RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Over the past decade, many states have developed approaches to reimburse for immediate postpartum long-acting reversible contraception. Despite expanded coverage, few hospitals offer immediate postpartum long-acting reversible contraception. OBJECTIVES: Immediate postpartum long-acting reversible contraception implementation is complex and requires a committed multidisciplinary team. After New Mexico Medicaid approved reimbursement for this service, the New Mexico Perinatal Collaborative developed and initiated an evidence-based implementation program containing several components. We sought to evaluate timing of the implementation process and facilitators and barriers to immediate postpartum long-acting reversible contraception in several New Mexico rural hospitals. The primary study outcome was time from New Mexico Perinatal Collaborative program component introduction in each hospital to the hospital's completion of the corresponding implementation step. Secondary outcomes included barriers and facilitators to immediate postpartum contraception implementation. STUDY DESIGN: In this mixed-methods study, conducted from April 2017 to May 2018, we completed semistructured questionnaires and interviews with 20 key personnel from 7 New Mexico hospitals that planned to implement immediate postpartum long-acting reversible contraception. The New Mexico Perinatal Collaborative introduced program components to hospitals in a stepped-wedge design. Participants contributed baseline and follow-up data at 4 time periods detailing the steps taken towards program implementation and the timing of step completion at their hospital. Qualitative data were analyzed using directed qualitative content analysis principles based on the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. RESULTS: Investigators conducted 43 interviews during the 14-month study period. Median time to complete steps toward implementation-patient education, clinician training, nursing education, charge capture, available supplies, and protocols or guidelines-ranged from 7 days for clinician training to 357 days to develop patient education materials. Facilitators of immediate postpartum contraception readiness were local hospital clinical champions and institutional administrative and financial stability. Of the 7 hospitals, 4 completed all Perinatal Collaborative implementation program components and 3 of those piloted immediate postpartum long-acting reversible contraception services. Two publicly funded hospitals currently offer immediate postpartum long-acting reversible contraception without verification of payment for the device or insertion. The third hospital piloted the program with 8 contraceptive devices, did not receive reimbursement due to identified flaws in Medicaid billing guidance and does not currently offer the service. The remaining 3 of the 7 hospitals declined to complete the NMPC program; the hospital that completed the program but did not pilot immediate postpartum long-acting reversible contraception did so because Medicaid billing mechanisms were incompatible with their automated billing systems. Participants consistently reported that lack of reimbursement was the major barrier to immediate postpartum long-acting reversible contraception implementation. CONCLUSION: Despite the New Mexico Perinatal Collaborative's robust implementation process and hospital engagement, most hospitals did not offer immediate postpartum long-acting reversible contraception over the study period. Reimbursement obstacles prevented full service implementation. Interventions to improve immediate postpartum long-acting reversible contraception access must begin with implementation of seamless billing and reimbursement mechanisms to ensure adequate hospital payments.
Assuntos
Administração Financeira de Hospitais , Hospitais , Reembolso de Seguro de Saúde , Contracepção Reversível de Longo Prazo/economia , Cuidado Pós-Natal/organização & administração , População Rural , Feminino , Humanos , Ciência da Implementação , Medicaid , New Mexico , Cuidado Pós-Natal/economia , Gravidez , Fatores de Tempo , Estados UnidosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Provision of postpartum care can support new families in adapting to a new situation. We aimed to determine whether various determinants of socioeconomic status (SES) were associated with utilization of postpartum care. In addition, to stress the relevance of increasing postpartum care uptake among low SES-groups, an assessment of the potential (cost-)effectiveness of postpartum care is required. METHODS: National retrospective cohort study using linked routinely collected healthcare data from all registered singleton deliveries (2010-13) in the Netherlands. Small-for-gestational age and preterm babies were excluded. The associations between SES and postpartum care uptake, and between uptake and health care expenditure were studied using multivariable regression analyses. RESULTS: Of all 569 921 deliveries included, 1.2% did not receive postpartum care. Among women who did receive care, care duration was below the recommended minimum of 24 h in 15.3%. All indicators of low SES were independently associated with a lack in care uptake. Extremes of maternal age, single parenthood and being of non-Dutch origin were associated with reduced uptake independent of SES determinants. No uptake of postpartum care was associated with maternal healthcare expenses in the highest quartile: aOR 1.34 (95% CI 1.10-1.67). Uptake below the recommended amount was associated with higher maternal and infant healthcare expenses: aOR 1.09 (95% CI 1.03-1.18) and aOR 1.20 (95% CI 1.13-1.27), respectively. CONCLUSION: Although uptake was generally high, low SES women less often received postpartum care, this being associated with higher subsequent healthcare expenses. Strategies to effectively reduce these substantial inequities in early life are urgently needed.
Assuntos
Gastos em Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Serviços de Assistência Domiciliar/estatística & dados numéricos , Cuidado Pós-Natal/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Análise Custo-Benefício , Serviços de Assistência Domiciliar/economia , Humanos , Marrocos , Países Baixos , Antilhas Holandesas , Cuidado Pós-Natal/economia , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Suriname , Turquia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To explore perceptions of healthcare providers and beneficiaries of Oportunidades program on physical activity during pregnancy and post-partum; and identify current reported practices related to counseling on physical activity in the primary healthcare services in Mexico. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A mixed methods approach was used which is part of a nutrition intervention of the Oportunidades program. Qualitative information was collected through interviews (50=women; 34=providers) and quantitative information was collected by questionnaires (n=88 women; n=64 provider; n=111 observations during consultation). RESULTS: The main barriers were: a) individual (lack of time and social support to childcare); b) sociocultural (gender bias derived from peer groups or family and lack of instructors), and c) environmental (lack of safe and adequate physical places). Only 38% of beneficiary women reported having been counseled on physical activity vs 63.4% of providers who reported having counseled on physical activity (p=0.002). CONCLUSION: There is a need to train healthcare providers and to promote physical activity during pregnancy and post-partum for reducing associated biases.
Assuntos
Exercício Físico , Pessoal de Saúde/psicologia , Cuidado Pós-Natal , Período Pós-Parto , Pobreza , Gravidez , Cuidado Pré-Natal , Atitude Frente a Saúde , Aconselhamento , Feminino , Programas Governamentais , Promoção da Saúde/economia , Promoção da Saúde/organização & administração , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , México , Cooperação do Paciente , Cuidado Pós-Natal/economia , Cuidado Pós-Natal/organização & administração , Cuidado Pós-Natal/psicologia , Período Pós-Parto/psicologia , Pobreza/psicologia , Gravidez/psicologia , Cuidado Pré-Natal/economia , Cuidado Pré-Natal/organização & administração , Cuidado Pré-Natal/psicologiaRESUMO
Objetivo. Explorar percepciones de proveedores de salud y beneficiarías del Programa Oportunidades sobre la práctica de actividad física durante el embarazo y posparto, e identificar características de la consejería sobre el tema en el primer nivel de atención en salud. Material y métodos. Estudio de métodos mixtos que forma parte de una intervención en nutrición del Programa Oportunidades. La información cualitativa se colectó por entrevista (50 mujeres; 34 proveedores de salud) y se obtuvo información cuantitativa a partir de un cuestionario (n=88 mujeres; n=64 proveedores; n=111 observaciones de consulta). Resultados. Se documentaron barreras a) individuales: falta de tiempo y de apoyo social; b) socioculturales: prejuicios de pares y familiares, y falta de instructores, y c) ambientales: falta de espacios físicos seguros y apropiados. 38% de las mujeres reporta haber recibido consejería sobre el tema versus 63.4% de proveedores que reportan haberla dado (p=0.002). Conclusiones. Urgen capacitación a proveedores y promoción de la actividad física que eliminen los prejuicios asociados al tema durante el embarazo y posparto.
Objective.To explore perceptions of healthcare providers and beneficiaries of Oportunidades program on physical activity during pregnancy and post-partum; and identify current reported practices related to counseling on physical activity in the primary healthcare services in Mexico. Materials and methods. A mixed methods approach was used which is part of a nutrition intervention of the Oportunidades program. Qualitative information was collected through interviews (50=women; 34=providers) and quantitative information was collected by questionnaires (n=88 women; n=64 provider; n=111 observations during consultation). Results. The main barriers were: a) individual (lack of time and social support to childcare); b) sociocultural (gender bias derived from peer groups or family and lack of instructors), and c) environmental (lack of safe and adequate physical places). Only 38% of beneficiary women reported having been counseled on physical activity vs 63.4% of providers who reported having counseled on physical activity (p=0.002). Conclusion. There is a need to train healthcare providers and to promote physical activity during pregnancy and post-partum for reducing associated biases.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Cuidado Pós-Natal/economia , Cuidado Pós-Natal/organização & administração , Cuidado Pós-Natal/psicologia , Exercício Físico , Pessoal de Saúde/psicologia , Período Pós-Parto/psicologia , Pobreza/psicologia , Cuidado Pré-Natal/economia , Cuidado Pré-Natal/organização & administração , Cuidado Pré-Natal/psicologia , Gravidez/psicologia , Atitude Frente a Saúde , Entrevistas como Assunto , Cooperação do Paciente , Aconselhamento , Programas Governamentais , Promoção da Saúde/economia , Promoção da Saúde/organização & administração , MéxicoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To compare inpatient and outpatient care costs for pregnant/parturient women with diabetes and mild hyperglycemia. METHODS: A prospective observational quantitative study was conducted in the Perinatal Diabetes Center in the city of Botucatu, Southeastern Brazil, between 2007 and 2008. Direct and indirect costs and disease-specific costs (medications and tests) were estimated. Thirty diet-treated pregnant women with diabetes were followed up on an outpatient basis, and 20 who required insulin therapy were hospitalized. RESULTS: The cost of diabetes disease (prenatal and delivery care) was US$ 3,311.84 for inpatients and US$ 1,366.04 for outpatients. CONCLUSIONS: Direct and indirect costs as well as total prenatal care cost were higher for diabetic inpatients while delivery care costs and delivery-postpartum hospitalization were similar. Prenatal and delivery-postpartum care costs were higher for these patients compared to those paid by Brazilian National Health System.
OBJETIVO: Comparar custos de hospitalização e de atenção ambulatorial em gestantes/parturientes diabéticas e com hiperglicemia leve. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional, prospectivo, quantitativo descritivo realizado em centro de diabete perinatal em Botucatu, SP, entre 2007 e 2008. Foram estimados os custos por absorção diretos e indiretos disponíveis na instituição e os custos específicos para a doença (medicamentos e exames). As 30 gestantes diabéticas tratadas com dieta foram acompanhadas em ambulatório e 20 tratadas com dieta mais insulina foram hospitalizadas. RESULTADOS: O custo da doença diabete (para a assistência pré-natal e parto) foi de US$ 3,311.84 para as gestantes hospitalizadas e de US$ 1,366.04 para as acompanhadas em ambulatório. CONCLUSÕES: Os custos diretos e indiretos e o custo total da assistência pré-natal foram mais elevados nas gestantes diabéticas hospitalizadas enquanto os custos da assistência ao parto e hospitalização para parto e puerpério foram semelhantes. Os custos da assistência pré-natal como no parto/puerpério foram superiores aos valores pagos pelo Sistema Único de Saúde.
OBJETIVO: Comparar costos de hospitalización y de atención por ambulatorio en gestantes/parturientas diabéticas y con hiperglicemia leve. MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional, prospectivo, cuantitativo descriptivo realizado en centro de diabetes perinatal en Botucatu, Sureste de Brasil, entre 2007 y 2008. Se estimaron los costos por absorción directos e indirectos disponibles en la institución y los costos específicos para la enfermedad (medicamentos y exámenes). Las 30 gestantes diabéticas tratadas con dieta fueron acompañadas en ambulatorio y 20 tratadas con dieta más insulina fueron hospitalizadas. RESULTADOS: El costo de la enfermedad diabetes (para asistencia prenatal y parto) fue de US$ 3,311.84 para las gestantes hospitalizadas y de US$ 1,366.04 para las acompañadas en ambulatorio. CONCLUSIONES: Los costos directos e indirectos y el costo total de la asistencia prenatal fueron más elevados en las gestantes diabéticas hospitalizadas mientras que los costos de la asistencia al parto y hospitalización para parto y puerperio fueron semejantes. Los costos de la asistencia prenatal como en el parto/puerperio fueron superiores a los valores pagados por el Sistema Único de Salud.
Assuntos
Adolescente , Feminino , Humanos , Gravidez , Assistência Ambulatorial/economia , Diabetes Mellitus/economia , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Hospitalização/economia , Hiperglicemia/economia , Gravidez em Diabéticas/economia , Brasil , Diabetes Mellitus/terapia , Hiperglicemia/terapia , Cuidado Pós-Natal/economia , Período Pós-Parto , Gravidez em Diabéticas/terapia , Cuidado Pré-Natal/economia , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To compare inpatient and outpatient care costs for pregnant/parturient women with diabetes and mild hyperglycemia. METHODS: A prospective observational quantitative study was conducted in the Perinatal Diabetes Center in the city of Botucatu, Southeastern Brazil, between 2007 and 2008. Direct and indirect costs and disease-specific costs (medications and tests) were estimated. Thirty diet-treated pregnant women with diabetes were followed up on an outpatient basis, and 20 who required insulin therapy were hospitalized. RESULTS: The cost of diabetes disease (prenatal and delivery care) was US$ 3,311.84 for inpatients and US$ 1,366.04 for outpatients. CONCLUSIONS: Direct and indirect costs as well as total prenatal care cost were higher for diabetic inpatients while delivery care costs and delivery-postpartum hospitalization were similar. Prenatal and delivery-postpartum care costs were higher for these patients compared to those paid by Brazilian National Health System.
Assuntos
Assistência Ambulatorial/economia , Diabetes Mellitus/economia , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Hospitalização/economia , Hiperglicemia/economia , Gravidez em Diabéticas/economia , Adolescente , Brasil , Diabetes Mellitus/terapia , Feminino , Humanos , Hiperglicemia/terapia , Cuidado Pós-Natal/economia , Período Pós-Parto , Gravidez , Gravidez em Diabéticas/terapia , Cuidado Pré-Natal/economia , Estudos ProspectivosAssuntos
Centros de Assistência à Gravidez e ao Parto/economia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Financiamento Governamental/economia , Programas Governamentais/economia , Assistência Médica/economia , Tocologia/economia , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde , Cuidado Pós-Natal/economia , Cuidado Pré-Natal/economia , Bolívia , Mortalidade da Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Implementação de Plano de Saúde , Humanos , Lactente , Mortalidade Infantil , Recém-Nascido , Gravidez , Saúde da População RuralRESUMO
Partial and total maternal and child health care costs were estimated. The study was developed in a Primary Care Health Clinic (PCHC) and a General Hospital (GH) of a social security health care system. Maternal and child health care services, type of activity and frequency utilization during 1995, were defined; cost examination was done separately for the PCHC and the GH. Estimation of fixed cost included departmentalization, determination of inputs, costs, basic services disbursements, and weighing. These data were related to depreciation, labor period and productivity. Estimation of variable costs required the participation of field experts; costs corresponded to those registered in billing records. The fixed cost plus the variable cost determined the unit cost, which multiplied by the of frequency of utilization generated the prenatal care, labor and delivery care, and postnatal care cost. The sum of these three equaled the maternal and child health care cost. The prenatal care cost was $1,205.33, the labor and delivery care cost was $3,313.98, and the postnatal care was $559.91. The total cost of the maternal and child health care corresponded to $5,079.22. Cost information is valuable for the health care personnel for health care planning activities.
Assuntos
Serviços de Saúde da Criança/economia , Serviços de Saúde Materna/economia , Adulto , Custos e Análise de Custo , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , México , Cuidado Pós-Natal/economia , Gravidez , Cuidado Pré-Natal/economia , Vacinação/economiaRESUMO
El objetivo fue calcular el costo parcial y total de la atención materno infantil. El estudio se realizó en una Unidad de Medicina Familiar (UMF) y Hospital General de Zona (HGZ) pertenecientes a un sistema de salud institucionalizado. Se definieron los servicios utilizados, el tipo de acciones realizadas y la intensidad de la utilización en la atención materno infantil. El cálculo de los costos se efectuó de manera independiente en la UMF y el HGZ. Para la estimación de los costos fijos se requirió de departamentalización, determinación de insumos y costos, construcción de ponderadores, definición de gastos de servicios básicos; esta información se relacionó con la depreciación, el tiempo laborado y la productividad. Se definieron los supuestos adoptados para el cálculo de los costos fijos. Para el cálculo de los costos variables los insumos fueron determinados por un grupo de expertos y el costo correspondió al registrado en las notas de compra. La suma del costo fijo y variable por tipo de acción determinó el costo unitario, este se multiplicó por la intensidad de la utilización y la suma total permitió conocer el costo de la atención prenatal, del parto y postnatal; la suma de esta tres estableció el costo de la atención perinatal. El costo de la atención prenatal fue de $ 1,205.33, el de la atención del parto $ 3,314.98, el de la etapa postnatal $ 559.91 y el costo total de la atención perinatal $ 5,079.22. Esta es una información valiosa para el médico ya que puede ser utilizada en las actividades de planeación