectos secundarios negativos, al provocar quemaduras. El correcto manejo de los agentes hemostáticos requiere de formación previa, lo que evita errores de administración. Conclusiones: Los agentes hemostáticos son eficaces para el abordaje de la hemorragia externa y aumentan la supervivencia en víctimas de combate. Es necesario formar a los profesionales para evitar errores en su manejo. Futuros estudios deben indagar cuál de estos agentes es más eficaz(AU)
Introduction: The use of new hemostatic agents to control hemorrhage in military environments is growing. Objectives: To synthesize and analyze the available evidence about the effectiveness of the different hemostatic agents utilized in tactical environments that are transported by army fighters. Development: A narrative review of articles published in English and Spanish, in Medline (PubMed), Cochrane and Web of Science, and magazines, protocols, books, and manuals in the field of emergency and battlefield emergencies, who analyzed the study phenomenon and met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. After searching and selecting the studies, 7 articles were included in the narrative synthesis. In the studies, the following hemostatic agents were used QuikClot®, HemCon®, Celox®, and ChitoGauze HemCon®, in most studies, hemostatic agents were more than 88 percent effective in stopping, reducing, and controlling external hemorrhage in combat victims, especially in union areas, also decreasing morbidity and mortality. Only QuikClot® had negative side effects causing burns. The correct handling of hemostatic agents requires prior training, which avoids administration mistakes. Conclusions: Hemostatic agents are effective for treating external hemorrhage in combat victims and increasing their survival. It is necessary to train professionals to avoid mistakes in their handling. Future studies should investigate which of these agents is more effective(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Sobrevida , Efetividade , Hemostáticos/uso terapêutico , Emergências , Cuidados de Suporte Avançado de Vida no Trauma/métodos , Militares , Guerra , Eficácia , SobrevivênciaRESUMO
As armas de fogo são instrumentos letais que estão relacionados a uma grande quantia de homicídios no Brasil, além de traumas e violências. Assim, o atendimento pré-hospitalar e hospitalar é importante na tentativa de diminuir os índices de mortalidade por causas externas. Esta revisão de literatura teve como objetivo demonstrar as formas protocoladas de atendimento atuais a um paciente com trauma por projétil de arma de fogo (AU).
Firearms are lethal instruments that are related to a large amount of homicides in Brazil, as well as traumas and violence. Thus, pre-hospital and hospital care is important in the attempt to reduce mortality rates due to external causes. This literature review aimed to demonstrate the current protocol forms of care for a patient with gunshot wound. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Ferimentos por Arma de Fogo/terapia , Ferimentos por Arma de Fogo/epidemiologia , Protocolos Clínicos/normas , Ferimentos por Arma de Fogo/complicações , Distribuição por Sexo , Distribuição por Idade , Serviços Médicos de Emergência , Cuidados de Suporte Avançado de Vida no Trauma/normasRESUMO
Introducción. El trauma es una de las entidades con mayor morbimortalidad en el mundo. Los equipos especializados en la atención del paciente traumatizado son llamados «equipos de trauma¼. Dichos equipos surgieron de la necesidad de brindar tratamiento oportuno multidisciplinario a individuos con heridas que condicionan gran severidad en la guerra; sin embargo, con el paso del tiempo se trasladaron al ámbito civil, generando un impacto positivo en términos de tiempos de atención, mortalidad y morbilidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir el proceso de desarrollo de los equipos de trauma a nivel mundial y la experiencia en nuestra institución en el suroccidente colombiano. Métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda en la base de datos PUBMED, que incluyó revisiones sistemáticas, metaanálisis, revisiones de Cochrane, ensayos clínicos y series de casos. Resultados. Se incluyeron 41 estudios para esta revisión narrativa, y se observó que el tiempo de permanencia en Emergencias, el tiempo de traslado a cirugía, la mortalidad y las complicaciones asociadas al trauma fueron menores cuando se implementan equipos de trauma. Discusión. El diseño de un sistema de atención y valoración horizontal de un paciente con traumatismos severos produce un impacto positivo en términos de tiempos de atención, mortalidad y morbilidad. Se hace necesario establecer los parámetros operativos necesarios en las instituciones de salud de alta y mediana complejidad en nuestro país para implementar dichos equipos de trabajo
Introduction. Trauma is one of the entities with the highest morbidity and mortality in the world. Teams specialized in trauma patient care are called «trauma teams¼. These teams arose from the need to provide timely multidisciplinary treatment to individuals with severe injuries in war; however, with time they moved to the civilian arena, generating a positive impact in terms of care times, mortality and morbidity. The objective of this study was to describe the process of development of trauma teams worldwide and the experience in our institution in southwestern Colombia. Methods. A search of the PUBMED database was carried out, which included systematic reviews, metaanalyses, Cochrane reviews, clinical trials, and case series.Results. Forty-one studies were included for this narrative review, and it was observed that the length of stay in the ER, the time of transfer to surgery, mortality and complications associated with trauma were lower when trauma teams are implemented. Discussion. The design of a horizontal care and assessment system for a patient with severe trauma produces a positive impact in terms of care times, mortality and morbidity. It is necessary to establish operational parameters in high and medium complexity health institutions in our country to implement such work teams
Assuntos
Humanos , Centros de Traumatologia , Equipe de Assistência ao Paciente , Ferimentos e Lesões , Índices de Gravidade do Trauma , Cuidados de Suporte Avançado de Vida no TraumaRESUMO
Objetivo: Descrever as características dos atendimentos às vítimas de trauma admitidas em um pronto socorro de grande porte, via transporte aéreo. Método: Estudo transversal que analisou 107 prontuários de vítimas de trauma admitidas via transporte aéreo. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística descritiva. Resultados: Predominou o sexo masculino (63,3%), mediana de idade de 32 anos (IQ:23-51), vítimas de colisão automobilística (28,0%), transportadas por serviço aéreo público (86,0%) e nível de prioridade vermelho (55,7%). À admissão, 55,0% possuíam prótese de vias aéreas e 57,9% tiveram lesão na região do crânio. 72,9% realizou tomografia, 60,7% recebeu tratamento cirúrgico e 12,1% evoluiu a óbito no pronto socorro. O tempo de internação hospitalar teve mediana de sete dias (IQ: 1,5 -33,0), 57,0% recebeu alta domiciliar e 26,2% evoluiu a óbito. Conclusão: As vítimas, maioritariamente, eram graves e demandaram atendimento imediato e especializado, incluindo propedêuticas e terapêuticas de alta complexidade(AU)
Objective: To describe the characteristics of care provided to trauma victims admitted to an emergency room (ER) by air medical transport. Method: 107 medical records were collected and submitted to descriptive statistical analysis. Results: Prevalence of male individuals (63.3%), at a median age of 32 years (IQR: 23-51), car crash as a trauma mechanism (28.0%), public air transport (86.0%), and emergency priority level (55.7%). Upon admission, 55.0% had airway prosthesis, 68.2% received supplemental oxygen and 85.0% were immobilized on a long backboard. Limbs (66.3%) and skull (57.9%) were the most affected body regions. Tomography was performed in 72.9%. 60.7% received surgical treatment while 12.1% died in the ER. Length of hospital stay was seven days (IQR: 1.5 -33.0). More than half were discharged (57.0%) and 26.2% died. Conclusion: Trauma victims admitted via air medical transport were mostly in serious condition and demanded immediate, specialized care, including highly complex care(AU)
Objetivo: Describir las características de la atención a las víctimas de trauma admitidas en un servicio de urgencias vía transporte aéreo. Método: Este estudio transversal analizó 107 historias clínicas de pacientes víctimas de trauma, admitidos en un servicio de urgencias vía transporte aéreo. Resultados: Predominó el sexo masculino (63,3%), edad mediana de 32 años (IQ:23-51), colisión automovilística como mecanismo de lesión (28,0%), transporte por servicio aéreo público (86,0%) y nivel de prioridad emergencia (55,7%). En la admisión, 55,0% tenían prótesis de vía aérea, 68,2% recibian oxígeno suplementario y 85,0% estaban inmovilizados en tablas largas. Los miembros (66,3%) y cráneo (57,9%) fueron lasregiones corporales más afectadas. La tomografía fue realizada en 72,9%, 60,7% recibió tratamiento quirúrgico y 12,1% evolucionaron a óbito. El tiempo de internación fue de siete días (IQ: 1,5-33,0). 57,0% recibió alta domiciliaria y 26,2% evolucionaron a óbito. Conclusiones: Las víctimas de trauma admitidas vía transporte aéreo eran en su mayoría graves y demandaron atención inmediata y especializada, incluyendo propedéuticas y terapéuticas de alta complejidad(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Enfermagem em Emergência , Resgate Aéreo , Serviços Médicos de Emergência , Cuidados de Suporte Avançado de Vida no TraumaRESUMO
RESUMEN Introducción: el politraumatismo por si solo constituye uno de los problemas más grandes de la sociedad moderna. Las lesiones traumáticas en Cuba aparecen en el quinto lugar entre las causas globales de muerte para todas las edades. Objetivo: determinar cómo incidió el factor tiempo en la organización de las acciones para la atención de urgencia al paciente politraumatizado. Materiales y método: se realizó un estudio observacional, conformado por 183 pacientes politraumatizados, atendidos en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Emergentes del Hospital Provincial". José R. López Tabrane " de Matanzas, durante el año 2014. Las variables a considerar fueron: edad, sexo, tiempo en que recibieron las primeras acciones, tiempo de llegada al Hospital, factores asociados que influyeron en la aparición de injuria secundaria. Se utilizó la técnica estadística de análisis de distribución de frecuencias. Resultados: el mayor porcentaje de los pacientes (82,6 %) acudieron 4-6 h después de sufrido el traumatismo. Aparecieron factores como la hipotensión, la hipoxia (66,1 y 50,2 %) respectivamente, que tuvieron lesiones asociadas y fueron valoradas en la primera hora del traumatismo. Conclusiones: el trauma severo es una de las entidades prevenibles que más vida cobra en la sociedad. El sexo masculino y edades más productivas de la vida fueron los que más morbimortalidad presentaron. El hecho de que la mayor cantidad de estos pacientes arribaron al Hospital después de la hora dorada, propició un mayor número de complicaciones por el no control a tiempo de los elementos que forman la injuria secundaria (AU).
ABSTRACT Introduction: polytrauma, by itself, is one of the biggest problems of the modern society. Trauma lesions in Cuba are in the fifth place among the death global causes for all age groups. Objective: to determine how time factor had an impact in the actions organization for the emergency care to polytrauma patient. Materials and method: an observational study was performed in 183 poly-trauma patients who attended the Intensive Care Unit of the Provincial Hospital "Jose Ramón López Tabrane" of Matanzas during 2014. The considered variables were: age; sex; time of receiving the first actions; time of arrival to the hospital; associated factors influencing in the appearance of secondary injury. The authors used the statistic technique of analysis of frequency distribution. Results: the highest percent of patients (82.6 %) assisted the consultation 4-6 hours after suffering the trauma. There were found factors like hypotension and hypoxia (66.1 and 50.2 % respectively that had associated lesions and were assessed in the first hour of the trauma. Conclusions: acute trauma is one of the preventable entities taking more lives in the society. Male sex predominated and the more productive ages of life were the ones presenting more morbid-mortality. The fact that the biggest quantity of these patients arrived to the hospital after the golden hour favored a higher number of complications due to the untimely control of the elements forming the secondary injury (AU).
Assuntos
Humanos , Fatores de Tempo , Traumatismo Múltiplo/epidemiologia , Cuidados de Suporte Avançado de Vida no Trauma , Traumatismo Múltiplo/cirurgia , Traumatismo Múltiplo/mortalidade , Traumatismo Múltiplo/terapia , Estudo Observacional , Unidades de Terapia IntensivaRESUMO
Lowering of the level of consciousness is a very common presentation at the emergency room, often without any history that helps finding an etiology. This emergency requires quick empirical measures to reduce neuronal mortality, with additional protection against sequelae. According to the Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) guidelines, there are current emergency neurological support protocols, such as the Emergency Neurological Life Support (ENLS) created by the Neurocritical Care Society. The present paper shows how to approach unconscious patients, highlighting possible etiologies and proposed treatments.
Assuntos
Tronco Encefálico/fisiopatologia , Coma/fisiopatologia , Coma/terapia , Cuidados de Suporte Avançado de Vida no Trauma , Hipotálamo Posterior/fisiopatologia , Coma/diagnóstico , Coma/etnologia , Traumatismos do Sistema Nervoso , Serviços Médicos de Emergência/organização & administração , Governança ClínicaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To know the profile of service and satisfaction of users served by the Mobile Emergency Care Service (SAMU). METHODS: A cross-sectional study of the 854 services performed by the Advanced Life Support (SAV) teams from SAMU of Porto Alegre/RS, in the first quarter of 2016. A total of 164 users or respondents answered by phone to the questions regarding the service performed. Analysis performed using the Spearman and Chi-square tests. Study approved in Ethics and Research Committee of the Institutions involved. RESULTS: A higher percentage of clinical visits (48.2%) followed by trauma care (32.8%). Regarding telephone calls, 71.4% of respondents rated the service as 'very good' while the service was classified by 76.8% of the respondents. From them, 81.1% stated that the service was resolving. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical type stands out among the assistances and the users reveal satisfaction with the service provided, considering that it serves the population resolutely.
Assuntos
Serviços Médicos de Emergência/estatística & dados numéricos , Unidades Móveis de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Satisfação do Paciente , Cuidados de Suporte Avançado de Vida no Trauma/organização & administração , Estudos Transversais , Serviços Médicos de Emergência/métodos , Humanos , Telefone/estatística & dados numéricos , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
The practical component of the Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS®) course typically includes a TraumaMan® manikin. This manikin is expensive; hence, a low-cost alternative (SurgeMan®) was developed in Brazil. Our primary objective was to compare user satisfaction among SurgeMan, TraumaMan, and porcine models during the course. Our secondary objective was to determine the user satisfaction scores for SurgeMan. This study included 36 ATLS students and nine instructors (4:1 ratio). Tube thoracostomy, cricothyroidotomy, pericardiocentesis, and diagnostic peritoneal lavage were performed on all the three models. The participants then rated their satisfaction both after each activity and after the course. The porcine and TraumaMan models fared better than SurgeMan for all skills except pericardiocentesis. In the absence of ethical or financial constraints, 58 per cent of the students and 66 per cent of the instructors indicated preference for the porcine model. When ethical and financial factors were considered, no preference was evident among the students, whereas 66 per cent of instructors preferred SurgeMan over the others. The students gave all three models an overall adequacy rating of >80 per cent; the instructors gave only the animal models an adequacy rating of <80 per cent. Although the users were more satisfied with TraumaMan than with SurgeMan, both were considered acceptable for the ATLS course.
Assuntos
Cuidados de Suporte Avançado de Vida no Trauma , Manequins , Traumatologia/educação , Cuidados de Suporte Avançado de Vida no Trauma/métodos , Estudos Cross-Over , Currículo , Humanos , Pericardiocentese/educação , Estudantes de Medicina , Toracostomia/educaçãoRESUMO
Resumo OBJETIVO Conhecer o perfil de atendimento e satisfação dos usuários atendidos pelo Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência (SAMU). MÉTODOS Estudo transversal dos 854 atendimentos realizados pelas equipes de Suporte Avançado de Vida (SAV) do SAMU de Porto Alegre/RS, no primeiro trimestre de 2016. Participaram 164 usuários ou responsáveis que responderam via telefone questões referentes ao atendimento realizado. Análise realizada através dos Testes de Spearman e Qui-quadrado. Estudo aprovado em Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa das Instituições envolvidas. RESULTADOS Observou-se maior percentual de atendimentos clínicos (48,2%) seguidos pelos atendimentos aos traumas (32,8%). Sobre o atendimento pelo telefone, 71,4% dos participantes classificaram o serviço como 'muito bom' enquanto o atendimento presencial foi assim classificado por 76,8% dos respondentes. Desses, 81,1% afirmaram que o atendimento foi resolutivo. CONCLUSÕES O tipo clínico se destaca entre os atendimentos e os usuários revelam satisfação com o serviço prestado, considerando que esse atende a população resolutamente.
Resumen OBJETIVO Conocer el perfil de atención y satisfacción de los pacientes atendidos por el Servicio de Atención Móvil de Urgencia (SAMU). MÉTODOS Estudio transversal de 854 atenciones realizadas por los equipos de Soporte Avanzado de Vida (SAV) del SAMU de Porto Alegre/RS, en el primer trimestre de 2016. Participaron 164 pacientes o responsables que respondieron vía teléfono las preguntas referentes a la atención realizada. Análisis realizado a través de las pruebas de Spearman y Chi-cuadrado. Estudio aprobado por el Comité de Ética e Investigación de las Instituciones involucradas. RESULTADOS Se observó un mayor porcentaje de atenciones clínicas (48,2%) seguido por traumas (32,8%). Sobre la atención telefónica, 71,4% de los participantes clasificaron el servicio como 'muy bueno', mientras que la atención presencial fue clasificada de la misma forma por el 76,8% de los encuestados. De ellos, 81,1% afirmó que la atención fue resolutiva. CONCLUSIONES El tipo clínico se destaca entre las atenciones y los usuarios que revelan satisfacción con el servicio brindado, considerando que este atiende a la población resolutivamente.
Abstract OBJECTIVE To know the profile of service and satisfaction of users served by the Mobile Emergency Care Service (SAMU). METHODS A cross-sectional study of the 854 services performed by the Advanced Life Support (SAV) teams from SAMU of Porto Alegre/RS, in the first quarter of 2016. A total of 164 users or respondents answered by phone to the questions regarding the service performed. Analysis performed using the Spearman and Chi-square tests. Study approved in Ethics and Research Committee of the Institutions involved. RESULTS A higher percentage of clinical visits (48.2%) followed by trauma care (32.8%). Regarding telephone calls, 71.4% of respondents rated the service as 'very good' while the service was classified by 76.8% of the respondents. From them, 81.1% stated that the service was resolving. CONCLUSIONS The clinical type stands out among the assistances and the users reveal satisfaction with the service provided, considering that it serves the population resolutely.
Assuntos
Humanos , Satisfação do Paciente , Serviços Médicos de Emergência/estatística & dados numéricos , Unidades Móveis de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Telefone/estatística & dados numéricos , Fatores de Tempo , Estudos Transversais , Serviços Médicos de Emergência/métodos , Cuidados de Suporte Avançado de Vida no Trauma/organização & administraçãoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: to analyze the surgeons' subjective indications for damage control surgery, correlating with objective data about the patients' physiological state at the time the surgery was chosen. METHODS: we carried out a prospective study between January 2016 and February 2017, with 46 trauma victims who were submitted to damage control surgery. After each surgery, we applied a questionnaire to the attending surgeon, addressing the motivations for choosing the procedure. We collected data in the medical records to assess hemodynamic conditions, systolic blood pressure and heart rate on arrival at the emergency room (grade III or IV shock on arrival at the emergency room would partially justify the choice). We considered elevation of serum lactate level, prolonged prothrombin time and blood pH below 7.2 as laboratory indicators of worse prognosis, objectively corroborating the subjective choice of the procedure. RESULTS: the main indications for damage control surgery were hemodynamic instability (47.8%) and high complexity lesions (30.4%). Hemodynamic and laboratory changes corroborated the choice in 65.2% of patients, regardless of the time; 23.9% presented hemodynamic changes compatible with degree III and IV shock, but without laboratory alterations; 4.3% had only laboratory abnormalities and 6.5% had no alterations at all. CONCLUSION: in the majority of cases, there was early indication for damage control surgery, based mainly on hemodynamic status and severity of lesions, and in 65.2%, the decision was compatible with alterations in objective hemodynamic and laboratory data.
Assuntos
Cuidados de Suporte Avançado de Vida no Trauma , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Operatórios , Ferimentos e Lesões/cirurgia , Adulto , Estado Terminal , Feminino , Humanos , Escala de Gravidade do Ferimento , Masculino , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the surgeons' subjective indications for damage control surgery, correlating with objective data about the patients' physiological state at the time the surgery was chosen. Methods: we carried out a prospective study between January 2016 and February 2017, with 46 trauma victims who were submitted to damage control surgery. After each surgery, we applied a questionnaire to the attending surgeon, addressing the motivations for choosing the procedure. We collected data in the medical records to assess hemodynamic conditions, systolic blood pressure and heart rate on arrival at the emergency room (grade III or IV shock on arrival at the emergency room would partially justify the choice). We considered elevation of serum lactate level, prolonged prothrombin time and blood pH below 7.2 as laboratory indicators of worse prognosis, objectively corroborating the subjective choice of the procedure. Results: the main indications for damage control surgery were hemodynamic instability (47.8%) and high complexity lesions (30.4%). Hemodynamic and laboratory changes corroborated the choice in 65.2% of patients, regardless of the time; 23.9% presented hemodynamic changes compatible with degree III and IV shock, but without laboratory alterations; 4.3% had only laboratory abnormalities and 6.5% had no alterations at all. Conclusion: in the majority of cases, there was early indication for damage control surgery, based mainly on hemodynamic status and severity of lesions, and in 65.2%, the decision was compatible with alterations in objective hemodynamic and laboratory data.
RESUMO Objetivo: analisar as indicações subjetivas, por parte do cirurgião, para cirurgia de controle de danos, correlacionando com dados objetivos sobre o estado fisiológico do paciente, no momento em que a cirurgia foi escolhida. Métodos: estudo prospectivo realizado entre janeiro de 2016 e fevereiro de 2017, de 46 pacientes vítimas de traumas e submetidos à cirurgia de controle de danos. Após cada cirurgia era aplicado um questionário ao cirurgião responsável, abordando as motivações para a escolha do procedimento. Foram coletados dados nos prontuários para avaliar as condições hemodinâmicas, pressão arterial sistólica e frequência cardíaca na chegada ao pronto socorro (choque grau III ou IV na chegada ao pronto socorro justificaria parcialmente a escolha). Elevação do nível sérico de lactato, tempo de protrombina alargado e pH abaixo de 7,2 foram usados como indicadores laboratoriais de pior prognóstico, corroborando objetivamente com a escolha subjetiva pela cirurgia de controle de danos. Resultados: as principais indicações para cirurgia de controle de danos foram instabilidade hemodinâmica (47,8%) e lesões de alta complexidade (30,4%). Alterações hemodinâmicas e laboratoriais corroboraram a escolha em 65,2% dos pacientes, independente do momento; 23,9% apresentaram alterações hemodinâmicas compatíveis com choque grau III e IV, porém sem alterações laboratoriais; 4,3% apresentavam somente as alterações laboratoriais e 6,5% estavam sem alteração alguma. Conclusão: na maioria dos casos optou-se precocemente pela cirurgia de controle de danos, baseando-se principalmente no estado hemodinâmico e gravidade das lesões, sendo que em 65,2% a decisão foi compatível com alterações de dados objetivos do estado hemodinâmico e laboratoriais.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Operatórios , Ferimentos e Lesões/cirurgia , Cuidados de Suporte Avançado de Vida no Trauma , Escala de Gravidade do Ferimento , Estudos Prospectivos , Estado TerminalRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Trauma resuscitation protocols have unified the care of trauma patients and significantly improved outcomes. However, the success of the Advanced Trauma Life Support course is difficult to reproduce in developing countries due to set-up costs, limitations of resources, and variations of practice. The objective of this study is to assess the Trauma Evaluation and Management (TEAM) course as a low-cost alternative for trauma resuscitation teaching in Low and Middle Income Countries (LMIC). DESIGN: As part of the Team Broken Earth initiative, TEAM course was provided to the health care professionals in Haiti. At its conclusion, participants were asked to complete a survey evaluating the course. Qualitative and quantitative data were analyzed to evaluate the perception of the course. SETTING: The course was provided in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 80 health care professionals participated in the course. Response was obtained from 69 participants, which comprised of 32 physicians, 10 Emergency Medical Technicians (EMT), 22 nurses, and 5 medical trainees. RESULTS: The course was well received by physicians, nurses, and EMT with an average score of 90.6%. Question analysis revealed a lower satisfaction of physicians for the course manual and teaching materials, and information related to decisions for transfer of patients. EMT consistently felt that the course was not tailored to their learning and practice needs. Written feedback demonstrated several areas of weaknesses including need for improvements in translations, hands-on practice, and educational materials. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the TEAM course was well received. Analysis demonstrated a need for adjustments specific to LMIC including a focus on prehospital assessment, increased nursing responsibilities, and unavailability of specialist's referrals. Team Broken Earth intends to take these findings into consideration and continue to provide the TEAM course to other LMIC.
Assuntos
Cuidados de Suporte Avançado de Vida no Trauma/organização & administração , Pessoal de Saúde/educação , Equipe de Assistência ao Paciente/organização & administração , Pobreza , Traumatologia/educação , Cuidados de Suporte Avançado de Vida no Trauma/economia , Currículo , Países em Desenvolvimento , Feminino , Haiti , Humanos , Masculino , Área Carente de Assistência Médica , Avaliação das Necessidades , Medição de Risco , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Neurogenic shock has a strong impact in traumatology. It is an important condition, associated with lesions in the neuraxis and can be medullar and/or cerebral. In the last years, its pathophysiology has been better understood, allowing a reduction in the morbimortality with more precise and efficacious interventions taking place in the emergency room. In this review article, the author presents the current aspects of the management of neurogenic shock, highlighting the neuroprotective measures that improve the outcome. Many pharmacologic interventions are still questionable and need more prospective studies to accurately assess their real value. The best moment for neurosurgical intervention is also debatable. Quite clearly, the initial proceedings in the emergency room are fundamental to guarantee the adequate conditions for neuroplasticity and neuronal rehabilitation.
Assuntos
Humanos , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/fisiopatologia , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/diagnóstico , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/terapia , Cuidados de Suporte Avançado de Vida no Trauma , Síndrome de Secreção Inadequada de HADRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Spondylopelvic dissociation is an uncommon and complex injury that results from high-energy trauma with axial overloading through the sacrum. Due to the life-threatening nature of these injuries, standard Advanced Trauma Life Support® (ATLS) protocol must be used in the trauma setting as part of the initial management of these patients. The key to diagnosis is a good physical exam coupled with high level of suspicion. Radicular neurological deficits commonly are present in spondylopelvic dissociation (L5's roots) and should be documented for future evaluations. Radiographic views and CT-scan is preferred for the diagnosis. BIOMECHANICS AND CLASSIFICATION: The authors briefly describe the anatomy and biomechanics of the pelvis, and present the main classifications used to define this rare lesion. TREATMENT: Discussion about setting the boundaries of surgical stabilization, if there is still a role for conservative treatment, the importance of the initial treatment and the timing of intervention. Decompression is mandatory in the presence of canal compromise and progressive neurological deficit, regardless of biomechanical criteria for surgery. Kyphotic deformity occurs at the site of sacral transverse fracture and also reduces anteroposterior pelvis diameter. The technique of reduction and posterior surgical stabilization is emphasized. If residual kyphosis remains after bilateral lumbopelvic fixation by shifting of the lower sacral segment, we use S2 and/or S3 screws connected to transitional rods to additional reduction. An illustrated case is shown. COMPLICATIONS: The infection of the wound and the failure of the implants are the most frequent complications of this surgical treatment. CONCLUSION: Posterior stabilization is widely recognized as crucial in the treatment of pelvic disruptions. The concept of circumferential restoration of pelvic ring by bilateral lumbopelvic fixation and anterior fixation seems to be a nice option to increase stabilization and avoid bone misalignment.
Assuntos
Mau Alinhamento Ósseo/diagnóstico por imagem , Instabilidade Articular/cirurgia , Cifose/prevenção & controle , Ossos Pélvicos/lesões , Pelve/lesões , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/terapia , Sacro/lesões , Infecção da Ferida Cirúrgica/terapia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Cuidados de Suporte Avançado de Vida no Trauma , Fenômenos Biomecânicos/fisiologia , Mau Alinhamento Ósseo/prevenção & controle , Mau Alinhamento Ósseo/cirurgia , Descompressão Cirúrgica , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Neurológico , Fixação Interna de Fraturas/métodos , Guias como Assunto , Humanos , Instabilidade Articular/diagnóstico por imagem , Instabilidade Articular/fisiopatologia , Cifose/diagnóstico por imagem , Ossos Pélvicos/diagnóstico por imagem , Ossos Pélvicos/cirurgia , Pelve/diagnóstico por imagem , Exame Físico/métodos , Sacro/diagnóstico por imagem , Sacro/cirurgiaRESUMO
Objetivo: descrever as perspectivas das enfermeiras no cuidado em atendimento pré-hospitalar móvel. Metodologia:pesquisa qualitativa realizada com enfermeiras atuantes em um serviço de atendimento pré-hospitalar móvel deurgência e emergência de Salvador, Bahia, as quais responderam a uma entrevista semiestruturada cujo conteúdo foisubmetido a análise temática. Resultados: a atuação das enfermeiras no atendimento pré-hospitalar móvel mostrou--se fundamentada em três pilares: protocolos institucionais, conhecimento técnico-científico e aspectos éticos daprofissão, considerados essenciais na reflexão da prática cotidiana, bem como na tomada de decisão durante ocuidado. Conclusões: as enfermeiras vislumbram os protocolos como ferramentas essenciais para o direcionamentodos cuidados em atendimento pré-hospitalar móvel e se baseiam no conhecimento técnico-científico e nos aspectoséticos da profissão.
Objective: describe the perspectives of nurses in the care in mobile pre-hospital attention. Method: a qualitativeresearch performed with nurses working in a mobile pre-hospital urgency and emergency attendance in Salvador,Bahia, who answered a semi-structured interview, and the contents were submitted to thematic content analysis.Results: the role of nurses in the mobile pre-hospital care is based on three pillars: institutional protocols, technicaland scientific knowledge and ethical aspects of the profession, considered essential in reflection of their daily practiceas well as in decision making during care. Conclusion: nurses envisage the protocols as essential tools for targeting ofcare in pre-hospital mobile attention and base themselves on technical and scientific knowledge and ethical aspectsof the profession.
Objetivo: describir las perspectivas de las enfermeras en el cuidado en atención pre-hospitalaria móvil. Metodología:pesquisa cualitativa realizada con enfermeras que actuantes en un servicio de atención pre-hospitalaria móvilde urgencia y emergencia de Salvador, Bahia, las cuales respondieron a una entrevista semi-estructurada cuyocontenido fue sometido al análisis temático de contenido. Resultados: la actuación de las enfermeras en la atenciónpre-hospitalaria móvil se basa en tres pilares: protocolos institucionales, los conocimientos técnicos y científicos y losaspectos éticos de la profesión, considerados esenciales en la reflexión de su práctica diaria, así como en la toma dedecisiones durante la atención. Conclusión: las enfermeras vislumbran los protocolos como herramientas esenciales para el direccionamiento de los cuidados en la atención pre-hospitalaria móvil, y se basan en el conocimientotécnico-científico y los aspectos éticos de la profesión.